15) SRT Fy ey r-rel 8} ay rane rn .\| Context listenin; [ED You are going to hear a radio interview. Rachel, a reporter in the studio, ie talking tn.a man called James Baker, who is sailing in a round-the-world yacht race. What do you think she is asking him? WB) (B20) Listen and check if you were right. (EB) 820) Later, Rachel tells a colleague about the conversation. Read what Rachel says, then listen again and fillin the gaps with James's actual words. 1. Rachet: James told me he was about 100 6 Rachel He told me the sea was calm, the sun kilometres off the coast of Australia. was shining. James: 1 about 100 kilometres James: ‘The sea calm, the sun off the enact of Auctralia’ “ i 2 Rachet: He said he hadn't seen another boat for 7 Rachel: He said that he could sometimes see a few days. sharks and dolphins swimming, James. ‘I__________another boat for james: ‘|___ sometimes see sharks afew days! and dolphins swimming’ 3 Rachet He said he thought he might win. 8 Rachel: He said he would spend two hours in a James: ‘1 win! on baths, 4 Rachel He said there had been a terrible storm. James: Ca ‘two hours ina James: ‘There __ a terrible storm: © Rachel: He said he had to get his hair cut. 5 Rachet He said he hadn't slept for three days. : James: ‘1 my hair cut? James 1 for three days! [Ea (20) Complete the questions that Rachel asked. Then listen again to check. 1 Vasked him where he was.’Where 2 asked him ifhe thought he was going to win. ‘Do you _towin?’ 3. asked him what the weather was lke.What —___liker’ 4 = dolphins there?” 1B) can you see any pattern to the changes to the tenses in Exercises 3 and 4? 107FS dosent ate Tense changes in reported speech ‘When we report what someone else said, we are usually reporting at a later time so we change the tenses used by the original speaker. | otrect speech Keported speech present simple past simple ‘Ym (am) about 100 km from Australia’ He said (that) he was about 100 km from Australia present continuous past continuous "The sun’s (is) shining” He said (that) the sun was shining. past simple Past perfect “There was a terrible storm’ | He said (that) there had been a terrible storm. Present perfect past perfect ‘Vhaven't (have not) seen another boat’ _He said (that) he hadn’t (had not) seen another boat. past perfect past perfect ‘Ihadn’t (had not) expected the storm! He said (that) he hadn’e (had not) expected the storm. am/is/are going to was/were going to ‘Yam (am) going to win! He said (that) he was going to win, will future would “TH (will) spend two hours ina bath! He said (that) held (would) spend two hours in a bath, can could | “Ian see sharks and dolphins’ |_He said (that) he could see sharks and dolphins. ‘may might “Tmay win’ He said (that) he might win. | might sight “I might win? He said (that) he mighe win | must had to “must get my hair cut’ He said (that) he had to get his hair cut. ‘A. The following verbs do not change when they are reported ata later time: could, would, should, might, ought to, used to and verbs in the past perfect You ought to buy a new coat in the sale. —* My mum said | ought to buy a new coat in the sale. They used to live in California, -* He said they used to live in California, When we report must, we can use either must or had to in the reported speech but had to is more common: Kate: ‘I must buy some fruit’ —> Kate said she had to / must buy some fruit. A We use must, not had to, when we report: © anegative: Paul: You mustn't tell Sally our secret! —* Paul said we mustn't tell Sally our secret ¢ adeduction: Sarah: Jim must be tired after the flight! —* Sarah said jim must be tired after the fight. 108Reported speech 1 5 (Reporting in the same tense Ifthe reporting verb is in the present tense (e.g. says), we use the same tenses as the original speaker: ‘Amy:'t've missed the bus so Il be a bit late’ > Amy says she's missed the bus so shell be a bit ate IF the reporting verb isin the past (eg, said), we sometimes use the same tenses as the original speaker if the situation is still true: Robert: ‘I have three sisters! > Robert said he has three sisters. oF Robert said he had three sisters. Carlo: ‘tim getting married in June’ Ifwe report what Carlo said before June we can say: > Carlo said he is getting married in June. oF Carlo said he was getting married in June. ‘A But if we report after June, we must change the tense: Carlo said he was getting married in june [Ey verbs for reporting We often use say and tell to report what somebody said: With say, we must use to if we mention the person spoken to: He said to me (that) he was going to win, (nat He said-mme) Tells always used without to, and it must be followed by the person spoken to: He tald them (that) he was going ta win. (mot He tokd-to-them / He tokd-that) A. With say and tell, we usually omit that, especially in spoken English. ‘We can use other reporting verbs instead of say and tell. Some verbs are like tell: He reminded me (that) it was his birthday. She persuaded me (that) | should buy a different car. He informed me (that) he had a new job They warned us (that) the bridge was in a dangerous condition Some verbs are nearly always followed by that and we use to if mentioning the person spoken to: | mentioned (to my uncle) that Nicholas had found a new job. The attendant pointed out that the pool would be closed on Saturday. She complained (to the waiter) that the food was cold. He explained (to us) that volcanic activity often caused earthquakes. ‘After agree we use with for the person spoken to: Jack agreed (with me) that the film was briliant. Jackagreed with me that the film was brillant. ‘Some verbs are nearly always followed by that but do not mention the person spoken to: He answered that he had already read the report. She replied that she didn't know my cousin, 109TES cps (5) Verbs for reporting with to infinitive We usually report orders and requests by using tell or ask + object + to infinitive: ‘Be quiet’ The teacher told us to be quiet, (= an order) ‘Don't stay out late’—* Dad told me not to stay out late. (= an order) Please help me!’ He asked us to help him. (=a request) ‘Could you carry my bag please?’ —* She asked me to carry her bog (a request) Some other reporting verbs are also used with the to infinitive (> see also U ‘You should vote for me’ > He advised us to vote for him. ‘We could help you’ > They offered to help me, Tl be a good leader’ —> He promised to be a good leader. ‘OK. Ill help you do the shopping’ > He agreed to help me do the shopping. (E) Reporting questions ‘Questions are reported using the word order of a statement rather than a question. ‘Questions with question words (who, what, etc.) keep these words in the reported speech: ‘Vlow do you feel” —* Rachel asked James how he felt. (not how-id-he fet) ‘What's the weather like? “* She asked (him) what the weather was lke, (not what was the weather fie) Yes/no questions are reported with if or whether: ‘Can you hear me? > Rachel asked james if/whether he could hear her. ‘Is the sea calm?’ — Rachel wanted to know if/whether the sea was calm. “A. We use the same structure when we ask politely for information: Can you tell me what time the next train leaves? Id like to know if there's a fight to Australia next Thursday. 8): 1) References to time, place, etc. Depending on how close in time we are to the original situation, we often have to change references to time when we report what someone sai yesterday —* —theday before / the previous day | today = >that day / the same day tomorrow —> the next/following day next week —> — the nextfollowing week > (right) then / right away, immediately, etc. “We didn't do any work yesterday’ — They admitted that they hadn't done any work the day before. Will the library be open tomorrow?’ — She enquired whether the library would be open the following day. ‘Thave to go now or I'll miss my bus’ — He explained that he had to go right then or hed miss his bus. ‘Other changes may include: here —> there this —> — that/the ‘1 saw him here yesterday —> She explained that she had seen him there the day before. ‘What's this red box?’ > He wanted to know what the red box was. 110The to infinitive and -ing 1 8 Beant \When one verb follows another, the second verb is always either an ing form or an infinitive, with or without to. ‘The form of the second verb depends on the first verb. Allthe verbs. this unit marked * can also normally be followed by a that clause with the same meaning (> seeB7). Verb + to infinitive VeRO RICr ee me eC Oem Piece ane ek TI ce Oe offer omit plan prepare ‘pretend refuse seem Re Cum CO RCCL? Ifyou decide to add nuts hope to see you later. Notice how the negative is formed: Ifyou decide not to ice it The following verbs + to infinitive always have an object before the to infinitive: Pee eer me eo mC Pete ea Her father taught her to play tennis. The teacher reminded the children to bring their swimming things, The school allows students to wear jeans. ‘Advise, allow, encourage, forbid and permit can alzo be followed by ing when there ic no object: advise you to add nuts. or | advise adding nuts. The following verbs + to infinitive sometimes have an object: Eee et cae ea We expected to be late or We expected Tom to be late. We wanted to stay longer. or We wanted them to stay longer. A, Would ike, would love, would prefer, etc. are also followed by the to infinitive (> see B4). (Verb + infinitive without to ‘Modal verbs (can, could, may, might, must, needn't, shall, should, wil, would), had better and would rather are followed by the infinitive without to (> see also Units 11, 13 and 14): You should add the eggs slowly, You needn't include nuts Help can be followed by the infinitive with or without to: We helped them (to) start their car. ‘Make and let (always with an object) are followed by the infinitive without to: Let the cake coo! for half an hour. I made my sister help with the cooking, (~ forced or obliged her to help) 12918 sre rvintiiveans ing [A verb + -ing “admit avoid cantface canthelp cantstand carryon ‘consider delay “deny detest dislike enjoy fancy feellike finish giveup “imagine involve keep (on) ‘mention Ce am oa et ae ca ee ae ee J enjoy making it. Avoid adding the eggs all at the same time. Keep beating the eggs | suggest adding a litle lemon juice. Notice how the negative is formed: ‘Ifyou don't leave immediately, you risk not catching your plane. an you imagine not having a car nowadays? [El Verb + to infinitive or -ing (with no difference in meaning) Se oe Le a ee Continue adding the flour. oF Continue to add the flour. | prefer using apricots. OF | prefer to use apricot. ove making cakes. oF | love to make cakes. ‘Two -ing forms do not usually follow each other: | was starting to make a cake when the phone rang, (not +was-starting making) A Like, prefer, hate and love can be followed by the to infinitive or -ing, but would lke, would prefer, would hate ‘and would love are always followed by the ta infinitive: She would like to go out but we would prefer to stay in, ‘A Like + to infinitive has a slightly different meaning from like + ing: | like to catch the early bus on Mondays. (= this is a good thing to do or it’s a habit, but not necessarily something | enjoy) | like swimming. (= \ enjoy it) [El Verb + to infinitive or -ing (with a difference in meaning) The following verbs have two different meanings depending on the verb form that follows: cerea Verb + to infinitive Verb + -ing Remember to check whether the cake is ready. | | remember checking that | had my keys when | (= remember an action you need to do) left the house, (= have a memory ofa past action) Don't forget to add the baking powder. ll never forget going to school on my own for the (= fail to remember something you need to | sist rime. (= lose the memory of something you do) did) | | regret to inform you that your application _| We regret sending our daughter to that school. was unsuccessful. (= 1am sorry to tell you...) | (= we wish we hadn't) She stopped to have a rest. ‘Stop beating when the mixture iz pale and fufy. (= in order to have a rest) (finish doing it) 130to infinitive and - | They don't mean to upset you you go by (ruin, hat means taking a taxi tw the | (they dont intend to) He went on to tell us how to n if coke (=the next thing he did was to tell us...) a different Try to ice the cake quickly. (= attempt to do it | Try adding nuts ast wil | Quickly ifyou can) (= do itasan experiment) (15) Verb + -ing or infinitive without to (with a difference in meaning) ‘The following verbs connected with the senses may be followed by an object and either «ing or the infinitive without to: ee) Notice the difference in meaning between verb + -ing and verb + | watched the boys playing f = an activity continuing over a period of time) { watched the boy kick the sto the road. (= short completed action) ‘continuing action) She heard her mother singing as she came downstairs, She heard the doorbel ring. (= a short completed action) (ED) Verb + that clause All the verbs marked * in this ur ‘can also be followed by a that clause with the same meaning: She admitted taking the money. = She admitted (that) she had taken the money. Imagine sitting on a tropical beach wit drink. = Imagine (that) you're sitting on a tropical beach I suggest adding some lemon juice. = | suggest (that) you add some lemon juice. recommend using sultanas and apricots. = | recommend (that) you use sultanas and apricots. They agreed to leave early. = They agreed (that) they would leave early (Adjective + to infinitive ‘Many adjectives can be followed by the to infinitive, These are some common ones: Bt eet a ce ee Came ee ee cre eC eateries aes Emme a) I'm surprised to see you here. The book was hard to understand and at times ! found it almost impossible to read. ‘The adjectives marked * can sometimes also be followed by -ing with the same meaning: Its nice meeting friends after school. ot Ics nice to meet friends after school. » See also Unit 21, B1 for adjectives followed by a preposition + -ing or anoun. 131