DISASTER READINESS AND RISK EXTENSIVE RISKS

REDUCTION Concerned more on the exposure of

dispersed populations to various hazards
Plate Tectonics – leading to mountain of low or moderate intensity.
building, volcanism, ocean formation, etc.
Atmospheric processes – formation of HAZARDS
clouds, precipitation, wind, etc. -Ground shaking
Biological accumulation – reef building, -Tsunami
colony formation, forestation, etc. -Tornado
Human activities – urbanization, -Extreme rainfall
extracting resources, geoengineering, etc. -Landslide
-Flood
HAZARD – A dangerous phenomenon, -Indoor fire
substance, human activity or condition -Lava flow
that may cause loss of life, injury or other -Industrial pollution
health impacts, property damage, loss of -Typhoon
livelihoods and services social and -Forest fire
economic disruption, or environmental -Liquefaction
damage. -Storm surge
DISASTER – A serious disruption of the
functioning of a community or a society NATURAL HAZARDS
involving widespread human, material, Naturally-occurring physical phenomena
economic, or environmental losses and caused either by rapid or slow onset
impacts which exceeds the ability of the events.
affected community or society to cope
using its own resources. MAN-MADE AND
TECHNOLOGICAL HAZARDS
“ Disaster” – originated from french word A hazard originating from technological
“disastre” – combination of words or industrial conditions, including
* “des” – meaning BAD accidents, dangerous procedures,
* “aster” – meaning STAR infrastructure failures, or specific human
Literally, “ BAD STAR” activities

UNISDR – United Nations Biological hazards

International Strategy on Disaster Risk (“bio” – life)
Reduction Process or phenomenon of organic origin
- Is the potential loss in lives, health or conveyed by biological vectors/agents,
status, livelihoods, and various assets including exposure to pathogenic micro-
which are often challenging to quantify. organisms, toxins and bioactive
substances
INTENSIVE RISKS
Involve the exposure of large number of Geological hazards
people in a specific geographic area to (“ge” – Earth)
extreme events that can further lead to Geological process or phenomenon
catastrophic disaster impacts involving
high mortality rate and asset loss.
Hydrometeoro-logical hazards VULNERABILITY – how people and
(“hydor” – water) the differences among them contribute to
(“meteoros” – sky) the situation or context wherein they
Process or phenomenon of atmospheric, operate.
hydrological or oceanographic nature.
CONCEPT OF VULNERABILITY
Geophysical
-Earthquakes IFRC – International Federation of Red
-Landslides Cross and Red Crescent Societies
-Tsunami - “ the diminished capacity of an
-Volcanic Activity individual or group to anticipate, cope
Hydrological with, resist, and recover from the impact
-Avalanches of a natural or man-made hazard.”
-Floods UNODRR – United Nations Office for
Climatological Disaster Risk Reduction
-Extreme temperature - “ The characteristics and
-Drought circumstances of a community, system, or
-Wildfires asset that make it susceptible to the
Meteorological damaging effects of a hazard.”
-Cyclone
-Storms *Vulnerability is situation specific.
-Wave surges *Vulnerability is hazard specific.
Biological
-Disease epidemics FACTORS THAT MUST BE
-Insect/animal plagues CONSIDERED TO ASSESS THE
LEVEL OF VULNERABILITY
Technological or man-made hazards Proximity to a hazard event.
-Complex emergencies/conflicts Population density near a hazard event.
-Famine * Population – refers to the
-Displaced populations number of individuals inhabiting a
-Industrial accidents particular space at he same time.
-Transport accidents * Population density – refers to
the number of individuals living in an area
CONCEPTS IN DISASTER RISK in relation to the size of that area.

EXPOSURE – people and properties *Capacity and efficiency to reduce

affected by hazards. disaster risk.
SENSITIVITY – the degree to which a *Building codes and disaster policies.
certain community can be affected by
hazards. CONCEPT OF EXPOSURE
ADAPTIVE CAPACITY – ability of an
individual or a community to withstand EXPOSURE – the elements at risk from a
and adapt to continuous environmental natural or man-made hazard event.
changes. (Geoscience Australia)
* These elements are the individuals; Capacity and efficiency to minimize
households or communities; properties; disaster risk : If the community does not
buildings and structures; agricultural have any community disaster
commodities; livelihoods; and public preparedness plans in place, it becomes
facilities, infrastructure, and more difficult to face the hazard without
environmental assets present in an area expecting any disaster.
that are subject to potential losses. Building codes and disaster policies :
Houses built on coastal areas are usually
ELEMENTS EXPOSED TO made of light materials.
HAZARDS
PRIMARY EFFECTS
Physical elements – these are the - Effects that are direct situations arising
elements that are tangible or can be from the disaster itself.
visually seen.
Socioeconomic elements – these SECONDARY EFFECTS
compromise the institutional and - Effects that are situations resulting from
government systems that dictate the kind the primary effects.
of well-being and lifestyles of
communities. TERTIARY EFFECTS
Environmental elements – these include - Effects that are not experienced as a
the ecosystems and the natural processes disaster is taking place but can be felt
that are exposed to hazard events. some time after the disaster has occurred.

THE RELATIONSHIP OF HAZARDS, PERSPECTIVE ON DISASTERS

EXPOSURE, AND -Physical Perspective
VULNERABILITIES -Psychological perspective
-Hazards are possible threats that may -Sociocultural perspective
come unexpectedly or otherwise. -Economic perspective
-A hazard can lead to a disaster in a -Political perspective
community if: -Biological perspective
The community is exposed to it
The community’s circumstance or RISK FACTORS UNDERLYING
situation make it vulnerable to the hazard. DISASTERS
-Housing and building development
LEVEL OF VULNERABILITY -Presence of physical structures prone to
disaster risks
Proximity to disaster : If the community -Institutional framework and system for
is directly and frequently hit by typhoons, risk reduction and prevention
then its vulnerability to disasters
associated with them is high.
Population density : If the community
has a large number of population in
exposed areas, the impact of the hazards
will be more severe.