SYSTEMATICS OF DRAGONFLIES (ANISOPTERA: ODONATA) OF

PAKISTAN

MUHAMMAD TARIQ CH. CH

05 - arid - 1185

Department of Entomology
Faculty of Crop and Food Sciences
Pir Mehr Ali Shah
Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi
Pakistan

2010
SYSTEMATICS OF DRAGONFLIES (ANISOPTERA: ODONATA) OF
PAKISTAN

by

MUHAMMAD TARIQ CH.

05 - arid - 1185

A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of

the requirement for the degree of

Doctor of Philosophy
in
Entomology

Department of Entomology
Faculty of Crop and Food Sciences
Pir Mehr Ali Shah
Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi
Pakistan

2010
 CERTIFICATION

I hereby undertake that this research is an original one and no part of the
thesis falls under plagiarism. If found otherwise, at any stage, I will be responsible
for the consequences.

Name: Muhammad Tariq Ch. Signature: ______________________

Registration No: 05-arid-1185 Date: _________________________

Certified that the contents and form of thesis entitled “Systematics of

Dragonflies (Anisoptera: Odonata) of Pakistan submitted by Mr. Muhammad
Tariq Chaudhry have been found satisfactory for the requirement of degree.

Supervisor: ___________________________
Professor Dr. Muhammad Aslam

Member: ___________________________
Professor Dr. Muhammad Naeem

Member: ___________________________
Professor Dr. Irfan Ul-Haque

Chairman ________________________

Dean ____________________________

Director, Advanced Studies _____________________________

iii
 DEDICATION

This thesis is dedicated to my late father, who put in my mind that the

finest knowledge to have is that which is erudite for its own sake. It is also

dedicated to my daughters Rameesa, Maseera, Robyna and Nishwa for their

unconditional love.

iv
 CONTENTS

PAGE

DEDICATION iv

LIST OF TABLES vi

LIST OF FIGURES x

ABBREVIATIONS xi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xii

1 INTRODUCTION 02

2 REWIEW OF LITERATURE 07

3 MATERIALS AND METHODS 10

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 18

CHECKLIST 168

SUMMARY 179

LITERATURE CITED 181

APPENDICES

v
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. PAGE

3.1 Collection Localities of different areas of Pakistan 17

4.1 Geographical location and climate of Aeshna juncea (Linnaeus) 26

4.2 Geographical location and climate of Anaciaeshna jaspidea

(Burmeister) -------------------------------------------------------- 26

4.3 Geographical location and climate of Anax indicus Lieftinck 30

4.4 Geographical location and climate of Anax immaculifrons

Rambur -------------------------------------------------------------- 31

4.5 Geographical location and climate of Anax nigrofasciatus Fraser 34

4.6 Geographical location and climate of Anax parthenope Selys 34

4.7 Geographical location and climate of Cephalaeschna masoni

(Martin) ------------------------------------------------------------- 37

4.8 Geographical location and climate of Gynacanthaeshna sikkima

(Karsch) -------------------------------------------------------------- 37

4.9 Geographical location and climate of Hemianax ephippiger

(Burmeister) ---------------------------------------------------------- 42

4.10 Geographical location and climate of Cordulegaster brevistigma (Selys) 42

4.11 Geographical location and climate of Epopthalmia vittata vittata

Burmeister -------------------------------------------------------------- 45

4.12 Geographical location and climate of Macromia cingulata Rambur 48

4.13 Geographical location and climate of Macromia moorei Selys 48

4.14 Geographical location and climate of Anormogomphus kiritschenkoi

vi
 Bartenef ----------------------------------------------------------------- 53

4.15 Geographical location and climate of Burmagomphus pyramidalis

Laidlaw ------------------------------------------------------------------- 53

4.16 Geographical location and climate of Burmagomphus sivalikensis

Laidlaw ------------------------------------------------------------------- 53

4.17 Geographical location and climate of Gomphidia t-nigrum Selys 57

4.18 Geographical location and climate of Ictinogomphus angulosus (Selys) 57

4.19 Geographical location and climate of Ictinogomphus rapax Rambur 57

4.20 Geographical location and climate of Mesogomphus lineatus (Selys) 60

4.21 Geographical location and climate of Nepogomphus modestus Selys 63

4.22 Geographical location and climate of Onychogomphus biforceps Selys 63

4.23 Geographical location and climate of Onychogomphus bistrigatus Selys 67

4.24 Geographical location and climate of Ophiogomphus reductus Calvert 67

4.25 Geographical location and climate of Platygomphus dolabratus Selys 67

4.26 Geographical location and climate of Acisoma panorpoides Rambur 73

4.27 Geographical location and climate of Brachydiplax sobrina (Rambur) 75

4.28 Geographical location and climate of Brachythemis contaminata (F.) 77

4.29 Geographical location and climate of Bradinopyga geminate

(Rambur)---------------------------------------------------------------------- 78

4.30 Geographical location and climate of Crocothemis erythraea (Brulle) 83

4.31 Geographical location and climate of Crocothemis servilia (Drury) 84

4.32 Geographical location and climate of Diplacodes lefebvrei (Rambur) 88

4.33 Geographical location and climate of Diplacodes trivialis (Rambur) 91

4.34 Geographical location and climate of Libellula quadrimaculata L. 91

vii
4.35 Geographical location and climate of Neurothemis fluctuans (F.) 95

4.36 Geographical location and climate of Neurothemis tullia tullia (Drury) 95

4.37 Geographical location and climate of Orthetrum anceps (Schneider) 100

4.38 Geographical location and climate of Orthetrum brunneum

(Fonscolombe) -------------------------------------------------------- 100

4.39 Geographical location and climate of Orthetrum cancellatum Linnaeus 103

4.40 Geographical location and climate of Orthetrum chrysis (Selys) 103

4.41 Geographical location and climate of Orthetrum chrysostigma (Brauer) 105

4.42 Geographical location and climate of Orthetrum glaucum (Brauer) 108

4.43 Geographical location and climate of Orthetrum japonicum MacLachlan 108

4.44 Geographical location and climate of Orthetrum purinosum (Rambur) 110

4.45 Geographical location and climate of Orthetrum sabina (Drury) 112

4.46 Geographical location and climate of Orthetrum taeniolatum (Schneider) 115

4.47 Geographical location and climate of Orthetrum testaceum (Burmeister) 118

4.48 Geographical location and climate of Orthetrum triangulare (Selys) 118

4.49 Geographical location and climate of Palpopleura sexmaculata

(Fabricius) --------------------------------------------------------------------- 120

4.50 Geographical location and climate of Pantala flavescens (Fabricius) 123

4.51 Geographical location and climate of Rhodothemis rufa (Rambar) 126

4.52 Geographical location and climate of Rhyothemis variegata (Linnaeus) 130

4.53 Geographical location and climate of Selysiothemis nigra

(Vander Linden)--------------------------------------------------------------- 130

4.54 Geographical location and climate of Sympetrum commixtum (Selys) 133

4.55 Geographical location and climate of Sympetrum decoloratum (Selys) 133

viii
4.56 Geographical location and climate of Sympetrum fonscolombei (Selys) 137

4.57 Geographical location and climate of Sympetrum haematoneura Fraser 137

4.58 Geographical location and climate of Sympetrum meridionale (Selys) 137

4.59 Geographical location and climate of Tramea basilaris burmeisteri Kirby 141

4.60 Geographical location and climate of Tramea virginia (Rambur) 141

4.61 Geographical location and climate of Trithemis aurora (Burmeister) 144

4.62 Geographical location and climate of Trithemis festiva (Rambur) 146

4.63 Geographical location and climate of Trithemis Kirbyi Kirbyi Selys 149

4.64 Geographical location and climate of Trithemis pallidinervis (Kirby) 149

4.65 Geographical location and climate of Tholymis spp. 152

4.66 Geographical location and climate of Urothemis signata signata

(Rambur) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 152

4.67 Geographical location and climate of Zygonyx torrid isis Fraser 155

4.68 Geographical location and climate of Zyxomma petiolatum

Rambur --------------------------------------------------------------------- 155

ix
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIG. NO. PAGE

3.1 Agro Ecological Regions of Pakistan 13

4.1 Eyes of Gomphid dragonflies 19

4.2 Eyes of Cordulegaster dragonflies 19

4.3 Eyes of Aeshnid dragonflies 20

4.4 Eyes of Libellulid dragonflies 20

4.5 Anal loop of Libellulid dragonflies 21

4.6 Eyes of Coduliid dragonflies 21

4.7 Anal loop of Coduliid dragonflies 22

4.8 Anaciaeshna jaspidea (Burmeister, 1839) 26

4.9 Anax indicus Lieftinck, 1942 30

4.10 Gynacanthaeschna sikkima (Karsch, 1891) 37

4.11 Epopthalmia vittata vittata Burmeister, 1839 45

4.12 Macromia moorei Selys, 1874 48

4.13 Onychogomphus biforceps (Selys, 1878) 63

4.14 Rhodothemis rufa (Rambar, 1842) 126

4.15 Area occupied by different families of dragonflies 173

4.16 Dragonflies Families Identified From Different Agro-Ecological

Regions -------------------------------------------------------------- 174

4.17 Dragonflies Genera Identified From Different Agro-Ecological

Regions -------------------------------------------------------------- 175

4.18 Dragonflies Species Identified From Different Agro-Ecological

Regions -------------------------------------------------------------- 176

4.19 Dragonflies collected during different years from Pakistan 177

x
 ABBREVIATIONS

Max. = Maximum

Min. = Minimum

El. = Elevation

Alt. = Altitude

Long. = longitude

Hum. = Humidity

mm = Milimeter

Temp. = Temperature

xi
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This dissertation comes up in part out of years of research that has been done

since I have got admission in PhD during 2005. By that time, I have worked with a

lot of people whose contribution in assorted ways to the research and the making of

the thesis deserved a special declaration. It is my pleasure to convey my gratitude to

them all, in my humble acknowledgement.

In the first place I would like to record my gratitude to Professor Dr.

Muhammad Aslam, Department of Entomology for his supervision, advice, and

guidance from different stages of this research as well as giving me amazing

experiences during my research. Above all and the most needed, he provided me

unflinching encouragement and support in various ways. His truly scientist intuition

has made him as a constant oasis of ideas and passions in science, which

exceptionally inspire and enrich my growth as a researcher and a scientist want to be.

I am indebted to him more than he knows.

I gratefully acknowledge to Chairman Department of Entomology, Professor

Dr. Muhammad Naeem for his advice and crucial contribution, which made him a

backbone of this research and so to this thesis. His involvement with his originality

has triggered and nourished my intellectual maturity that I will benefit from, for a

long time to come.

Many thanks go in particular to Dr. Irfan-ul Haque Chairman Department of

Plant Pathology for his valuable advice in science discussion and furthermore, using

his precious times to read this thesis and gave his critical comments about it.

xii
 I offer my sincerest gratitude to Dr. Muhammad Yousaf, renowned

Odonatologist, who has supported me throughout my thesis with his knowledge, I

would also like to thank Dr. Ata-ul-Mohsin, Assistant Professor, Department of

Entomology for generously taking some time out to read an earlier version of this

thesis and to offer many comments and suggestions for improvement.

Where would I be without my family? Words fail me to express my

appreciation to my Mother, Sisters, Nephews and Nieces, their good wishes,

inseparable support, prayers and love, awarded confidence in me, has taken the load

off my shoulder. My special thanks go to my Brother who always encourage me for

higher education, put the fundament of my learning character, showing me the joy of

intellectual pursuit, his support enable me to complete my research work and PhD

studies.

I convey special acknowledgement to Mr. Muhammad Zakria for his

indispensable help and care during whole my PhD studies. Many thanks go to

Muhammad Asghar Malik for scholarly discussions and to the role model for hard

work in the lab, his willingness to share his bright thoughts with me, which were

very fruitful for shaping up my ideas and research.

It is a pleasure to pay tribute also to Mr. Mahmood Ahmad Field Assistant,

PMAS, Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi and Rizwan Hanif Field assistant,

Barani Agricultural Training Institute, Dahgal, Rawalpindi for their assistance in the

field collection.

Furthermore, I would like to thank Shoaib Ahmadani and Imran Bodla for

sharing technical knowledge, constructive comments on this thesis, creating a

xiii
pleasant working atmosphere and also fun during the work we had in Department of

Entomology.

Collective and individual acknowledgments are also owed to all staff

Department of Entomology PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi and all

staff of my parent Department in Barani Agricultural Training Institute, Dahgal,

Rawalpindi for their perpetual support and memorable help.

I convey special acknowledgement to Abdul Qayyum, Muhammad Aamir,

and Muhammad Yasir. Finally, I would like to thank everybody who was important

to the successful completion of thesis, as well as expressing my apology that I could

not mention personally one by one.

MUHAMMAD TARIQ CHAUDHRY

xiv
 ABSTRACT

Extensive field survey to collect Anisopterous fauna of Pakistan was carried

out during 2006 – 2009 in different Agro ecological regions of Pakistan. A total of

1349 specimen belonging to 05 families 39 genera and 68 species were collected and

identified. Family Aeshnidae having 09 species belonging to 06 genera,

Cordulegasteridae only one species, Corduliidae having 03 species of 02 genera,

Gomphidae 12 species of 09 genera and Libellulidae have 43 species belonging to 21

genera were recorded from Pakistan. Seven species, viz, Anaciaeshna jaspidea

Burmeister, Anax indicus Lieftinck, Gynacanthaeshna sikkima (Karsch),

Epopthalmia vittata vittata Burmeister, Macromia moorei Selys, Onychogomphus

biforceps (Selys) and Rhodothemis rufa (Rambar) are reported first time from

Pakistan and have been added to the existing anisopterous fauna of the country.

Details for the collected material i.e. valid names, their synonyms, measurement of

body parts (abdomen, forewing and hindwing length), habitat description, date of

collection, distribution range in Pakistan as well as international distribution and

differential characters from published description for new records to country have

been provided. Coloured images of new to Pakistan species, geographical and

climatic condition of all sixty-eight species are also presented first time. Taxonomic

keys for families, genera and species are also presented. Check lists of all ten agro-

ecological regions are presented first time from Pakistan. As a whole 68 species were

recorded from Pakistan with 153 new localities record for 45 species, which include

61 species of Anisoptera that have been reported previously from Pakistan. It was an

addition to science and this addition will explore new areas of biological control.

1
 Chapter No. 1

INTRODUCTION

Systematics, classification of living organisms is still an ignored field in

Pakistan, as compared to other developed countries. It is a misconception that

systematics is not an important field of biological research, relating to sorting out of

species. As a result the fauna and flora of Pakistan have mostly been studied by

overseas specialists, and often we have to pay to the foreign experts for the

identification of our species.

Prior to initiation of any kind of biological research, it is indispensible for the

scientist to have the correct scientific name of the target organism. Biological control

of insect pests has great relevance to systematics and it is an important aspect of

applied biology (Narendran, 2000).

Systematics supports all types of entomological endeavours. It has vital role

in faunistic, zoogeographic, ecological studies and provides necessary support to

several other areas of research. The importance of systematics has become more

discernible in view of development of concern for environment and the recognition

of the resources present for their protection and application for human use (Kim and

Knutson, 1986).

Dragonflies are very valuable insect and the knowledge of the fauna is

important for decision making about environmental protection and crops

2
 3

management (Rowe, 2003). Dragonflies are very beautiful and graceful insects of the

world. The naiads serve as food for growing freshwater fish, and the soft bodies of

the teneral are eaten by songbirds like tasty snacks (Jens and Runyan, 2006).

Entomophagy is the eating of insects by human being. It is obvious from cave

drawings and other records that our ancestors from ancient civilizations were used

insects as food regularly. Presently insects are eaten in different continents, including

Australia, Asia, America and Africa. There are about 3000 different ethnic groups in

113 countries that use almost 1500 species of edible insects as food. Many insects of

all sizes and shapes are the part of menus of some small and big restaurants

(ClaireMacEvilly, 2000).

It is recognized that different types of insect were consumed by Aborigines

(Tindale, 1966) and the use of odonates as food in Asia and rest of the world is well

renowned (Pemberton, 1995, Menzel and D'Alusio, 1998Ramos-Elorduy, 1998).

Adults are also caught and fried or eaten in soups in Indonesia, Africa, and South

America. In China and Japan, odonates are believed to have medicinal properties.

The Sympetrum species are used to cure fever (Boyd, 2005).

Dragonflies have occupied central position in Japanese poetry, painting,

clothing patterns, and children's games, like bird watchers in the Europe and United

States (Primack et al., 2000). Furthermore, the beauty of these insects has led them to

being featured in different commercial products like jewellery and such other

decorative items (Lloyd, 2006).

 4

Odonates have strong association with water because of their aquatic larvae

(Corbet, 1999). Dragonflies have been extensively used as indicators of

environmental quality in aquatic ecological units (Chovanec and Waringer, 2001).

The presence of odonates may be useful as an indicator of ecosystem quality

and wide variety of microhabitats (Rutherford and Mallow, 1994). Odonates are

more tolerant to salinity than many other aquatic macro invertebrates. Dragonfly and

damselfly naiads may be of substantial value as indicators of water quality as more

information on their distribution and biology becomes available (Kefford et al.,

2003).

Aquatic invertebrates have been used as natural indicators in lotic habitats but

less commonly used in lentic environments. Dragonflies assure decisive factor for

lentic indicators of grazing impacts (Lee Foote, et al. 2005).

Macro invertebrates living in water are the most commonly used taxonomic

class for examining habitat health (Hellawell, 1986). Studies on macro-invertebrates

as marker in lentic habitat have recently begun and consequently are less common in

the literature (Resh et al., 1995).

Odonates are ecologically important as both predators and prey. Odonates

neither sting nor bite and the entire species are harmless. All naiads are predators of

small invertebrates like mosquito larvae as well as smaller vertebrates like frogs and

fish. Their naiads constitute a natural biological control over mosquito larvae and
 5

thus help to control several epidemic diseases like malaria, dengue, filaria etc.

(Mitra, 2002).

Dragonfly species Sympetrum flaveolum, Sympetrum striolatum, Sympetrum

sanguineum, Sympetrum meridionale and Sympetrum danae are reported to be

attracted towards black polished shinny surfaces. These dragonflies species perched

consistently in vicinity of selected gravestones and they defend their perch against

other species of dragonflies (Horvath et al., 2007).

Dragonflies are strong fliers and their adults in search of food cover long

distances from their breeding places which are always water. This character enables

them to recolonize at new places of standing water that may be temporary or

permanent. Adult dragonflies feed on insect pests such as black flies, mosquitoes,

horse flies, grasshoppers and aphids which is one of their many benefits.

The adults of some species visit important crop fields like cotton and rice in

search of their food and in this way help in controlling insect pests of these crops.

Females of all the species consume much greater number of insect pests as compared

with male (Yasumatsu et al., 1975, Yunus et al., 1980, Khaliq and Saddique, 1995,

Yousaf et al., 1995, Yousaf et al., 1998).

The impressive migration of odonates has been documented from centuries

and there are a lot of observational records appearing in media each year (Corbet,

1980; Valley, 2004). Some species of dragonflies appear synchronously in the tropics
 6

and subtropics and meander into the moderate zone (Corbet, 1999). Dragonflies

move in downwind direction at the onset of summer where as during late summer

they move in the upwind direction, so their displacement direction varied among

different altitudes (Feng et al., 2006).

Odonates have been a focal point of extensive research in several countries.

Odonata is the order that has been intensively explored in the tropics (Woodward,

2001). They have been reported from all continents except Antarctica and are

typically concentrated in warmer, tropical habitats (Boyd, 2005). Yousaf (1972)

explored first time the fauna of dragonfly of Pakistan and identified 46 species of

dragonflies. After this no comprehensive survey of the country was carried out, only

survey of different parts of the country was done resulting into 61 anisoptrous

species. The number of Odonata species known from Pakistan (110) is little low with

respect to Bangladesh (114), Sri Lanka (116), Nepal (172) and India (499) (Mitra,

2006 and Matjaz, 2006). However, 5740 odonates were known worldwide and 1669

from Oriental region (Subramanian, 2009). It shows further taxonomic work was

required to upgrade the anisopterous fauna of Pakistan. Keeping all this in view, an

extensive Odonatological survey was planned to explore the dragonfly fauna of

Pakistan and to study the distribution of dragonflies in various un-explored agro-

ecological regions of Pakistan.

 Chapter No. 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Systematics is the study of ordering of the amazing biological diversity. It

includes identification, makes information accessible, collects information from a

relative perspective and hence permits to synthesis, stimulation and generation of

ideas and suggestion applicable to other fields (Danks, 1988).

Linnaeus (1758), Drury (1773), Fabricius (1792-94) and Selys-Longchamps

(1831-1902) were the early scientists, provided description of many species of

dragonflies from Asian continent.

Kirby (1886) described dragonflies from Murree and Campbellpur. Morton

(1907) identified five species from the collection sent to him from Quetta.

Williamson (1907) published a paper on the Indian Gomphidae along with some new

species. Laidlaw (1914) catalogued 51 species and subspecies collected from

Northern and Eastern Frontier of Asam and Burma. Fraser (1922) reported 19

dragonfly species from India and Burma and published papers on Indian dragonflies.

Needham (1932) published a key to the families and genera of dragonfly species

known from Indian.

Yousaf (1972) collected and identified 46 species and subspecies belonging

to 24 genera of 6 subfamilies of dragonflies from various localities of West Pakistan.

Kumar and Prasad (1981) reported 162 odonate species from Western Himalaya,

7
 8

with information on oviposition, adult flight period, larval habitat, emergence and

altitudinal range. Kanth (1985) described 39 species of dragonflies belonging to 22

genera from Azad Jammu and Kashmir.

Khaliq et al. (1990) identified 19 Odonata species from Poonch district of

Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. Khaliq et al. (1992) recorded 6 anisopterous

species from district Mansehra (N. W. F. P.). Khaliq et al. (1993) identified 22

dragonfly species from Murree hills.

Ahmad et al. (1994) added 3 new genera and 4 species to the anisopterous

fauna of N.W.F.P. Ahmad (1994) identified 21 dragonfly species belonging to 14

genera and 4 families from N.W.F.P. Arshad (1994) recorded 14 dragonfly species

belonging to 9 genera from Balochistan. Khaliq et al. (1994) recorded 13 dragonfly

species from Gilgit, Baltistan and Kashmir. Rehman (1994) described 35 species of

dragonflies belonging to 22 genera of 12 subfamilies in 3 families from Punjab.

Ullah (1994) recorded 12 dragonfly species belonging to 10 genera and two families

from Sindh.

Khaliq et al. (1995) recorded 6 anisopterous species from the rice fields in the

districts Poonch and Bagh, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, while Luqman (1995)

collected 35 species of Odonata from district Muzaffarabad (A.J.K). Shiihei and

Alam (1995) collected seventeen species of dragonflies from Bangladesh.

 9

Jehangir (1997) collected and identified 20 dragongflies species belonging to

13 genera from Gilgit and Baltistan areas. Khaliq et al. (1999) collected and

identified 20 Anisoptera species from Swat valley, Pakistan.

Mitra (2002) recorded 23 species and subspecies of odonates belonging to 18

genera under 10 families from Trashigang district in Eastern Bhutan that had added

18 new records to the existing list of Odonata of Bhutan. Subramanian (2005)

collected, identified and described comprehensive detail and photographs of 76

dragonflies of India and also provided a check list of dragonfly’s fauna of India.

Bedjanic (2006) described 116 dragonfly species from 12 families found in

Sri Lanka. Currently, four new endemic species are in the process of description thus

bringing the number of dragonfly taxa to a total of 120.

Feulner et al. (2007) provided the updated checklist of Odonata species with

illustrations of all species found in UAE. They have also given notes on behaviour

and habitat of these species.

 Chapter No. 3

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The following procedure was followed for studying the systematics of

dragonflies of Pakistan.

3.1 SURVEY

Survey was conducted during summer seasons of 2006-09 to collect adult

dragonflies from different agro-ecological regions (Dost 1998) of Pakistan. The

following localities of the country situated in different agro-ecological regions were

visited for this purpose.

3.1.1 The Indus Delta.

The area is a network of dead and dying rivers. It has moderately hot

summers with arid tropical marine climate and mild winters. During winter

maximum temperature varies from 19-20 oC where as in summer its range is 34-40
o
C. The average precipitation in summer during the months of July to September is

approximately 75 mm where as in winter during December to February it is less than

5 mm. Relative humidity is high ranging 67-87 percent throughout the year in

morning and 35-37 percent in afternoon except monsoon, when it raises to 55-60

percent. The localities visited were Thatta, Badin and Tando Muhammad Khan

(Hyderabad).

3.1.2 The Southern Irrigated Plains.

This zone has been formed by the meandering and shifting courses of the

10
 11

Indus River. The climate of this region is arid subtropical and continental with

moderate winters and warm summers. Its average daily temperature varies from 40-

45 oC during May to July where as average daily minimum temperature during

winter is about 8.5 oC. The average monthly precipitation is about 16-20 mm during

summer, with little rain in winter. The localities visited were Sanghar, Dadu,

Larkana, Sukkar and Rahim Yar Khan.

3.1.3 The Sandy Desert.

The region is enclosed with various forms of sand ridges and dunes. The

climate is arid (desert) subtropical with very warm summers and moderate winters.

The daily average maximum temperature is 39-41 oC in summer and in winter, the

daily average minimum temperature is 6-7 oC. The monthly rainfall varies from 32

mm in the north to 46 mm in the south. The winter is almost rainless. Dust storms are

common during summer. The localities visited were Bahawalpur, Fort Abbas, Kot

Addu, Bhakar and layyah.

3.1.4 The Northern Irrigated Plains.

This region is one of the most intensively cultivated areas of the country. The

climate of this region is semi-arid subtropical with mean daily minimum temperature

of 6 oC during winter and mean daily maximum temperature of 39 oC during

summer. The average monthly precipitation in summer during the months of July to

September ranges from 75 mm in the southwest to 108 mm in the east where as

during winter; it ranges from 14-22 mm per month. The localities visited were

Lahore, Faisalabad, Multan, Mianwali, Sargodha, Peshawar, Charsada and Mardan.

 12

3.1.5 The Barani Lands.

Rain fed cultivation is the main land use of this area. The climatic conditions

of this region are semi-arid with warm summers and bitter winters and a little arid

condition in early summer. The mean daily summer temperature is about 38 oC and

in winter, the average temperature ranges 2-6 oC. The rainfall is approximately 200

mm per month in summer and 36-50 mm in winter (December-February). The

localities visited were Rawalpindi, Attock, Chakwal, Jhelum, Sialkot, Narowal,

Khushab and Mirpur (A.J.K).

3.1.6 The Wet Mountains.

This region has various types of forest. The eastern section of this region

could be categorized as wet and soggy, with gentle summers and chilly winters. In

summer, average maximum temperature ranges from 32-35 oC. The rainfall is 236

mm per month in summer and 116 mm per month in winter. The western section of

the region is sub humid, with mild dry summers and precipitation in spring and

winter only. The localities visited were Murree, Abbotabad, Kotli, Bagh, Rawalakot

(A.J.K) and Muzafarabad (A.J.K).

3.1.7 The Northern Dry Mountains.

This region made up of elevated mountains roofed with snow. The average

minimum temperature ranges 0-7 oC. The average per month precipitation varies

from 26-75 mm during winter season and from 55-100 mm during spring. In

summer, it ranges from 12-20 mm. The localities visited were Kohat, Swat, Dir,

Skardu, Gilgit and Chitral.

 13

KEY:
II - Southern Irrigated
I- Indus Delta III - Sandy Desert (a & b)
Plain
IV - Northern Irrigated
V - Barani Lands VI - Wet Mountains
Plain (a & b)
VII - Northern Dry VIII - Western Dry
IX - Dry Western Plateau
Mountains Mountains
X - Suleiman Piedmont

Fig. 3.1: Agro Ecological Regions of Pakistan (Source: Meteorology

Department & WRRI, NARC/PARC, Islamabad, Pakistan)

 14

3.1.8 The Western Dry Mountains.

It is the region of mountain and valleys. The larger part of the region is semi-

arid uplands with meek summers and chilly winters. Precipitation and snowfall is

restricted mainly to the winter. The average precipitation during summer ranges 5-15

mm per month rising to 45-95 mm in the northern area of the region. During

summer, the average maximum temperature varies 32 to 39 oC while during winter,

the average minimum temperature ranges -3 oC to 8 oC. The localities visited were

Quetta, Khuzdar, Zhob, Loralai and Parachanar.

3.1.9 The Dry Western Plateau.

The vegetation is xerophytic in the lower region and forest on high altitude.

The climate of this region is arid tropical with persistent dry season. The average

monthly highest temperature range is 38-44 oC. During winter in the North, the mean

daily lowest temperature varies 3- 6 oC whereas along the coast it varies from 11.5-

15 oC. The mean monthly precipitation in summer is 2-4 mm except in the extreme

south-eastern areas where it is about 36 mm. The localities visited were Karachi,

Lasbela, Turbat and Panjgur.

3.1.10 The Suleiman Piedmont.

Torrent-watered cultivation is the main land use of the region. This region has

arid, hot and sub-tropical climate with mean daily highest temperature 40-43 oC in

summer and the mean daily lowest temperature 6-8 oC in winter. The monthly

precipitation in summer is about 21-38 mm and in winter it is about 13 mm. The

localities visited were D. G. Khan, D. I. Khan and Taunsa.

 15

3.2 Collection and preservation

The dragonflies were collected by using aerial nets, killed in the cyanide

bottle, pinned and their body parts were set on appropriate setting boards. On drying,

these were properly labelled and mounted in the collection boxes. Naphthalene balls

were placed in the boxes to keep them safe from the pests.

3.3 Identification and description

Specimens were identified up to the specific level by running them through

Fraser’s (1936) key. Valid names along with synonyms, distribution and ecological

observations were given for species already recorded from Pakistan. Differential

characters from the published descriptions were given for the species, recorded first

time from Pakistan. The characters of the species already identified have not been

included in this manuscript, because these were already significantly dealt with by a

number of authors in their works. The illustrations of taxonomically important body

parts were made with a camera Lucida.

3.4 Measurements

Measurements of different body parts i.e. abdomen, fore wing, hind wing etc,

were taken with verniar travelling microscope.

3.5 Taxonomic keys

Original taxonomic keys of dragonfly families, genera and species of

Pakistan are presented.

 16

3.6 Climatic Observations

Climatic observations of different localities of Pakistan were taken with

thermo hygrometer.

3.7 Depository

The identified specimens have been placed in the Biosystematics Lab.,

Department of Entomology, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University,

Rawalpindi.
 17

Table 3.1: Collection Localities of different areas of Pakistan

Area Localities

Punjab Rawalpindi, Choa Saidan Shah, Murree, Attock,

Faisalabad, Kahuta, Chakwal, Gujranwala, Lahore,
Mianwali, Bhakkar, D.G.Khan, Sialkot, Bahawal pur,
Fort abbas, Kot Addu, Layyah, Multan, Taunsa,
Khushab, Sargodha, Narowal, Head Suelmanki, Head
Baloki, Head Marala, Rahim Yar Khan,
Sindh Thatta, Hyderabad, Sukkur, Ghotki, Badin, Dadu,
Larkana, Nawab shah, Sanghar, Karachi,
Balochistan Chamman, Dalbandin, Quetta, Makran, Hab Dam,
Jamrud, Bolan, Gadani, LasBela, Turbat, Ziarat,
Loralai, Zhob, Khuzdar, Mastung, Sibi, Kalat, Pishin,
Khyber PakhtunKhwa Dir, Kaghan, Mansehra, Batgram, Basham, Swat,
Mingora, Mardan, Warsak Dam, D.I.Khan, Charsada,
Peshawar, Kohat, Parachinar, Shinkiari, Abbottabad,
Gilgit Baltistan Chitral, Gilgit, Rama, Gakuch, Shigar, Shingrilla,
Skardu, Joglot, Chillas,
Azad jamu & Kashmir Bagh, Beni, Kotli, Neelam, Mir pur, Rawala Kot,
Mangla Dam, Azad-Pattan, Dhirkot, Chechian, Jarikas,
Poona, Chinari, Muzaffar abad, Sehnsa, Banjosa,
Tatapani,
 Chapter No. 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4. Identification of Dragonflies Families

Using taxonomic literature, the collected specimens were studied and

identified. Details are given in the following section.

4. a Key to Pakistani Families of Anisoptera

1 Eyes separated ---------------------------------------------------------------------2

_ Eyes confluent on vertex ---------------------------------------------------------3

2 Eyes widely separated (Fig. 4.1)------------------------------------Gomphidae

_ Eyes oval shape, slightly separated, meeting at a point (Fig. 4.2) -----------

-------------------------------------------------------------------Cordulegasteridae

3 Eyes very broadly adjoining across the dorsum of head (Fig. 4.3),

discoidal cells are of same shape and size in fore and hindwings------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------Aeshnidae

_ Eyes more or less adjoining across the dorsum of head (Fig. 4.4 & 4.6),

discoidal cells are different in shape and size in fore and hindwings-------4

4 Thorax metallic, base of hindwings angulated in male, anal loop not

socks shape (Fig. 4.7) ------------------------------------------------Corduliidae

_ Thorax non metallic, base of hindwings rounded in both sex, anal loop

socks shape (Fig. 4.5) ---------------------------------------------Libellulidae

18
 19

Fig. 4.1: Eyes of Gomphid dragonflies

Fig. 4.2: Eyes of Cordulegaster dragonflies

 20

Fig. 4.3: Eyes of Aeshnid dragonflies

Fig. 4.4: Eyes of Libellulid dragonflies

 21

Fig. 4.5: Anal loop of Libellulid dragonflies

Fig. 4.6: Eyes of Corduliid dragonflies

 22

Fig. 4.7: Anal loop of Corduliid dragonflies

 23

4.1 AESHNIDAE

The dragonflies of Aeshnidae family are recognized as Hawks. These are

large in size with blue, brown and yellow or green in colour having black markings.

Their large eyes are mostly meeting at the middle of the cranium and wings are

mostly transparent. They are a very powerful flier that’s why they are usually seen at

long distance from water. Many species spend their time in flying in search of prey

and hunting for prey, their rest time during the day is negligible. When at rest, they

are generally in a vertical position, with body hanging downwards. Females oviposit

in aquatic plants, debris and in the water. Six genera and nine species of this family

have been reported from Pakistan.

4.1. a Key to Pakistan genera of Family Aeshnidae

1 Tornus rounded in male -----------------------------------------------------2

_ Tornus angulated in male----------------------------------------------------3

2 Abdominal segments 4-8 with lateral ridges--------- Anax Leach, 1815

_ Abdominal segments 4-8 without lateral ridges ---------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------Hemianax Selys, 1883

3 The nerve Riii abruptly curved beneath the pterostigma, M A fuse

with Riv+v before wing border -------------- Anaciaeschna Selys, 1878

_ The nerve Riii not abruptly curved beneath the pterostigma, M A not

fuse with Riv+v but forked --------------------------------------------------4

4 Median space traversed ------------------------------------------------------5

_ Median space entire ------------------------------ Aeshna Fabricius, 1775

 24

5 Dentigerous plates rounded

round or absent ----- Cephalaeschna Selys, 1883

_ Dentigerous plates end in 2 spines ----Gynacanthaeschna Fraser, 1921

4.1.1. Aeshna Fabricius, 1775

Large dragonflies make aggressive and speedy flight over water. Thirteen

specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted into

one species.

4.1.1.1 Aeshna juncea (Linnaeus, 1758)

1758 Libellula juncea Linnaeus,

Linnaeus Syst. Nort. 1: 544.

1840 Aeshna picta Charpentier, Lib. Eur.: 112.

1850 Aeshna cavcasia Selys, Rev. Odon.: 300.

1866 Aeshna propinqua Scudder,

Scudder Proc. Bast. Soc. Nat.3: 215.

1929 Aeshna americana Bartenev,

Bartenev www.pugetsound.edu/x6140.xml

These are very large dragonflies, head large and round, wings are transparent

and without colour spots, abdomen tumid at base, dark, marked with bright yellow

and blue. Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936 and Jehangir

1997 except, some minor differences. 19-18

19 antenodal, 14-11
11 postnodal and 14-13
14

antenodal, 13-14
14 postnodal nerves present in forewings and hindwings
hindwings, respectively.

Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:

Forewing = 47 mm Hindwing = 45 mm Abdomen = 51mm

Material Examined: = 09 = 04
 25

Geographical distribution

This species has also been reported from Eurasia including North East Asian

Russia, Caucasus, Kazakhstan, European Russia, Mongolia, South Siberia, Russian

Federation, Southern Far East Russia, Ural, West Siberia and North America.

Remarks

These are very strong flier; behave as belligerent, busy chasing other

dragonflies. These dragonflies were collected from stagnant water of small pond

having little amount of water and small vegetation. These breed in a variety of water

bodies, including lake, pond and pool. Adults wander significantly, can be seen

everywhere patrolling near breeding places and far away from breeding sites. These

dragonflies remain active during March to October. Geographical distribution and

climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.1.

New localities record: Chitral, Dir, Mansehra, Kaghan and Gilgit

4.1.2 Anaciaeschna Selys, 1878

Large dragonflies, two specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s

(1936) description resulted into one species. This genus has not previously been

recorded from Pakistan.

4.1.2.1 Anaciaeshna jaspidea (Burmeister, 1839) (New to Pakistan)

1839 Aeschna jaspidea Burmeister, Handb. Ent., Berlin, 2: 840.

1865 Aeschna tahitensis Brauer, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 15: 907.

1908 Protoaeschna pseudochiri Förster, www.pugetsound.edu/x6140.xml

 26

Table 4.1: Geographical location and climate of Aeshna juncea (Linnaeus)

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Chitral 14-08-09 35.50 71.46 1456 30.7 16.7 42

Dir 16-08-09 35.12 71.52 1760 31.5 15.8 47

Gilgit 15-05-07 35.55 74.17 1584 32 13.05 28

Kaghan 20-07-06 34.46 73.31 2070 26.6 12.7 54

Mansehra 18-07-06 34.20 73.11 1072 33.6 16.2 66

Rama 12-05-07 35.19 74.47 4158 22.5 10.6 34

Fig. 4.8: Anaciaeshna jaspidea (Burmeister, 1839)

Table 4.2: Geographical location and climate of Anaciaeshna jaspidea

(Burmeister)

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Gujjo, Distt.
23-08-08 24.44 67.45 07 33 26 63
Thatta
 27

Occiput brown, thorax

horax has two pale yellow oval spots on each side,
side wings are
½
tinted with yellow colour, pterostigma pale yellow covering 2 cells, 17
17-16

antenodal, 8-8
8 postnodal and 10-10
10 antenodal, 11-11
11 postnodal nervers present in

forewings and hindwings,, respectively. Anal appendages light brown (Fig. 4.8).

Measurements means were as follows:

Forewing = 47 mm Hindwing = 45 mm Abdomen = 47 mm

Material Examined: = 01 = 01

Geographical distribution

Thatta is historical city of Sindh Province

Province, 100 kilometer away from Karachi
Karachi.

Specimens were collected

cted from Gujjo, an area 15 kilometer away from Thatta. This

species has also been reported from Australia, Indonesia, China, Hong Kong,

Guandong, Japan, India, Philippines, Thailand and Taiwan.

Remarks

This species was collected from the rice field on a cloudy afternoon. The

boundary of the rice field have dense plantation of wild plants. The habitat also

includes channel of drainage water with Typha species. Urothemis signata another

species of dragonfly was also collected from this habitat. This species is also known

as crepuscular species active during dusk and dawn. Geographical distribution and

climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.2.

4.1.3 Anax Leach, 1815

Large dragonflies, male ususlly have anal triangle. Seventy specimens of this
 28

genus were collected; in agreement with the Fraser’s (1936), description resulted into

four species.

4.1. b Key to Anax species of Pakistan

1 Sides of thorax with broad black markings------ immaculifrons Rambur, 1842

_ Sides of thorax without broad black markings-------------------------------------2

2 Abdomen with large orange coloured dorsal-lateral markings--------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------- indicus Lieftinck, 1942

_ Abdomen without large orange coloured dorsal-lateral markings---------------3

3 Frons with a T shaped dark mark, superior anal appendages sharp at the end--

----------------------------------------------------------- nigrofasciatus Fraser, 1935

_ Frons without T shaped dark mark, superior anal appendages rounded at the

end ------------------------------------------------------ parthenope (Selys, 1839)

4.1.3.1 Anax indicus Lieftinck, 1942 (New to Pakistan)

Labium black, Labrum, face and frons light brown. Pterostigma of all wings

dark brown. 18-19 antenodal, 8-9 postnodal and 11 antenodal, 11 postnodal nerves

present in forewings and hindwings, respectively. Discoidal cells in forewing made

up of six cells and in hindwing made up of five cells. Four cubital nerves are present

in forewing and three in hindwing. A large pale brown patch is present on the hind-

wings, membrane dark brown or blackish. Segment 2 of the abdomen has a blue

dorsolateral spot, segment 3 without blue markings, segments 4-10 have large, bright

dorsolateral orange markings. The anal appendages are reddish brown (Fig. 4.9).

Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:

 29

Forewing = 53 mm Hindwing = 50 mm Abdomen = 61 mm

Material Examine d: = 01

Geographical distribution

This species was reported from India, Srilanka, Nepal and Thailand
Thailand.

Remarks

Anax indicus is the fourth species of the genus to be recorded in Pakistan. It is

a poorly known species, but it has previously been recorded from India (Lieftinck

1942, 1955), Sri Lanka (Lieftinck 1955), Nepal (e.g. Vick 1989) and Thailand (e.g.

Hämäläinen 2002).
2). This species has probably been under-recorded
under recorded in India since its

description because it keys out as A. guttatus using the key of Fraser (1936) to Indian

Anax species. Anax species typically breed in standing waters (Fraser 1936), so it is

not surprising to find this species at the Khasala dam. Geographical distribution and

climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.3.

4.1.3.2 Anax immaculifrons Rambur, 1842

1842 Anax immaculifrons Rambur,

Rambur Ins. Nevrop.: 189.

Twenty specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936)

description. Specimens exactly tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936,

Kanth 1985, Ahmad 1994, Rehman 1994, Subramanian 2005 and Bedjanic et al.

2007. Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:

Forewing = 58 mm Hindwing = 56 mm Abdomen = 56 mm

Material Examined: = 17 = 03
 30

Fig. 4.9: Anax indicus Lieftinck

Table 4.3: Geographical location and climate of Anax indicus Lieftinck

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Rawalpindi 14-07-06 33.36 73.02 500 36 26 59
 31

Table 4.4: Geographical location and climate Anax immaculifrons Rambur

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Attock 12-07-06 33.52 72.13 401 35.4 20.5 35

Bagh 03-06-07 33.59 73.46 1256 34.7 19.5 42

Batgram 23-07-06 34.40 72.59 1015 32.2 13.2 68

Beni 17-06-07 33.12 73.51 444 35 23 51

Besham 24-07-06 34.56 72.52 636 29.4 12.3 64

Choa Saidan
10-07-06 32.42 72.58 681 35.06 26 63
Shah
Kotli 21-06-07 33.31 73.53 604 37.5 23.7 35

Mansehra 18-07-06 34.20 73.11 1072 33.6 16.2 66

Murree 02-07-06 33.55 73.23 2099 23.03 16.05 81

Neelam 18-05-08 33.42 73.46 1307 33.1 18.3 44

 32

Geographical distribution

This species has also been reported from China, Guandong, Hong Kong,

Thailand, Hainan, India, Sri Lanka, Viet Nam, Cyprus, Guangxi, Greek island of

Rhodes and Turkey.

Remarks

This species can be found patrolling near the Streams, slow-moving water

and occasionally near the lakes at enormous speed. These dragonflies are also found

away from the water in mountainous and sub mountainous area. These dragonflies

shirk on still water and remain active during March to September. Geographical

distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.4.

New localities record: Mansehra and Kotli

4.1.3.3 Anax nigrofasciatus Fraser, 1935

1908 Anax bacchus Martin, Cat. Coll. Selys., 18: 22-23.

1921 Anax guttatus Laidlaw, Rec. Ind. Mus., 22: 82-86.

1923 Anax fumosus Laidlaw, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 62:13.

1935 Anax nigrolineatus Fraser, J.Darjecling. Nat. Hist. Soc., 10: 23-25.

Eighteen specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936)

description. Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936 and Jehangir

1997 except, some minor differences. 22-20 antenodal, 9-9 postnodal and 13-13

antenodal, 12-12 postnodal nerves present in forewings and hindwings, respectively.

Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:

 33

Forewing = 53 mm Hindwing = 50 mm Abdomen = 53 mm

Material Examined: = 17 = 01

Geographical distribution

This species has also been reported from India and Thailand.

Remarks

These dragonflies were collected from stagnant water and water running very

slow with small vegetation. These are strong flier difficult to collect from open area

but can be collected when coming out through dense vegetation. Geographical

distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.5.

New localities record: Gilgit, Shigar, Shingrilla and Skardu

4.1.3.4 Anax parthenope (Selys, 1839)

1839 Aeschna parthenope Selys,

Selys Bull. Acad. Belg. 6 (2): 389.

1842 Anax parisinus Rambur,

Rambur Ins. Nevrop.: 185.

1865 Anax julius Brauer, www.pugetsound.edu/x6140.xml

1867 Anax bacchus Hagen,, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 17: 48.

1923 Anax major Götz, www.pugetsound.edu/x6140.xml

1955 Anax geyri Buchholz,, Bonn. Zool. Beitr.,

Beitr. 6: 122.

1955 Anax jordansi Buchholz,

Buchholz www.pugetsound.edu/x6140.xml

Thirty one specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936)

description. Specimens exactly tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936,

Yousuf 1972, Kanth 1985, Arshad 1994, Rehman 1994, Ullah 1994 and Jehangir

1997. Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:

 34

Table 4.5: Geographical location and climate of Anax nigrofasciatus Fraser

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Gakuch 23-05-07 36.10 73.44 2466 26 11 25

Gilgit 15-05-07 35.55 74.17 1584 32 13.05 28

Rama 12-05-07 35.19 74.47 4158 22.5 10.6 34

Shigar 21-05-07 35.26 75.43 2445 27 10.1 27

Shingrilla 20-05-07 35.26 75.27 2305 26.6 10.3 25

Skardu 19-05-07 35.18 75.36 2369 26.9 10.3 25

Table 4.6: Geographical location and climate of Anax parthenope Selys

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Attock 12-07-06 33.52 72.13 401 35.4 20.5 35

Chamman 14-09-07 30.55 66.26 1325 29.7 14.2 28

Dalbandin 01-09-07 28.52 64.24 847 38.5 17.9 41

Faisalabad 26-07-07 31.25 73.04 206 36.2 26.5 53

Hyderabad 22-08-08 25.23 68.22 25 36.2 27 56

Joglot 14-05-07 35.41 74.37 1358 34.1 21.5 21

Kahuta 15-07-07 33.35 73.22 602 36 25 80

Mirpur 13-06-07 33.09 73.42 375 39.5 19.8 45

Quetta 30-08-07 30.12 67.01 1690 35.1 19.1 23

Rawalakot 06-06-07 33.51 73.45 1656 29 13.2 34

Shigar 21-05-07 35.26 75.43 2445 27 10.1 27

Skardu 19-05-07 35.18 75.36 2369 26.9 10.3 25

 35

Forewing = 49 mm Hindwing = 48 mm Abdomen = 50 mm

Material Examined: = 25 = 06

Geographical distribution

This species has also been reported from China, Southern Far East Russia,

Caucasus, European Russia, Japan, Guandong, India, Kazakhstan, South Siberia,

Russian Federation, Turkey and Ural.

Ural

Remarks

These are large dragonflies with dull body colour. Unlike the other species of

aeshnids the male of this species usually accompanies the female in tandem during

egg laying. These dragonflies were collected from stagnant water and ponds.

Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.6.

New locality record: Skardu

4.1.4 Cephalaeschna Selys, 1883

Medium sized dragonflies,

dragon three specimens of this genus were collected; in

agreement with the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted into one species.

4.1.4.1 Cephalaeschna masoni (Martin, 1909)

1909 Caliaeschna masoni Martin, Cat. Coll. Selys, Fasc. 19: 111.

1922 Cephalaeschna masoni Fraser, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 28: 110.
 36

Head large and round, w

wings
ings are transparent and without colour spots,

abdomen brown marked with bright yellow and green. Specimens tally with

published descriptions of Fraser 1936 and Khaliq and Maula 1999 except, some

minor differences. 21-21

21 antenodal, 11-10
11 postnodal and 15-15
15 antenodal, 15-16
15

postnodal nerves present in forewings and hindwings,

hindwings respectively. Measurements

means of the specimens were as follows:

Forewing = 56 mm Hindwing = 55 mm Abdomen = 41 mm

Material Examined: = 03

Geographical distribution

This species has also been reported from India, Nepal and Bangladesh.
Bangladesh

Remarks

These dragonflies were collected from marshy places having lot of small

grasses and well establish vegetation. Geographical distribution and climate of the

species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.7. New locality record: Mingora

4.1.5 Gynacanthaeschna Fraser, 1921

A single specimen of this genus was collected; in agreement with the Fraser’s

(1936) description, this genus has not previously been recorded from Pakistan.

4.1.5.1 Gynacanthaeshna sikkima (Karsch, 1891) (New to Pakistan)

1891 Cephalaeschna sikkima Karsch, Ent. Nachr. 17: 607.

1909 Cephalaeschna lugubris Martin, Cat. Coll. Selys, Fasc. 19: 110.

1922 Gynacanthaeschna sikkima Fraser, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 28: 110.
 37

Table 4.7: Geographical location and climate of Cephalaeschna masoni (Martin)

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Mingora 16-08-05 34.46 72.21 944 30.2 18.5 74

Swat 14-08-05 34.20 72.32 1137 32.1 16.6 61

Fig. 4.10: Gynacanthaeschna sikkima Karsch

Table 4.8: Geographical location and climate of Gynacanthaeshna sikkima

(Karsch)

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Kalyam
Sharif 19-07-06 33.25 73.14 522 35 26 50
Rawalpindi
 38

A single female Gynacanthaeshna was collected while perched on vegetation

at Sanghuri dam Mandra, Rawalpindi, Pakistan in July 2006.. The Sanghuri dam is

29 km from Rawalpindi near the main stop of Kalyam sharif on G.T. road. The

specimen was identified as Gynacanthaeshna sikkima by comparing

ring it with the

descriptions of Fraser 1936 and Subramanian 2005.

2005. This species has not previously

been recorded from Pakistan. Terminology for odonate anatomy used here follows

that used in Fraser (1936).

Frons greenish yellow, occiput yellowish brown, prothrax brown with

greenish yellow band on front side. Legs brown to black, anal loop 5-6
5 6 celled
celled, wings

are not palely enfumed towards apices, membrane blackish white. Pterostigmal brace

vein attached slightly distal to the level of inner boarder of Pterostigma 15 antenodal,

9 postnodal and 13 antenodal, 11 postnodal nerves present in fore-wings

fore wings and hind
hind-

wings, respectively. Pterostigma

terostigma black, wings hyaline having basal yellow markings,

triangle three celled in fore

fore-wing and hind-wings,
wings, median space traversed 44-5 time in

fore and hindwings.

s. Abdomen cylindrical, second abdominal segments have inverted

T shape
ape greenish yellow spots (Fig. 4.10). Measurements were as follows:

Forewing = 41mm Hindwing = 41mm Abdomen = 45mm

Material Examined: = 01

Geographical distribution

A single specimen was collected from Sanghuri dam, situated near Kalyam

Sharif stops on G.T. road, in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. This species was collected in a

warm noon in month of July 2006. This species has also been described from

Sikkim, Assam Nepal and Bangladesh.

 39

Remarks

This species was collected sitting on the vegetation near the edges of small

dam having well-established small weeds. These species were also found near waters

having muddy edges. The habitat includes Eucalyptus plants artificially planted,

Typha sp., Cynodon dactylon Linn. and Acacia modesta Wall. The other species of

dragonflies found in this location are Epophthalmia vittata vittata Burmeister,

Crocothemis servilia Drury and Trithemis festiva Rambur. Geographical distribution

and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.8.

4.1.6 Hemianax Selys, 1883

Dragonflies of large size, colour dark brown, five specimens of this genus

were collected; in agreement with the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted into one

species.

4.1.6.1 Hemianax ephippiger (Burmeister, 1839)

1839 Aeschna ephippiger Burmeister, Handb. Ent., Berlin 2, Odonata, 2: 840.

1839 Aeschna mediterranea Selys, Bull. Acad. Belg., 6(2): 391.

1840 Anax mediterranea Selys, Monogr. Libell. Eur,: 120.

1842 Anax senegalensis Rambur, Ins. Nevrop. : 190.

1866 Anax ephippiger Brauer, Novara: 63.

1886 Anax ephippiger Ris, Fauna Helv. Neur.: 62, 66.

1890 Hemianax ephippiger Kirby,Cat. Odon.: 85.

1907 Cyrthosoma ephippiger Bentivoglio, Atti. S.N.M.Modena, 4:

1921 Anax ephippiger Laidlaw, Rec. Ind. Mus., 22: 87

 40

Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936, Yousuf 1972,

Kanth 1985 and Bedjanic et al.. 2007 except, some minor differences. 15-15
15

antenodal, 7-6
6 postnodal and 10-10
10 antenodal, 9-9 postnodal nerves present in

forewings and hindwings, respectively. Measurements means of the specimens were

as follows:

Forewing = 49 mm Hindwing = 47 mm Abdomen = 46 mm

Material Examined: = 05

Geographical distribution

This species has also been reported from Caucasus, Kazakhstan, European

Russia, India, Sri Lanka, Russian Federation and Turkey

Turkey.

Remarks

These dragonflies were collected from warm stagnant and slow running

water; always meander up and down to breed just after rain. Geographical

distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.9.

4.2 CORDULEGASTRIDAE

These dragonflies have a massive brown or black body with yellow markings.

They can be found along small and clear streams in mountainous areas, flying slowly

about 40 cm above the water. When disturbed, they can fly very rapidly and also be

found on metal roads at evening. These dragonflies usually lay their eggs in the sand
 41

in shallow water, the female remain hovering above the water with her body in

upright position, and making repeated dips into the water with her abdomen. Only

one species of this family

ly has been reported from Pakistan.

4.2.1 Cordulegaster Leach, 1815

Very large sized dragonflies with balck and yellow body markings, fifteen

specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted into

one species.

4.2.1.1 Cordulegaster
ster brevistigma (Selys, 1854)

1854 Thecagaster brevistigma Selys, Bull. Acad. Belg. 2 (21): 103.

1929 Cordulegaster brevistigma brevistigma Fraser, Mem. Ind. Mus., 9 (3): 73.

1929 Cordulegaster brevistigma folia Fraser, Mem. Ind. Mus., 9 (3): 73.

Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936, Yousuf 1972 and

Jehangir 1997 except, some minor differences. 16-17

16 antenodal, 10-11
11 postnodal and

10-11 antenodal, 8-13

13 postnodal nerves present in forewings and hindwings
hindwings,

respectively. Measurements means of specimens were as follow:

Forewing = 47 mm Hindwing = 43 mm Abdomen = 54 mm

Material Examined: = 13 = 02

Geographical distribution

This species has also been reported from India and China.

Remarks

These dragonflies were collected from small to medium fast fresh cool water streams

of hilly areas. These species like to breed in sandy areas. These dragonflies
 42

Table 4.9: Geographical location and climate of Hemianax ephippiger

(Burmeister)

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Mangla
14-06-07 33.08 73.38 316 35.9 23.8 60
dam
Rawalpindi 14-07-06 33.36 73.02 500 36 26 59

Table 4.10: Geographical location and climate of Cordulegaster brevistigma

(Selys)

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Azad-Pattan 05-06-07 33.43 73.36 453 37.5 23 30

Chillas 10-05-07 35.25 74.04 1070 34.1 21.5 21

Joglot 14-05-07 35.41 74.37 1358 34.1 21.5 21

Murree 02-07-06 33.55 73.23 2099 23.03 16.05 81

 43

patrol few inches above the water surface between the rocks and were observed on

metallic roads at evening. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in

Pakistan is shown in table 4.10. New localities record: Joglot, Chillas and Azad-

Pattan

4.3 CORDULIIDAE

The Dragonflies of corduliidae family are medium to large size; they usually

have metallic green thorax, black and yellow abdomen. These dragonflies are also

called emeralds, because these have bright green eyes when mature, these are

continuous flier. In Pakistan two genera and three species were found.

4.3. a Key to Pakistan genera of Family Corduliidae

1 Discoidal cells in forewings and hindwings always traversed --------------------

------------------------------------------------------ Epophthalmia Burmeister, 1839

_ Discoidal cells in forewings and hindwings always entire ----------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------- Macromia Rambur, 1842

4.3.1 Epophthalmia Burmeister, 1839

These are large dragonflies, fast flier and brass color hue during flight. It has

brass color abdomen with black marking. A single specimen tally published

description of Fraser (1936), identified as Epopthalmia vittata vittata Burmeister,

1839. This genus has not previously been recorded from Pakistan.

4.3.1.1 Epopthalmia vittata vittata Burmeister, 1839 (New to Pakistan)

1839 Epopthalmia vittata Burmeister, Handb. Ent. 2: 845.

 44

1867 Epophthalmia cyanocephala Hagen,, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 17: 59.

1868 Macromia vittata Brauer, Verzeichniss Neur, 2&18: 742.

1923 Azuma vittata Laidlaw, J. Malay Br. Roy. As. Soc. 323.

1924 Azuma cyanocephala Fraser, Rec. Ind. Mus. 26: 409.

Frons metallic green and thorax has metallic green markings. Upper surface

of frons has yellow spot in the middle. Discoidal cell of fore and hindwings
hindwing are

traversed. Hindwing angulated in male. A single specimen collected from Java dam

in Rawalpindi was supportive with published description of Fraser (1936) except

very minor characters. Pterostigma black, membrane blackish white, 16-17

16

antenodal, 8-77 postnodal and 11-12

11 antenodal, 10-99 postnodal nerves present in

forewings and hindwings, respectively (Fig. 4.11).. Measurements of specimen were

as follows:

Forewing = 53 mm Hindwing = 50 mm Abdomen=55 mm

Material Examined: = 01

Geographical distribution

A single specimen was collected from small dam “Java” 20 kilometer far

from Rawalpindi city. This species was collected in a warm afternoon in month of

July 2006. A specimen was also observed on Dhok Tallian dam 10 km away from

Chakwal city but it was not collected due to its swift flight.

Remarks

This species was collected maneuvering on the edges of small dam having

well established small vegetation. According to Bedjanic et al. (2007)

07) these species
 45

Fig. 4.11: Epopthalmia vittata vittata Burmeister

Table 4.11: Geographical location and climate of Epopthalmia vittata vittata

Burmeister

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Chakwal 08-07-06 32.56 72.52 520 34.9 24.8 51

Rawalpindi 14-07-06 33.36 73.02 500 36 26 59

 46

are also found along edges of jungle near tanks from wet low lands, hilly and dry

zone. Subramanian (2005) described that these species can be collected from dry

twigs and similar vantage points over streams. Geographical distribution and climate

of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.11.

4.3.2 Macromia Rambur, 1842

Large dragonflies closely resemble with cordulagester species but these have

matelic thorax. Twenty three specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s

(1936) description resulted into two species.

4.3. b Key to Macromia species of Pakistan

1 Dorsum has dark green metallic reflex, humeral and antehumeral stripes

absent from thorax ---------------------------------------------- moorei Selys, 1874

_ Dorsum has no metallic reflex, humeral and antehumeral stripes present on

thorax------------------------------------------------------ cingulata Rambur, 1842

4.3.2.1 Macromia cingulata Rambur, 1842

1842 Macromia cingulata Rambur, Ins. Nevrop. : 190.

1871 Macromia whitei Selys, Bull. Acad. Belg. 31: 555.

Seventeen specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936)

description. Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936, Kanth 1985

and Ahmad 1994 except, some minor differences. 13-14 antenodal, 8-6 postnodal

and 9-9 antenodal, 8-8 postnodal nerves present in forewings and hindwings,

respectively. Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:

 47

Forewing = 32 mm Hindwing = 31 mm Abdomen = 40 mm

Material Examined: = 13 = 04

Geographical distribution

This species has also been reported from India and Viet Nam.

Remarks

These dragonflies were collected from slow running shallow water having

sandy bottom with well establish vegetation. These are very active fliers difficult to

capture and remain in same vicinity even disturbing it. Geographical distribution and

climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.12.

New localities record: Rawalpindi, Choa syden shah and Mirpur

4.3.2.2 Macromia moorei Selys, 1874 (New to Pakistan)

1874 Macromia moorei Selys, Bull. Acad. Belg. 37: 28.

1899 Macromia fumata Krüger,

Krüger www.pugetsound.edu/x6140.xml

1921 Macromia trituberculata Fraser, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 27: 674.

Six specimens of this species were collected; these were identified running

them
em through Fraser’s (1936) key. Specimens tally with published description
escription of

Fraser (1936) except some minor differences. Hypertrigone traversed two times in

forewing, 13-13
13 antenodal and 07-07
07 postnodal nervures in forewings and 9-8
9

antenodal and 9-8

8 postnodal nervures in hindwings,
hindwings respectively (Fig. 4.12).
4.12)

Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:

Forewing = 40 mm Hindwing = 38 mm Abdomen = 47 mm

Material Examined: = 04 = 02
 48

Table 4.12: Geographical location and climate of Macromia cingulata Rambur

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Choa syden
10-07-06 32.42 72.58 681 35.06 26 63
shah
Mardan 20-08-05 34.11 72.02 310 35.8 20.5 37

Mirpur 13-06-07 33.09 73.42 375 39.5 19.8 45

Rawalpindi 14-07-06 33.36 73.02 500 36 26 59

Fig. 4.12: Macromia moorei Selys

Table 4.13: Geographical location and climate of Macromia moorei Selys

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Dhirkot 02-06-07 34.01 73.34 1623 28.1 13.5 52
 49

Geographical distribution

These species were collected from Dhirkot. Dhirkot is tehsil of Bagh District

and situated 132 Km from Islamabad. It is surrounded by Muzaffarabad from North,

Poonch from the South, Murree from the West and Bagh from the East. June and

July are the hottest months while December and January are the coldest month of the

year. The mean minimum and maximum annual temperature of the year is 04 oC and

22 oC, respectively (Gorsi and Shahzad 2002).

Remarks

These species were collected from Dhirkot in two consecutive years i.e. 2007

and 2008 and was found exactly at same place every year. These species remain

flying in a circle few inches above the slow running water with well establish green

vegetation. These are found on water with sandy or grubby bottom. Geographical

distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.13.

4.4 GOMPHIDAE

The Dragonflies of Gomphidae family is known as Clubtails Dragonflies,

they breed in streams particularly in open forest. Their body size is medium to large;

these can be identified by their small and broadly isolated eyes. They are yellow or

green in shade with black markings. The larvae burrow into the sediments of the

streams; naiad crawls out onto the shore for emergence instead climbing up the

vegetations. Nine genera and twelve species of this family have been reported from

Pakistan.
 50

4.4. a Key to Pakistan genera of Family Gomphidae

1 Forewings have traversed trigone, subtrigone and hyper trigone ----------2

_ Forewings have entire trigone, subtrigone and hyper trigone --------------3

2 Abdominal segment 8th dilated, superior anal appendages acute -----------

----------------------------------------------------- Ictinogomphus Cowley, 1934

_ Abdominal segment 8th dilated, superior anal appendages obtuse-----------

------------------------------------------------------------ Gomphidia Selys, 1854

3 Tornus angulated in male --------------------------------------------------------4

_ Tornus rounded in male ----------------------- Anormogomphus Selys, 1854

4 Anal loop present, anal triangle 3 celled ---------------------------------------5

_ Anal loop absent, anal triangle 4 celled (except Nepogomphus) --------- 7

5 Superior and inferior anal appendages of equal length --------------------- 6

_ Superior anal appendages longer than inferior ---------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------ Mesogomphus Forster, 1906

6 Discoidal field with 2 rows of cell ---- Burmagomphus Williamson, 1907

_ Discoidal field with 3 rows of cell-------------- Platygomphus Selys, 1854

7 Anal appendages very short, anal loop is about 3 celled ---------------------

---------------------------------------------------- Ophiogomphus Selys, 1854

_ Anal appendages long, anal loop is about 2 celled --------------------------8

8 Anal triangle 3 celled ---------------------------- Nepogomphus Fraser, 1934

_ Anal triangle 4 celled -------------------------- Onychogomphus Selys, 1854

4.4.1 Anormogomphus Selys, 1854

These are small dragonflies, body yellow, wings hyaline and venation
 51

off-white.
white. Seventeen specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s (1936)

description resulted into one species.

4.4.1.1 Anormogomphus kiritschenkoi Bartenef, 1913

1913 Anormogomphus kiritschenkoi Bartenef, Rovuld. Ent., 13: 179.

Specimens exactly tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936, Yousuf

1972, Kanth 1985, Ahmad 1994 and Rehman 1994. Measurements means of the

specimens were as follows:

Forewing = 28 mm Hindwing = 26 mm Abdomen = 29 mm

Material Examined: = 12 = 05

Geographical distribution

This species has also been reported from Iraq, Uzbekistan, Iran, Turkey and

India.

Remarks

These dragonflies are found on small vegetation, bushes and grasses near the

fresh water pounds. These are easy to collect due to weak flight. Geographical

distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.14.

New locality record: Rawalpindi

4.4.2 Burmagomphus Williamson, 1907

Medium sized dragonflies body black with greenish yellow marking, El

Eleven
 52

specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted into

two species.

4.4. b Key to Burmagomphus species of Pakistan

1 Three lateral black stripes on each side of thorax---

th sivalikensi Laidlaw, 1922

_ One complete and one incomplete lateral black stripes on each side of thorax
thorax-

------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------- pyramidalis Laidlaw, 1922

4.4.2.1 Burmagomphus pyramidalis Laidlaw, 1922

1922 Burmagomphus pyramidalis Laidlaw, Rec. Ind. Mus. 24: 371.

1923 Burmagomphus pyramidalis pyramidalis Fraser,, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 29:

62.

These are medium sized dragonflies, body black with bright yellow markings.

Seven specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936) description.

Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936, Kanth 1985 and

Bedjanic et al. 2007 except

pt, some minor differences. 12-13 antenodal, 8-88 postnodal

and 8-8 antenodal, 8-9

9 postnodal nerves present in forewings and hindwings
hindwings,

respectively. Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:

Forewing = 27 mm Hindwing = 26 mm Abdomen = 31 mm

Material Examined: = 06 = 01

Geographical distribution

This species has also been reported from India, SriLanka and Malaysia
Malaysia.
 53

Table 4.14: Geographical location and climate of Anormogomphus kiritschenkoi

Bartenef

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Chechian 15-06-07 33.05 73.43 279 35.9 23.8 60

Faisalabad 26-07-07 31.25 73.04 206 36.2 26.5 53

Gujranwala 06-07-07 32.10 74.10 224 27 33 70

Jarikas 16-06-07 33.06 73.50 325 35.9 23.8 60

Makran 27-09-07 26.12 62.46 680 40.02 26 66

Rawalpindi 14-07-06 33.36 73.02 500 36 26 59

Warsak
30-08-09 34.10 71.25 339 36 26 58
Dam

Table 4.15: Geographical location and climate of Burmagomphus pyramidalis

Laidlaw

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Poona 07-06-07 33.11 73.57 676 33.6 22.1 38

Rawalakot 06-06-07 33.51 73.45 1656 29 13.2 34

Table 4.16: Geographical location and climate of Burmagomphus sivalikensis

Laidlaw

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Murree 02-07-06 33.55 73.23 2099 23.03 16.05 81

Poona 07-06-07 33.11 73.57 676 33.6 22.1 38

Rawalakot 06-06-07 33.51 73.45 1656 29 13.2 34

 54

Remarks

These dragonflies were found sitting on rocks and green vegetation near

streams and rivers in the mountainous areas. Geographical distribution and climate of

the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.15.

New locality record: Rawalakot

4.4.2.2 Burmagomphus sivalikensis Laidlaw, 1922

1922 Burmagomphus sivalikensis Laidlaw, Rec. Ind. Mus. 24: 401-402.

Four specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936)

description. Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936 and Khaliq

et al. 1993 except, some minor differences. 13-12

13 antenodal, 9-10
10 postnodal and 10-
10

9 antenodal, 9-99 postnodal nerves present in forewings and hindwings,

hindwings respectively.

Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:

Forewing = 27 mm Hindwing = 26 mm Abdomen = 30 mm

Material Examined: = 02 = 02

Geographical Distribution

This species has also been reported from India and Bangladesh.

Remarks

These dragonflies were found ssitting

itting on rocks and green vegetation near

streams and rivers in the mountainous areas. Geographical distribution and climate of

the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.16.

 55

4.4.3 Gomphidia Selys, 1854

These are large dragonflies, upper side of the frons have black T shape

markings, body large with yellow markings.. Four specimens were collected; agree

with the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted into one species.

4.4.3.1 Gomphidia t-nigrum

nigrum Selys, 1854

1854 Gomphidia t-nigrum Selys,

Selys Bull. Acad. Belg. 21: 86.

Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936 and Yousuf 1972

except,, some minor differences. 16

16-16 antenodal, 10-10
10 postnodal and 11
11-11

antenodal, 9-10
10 postnodal nerves present in forewings and hindwings respectively.

Measurements means of thee specimens were as follows:

Forewing = 41 mm Hindwing = 39 mm Abdomen = 52 mm

Material Examined: = 04

Geographical distribution

This species has also been reported from India and Nepal.

Remarks

These dragonflies were

wer collected from small dam and pond, flying alo
along the

edges.. Males, when they across each other, they attack on each other. Geographical

distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.17.

 56

4.4.4 Ictinogomphus Cowley, 1934

Large sized
zed dragonflies, body colour black with yellow marking, twenty eight

specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted into

two species.

4.4. c Key to Ictinogomphus species of Pakistan

_ Face and femora mainly black

black----------------------------- rapax (Rambur, 1842)

_ Face and femora mainly yellow-------------------------- angulosus (Selys, 1854)

4.4.4.1 Ictinogomphus angulosus (Selys, 1854)

1854 Ictinogomphus angulosus Selys, Bull. Acad. Belg.: 21(2): 23-112.

1854 Ictinus angulosus Selys,

Selys Bull. Acad. Belg.: 21(2): 23-112.

1854 Ictinus atrox Selys,, Bull. Acad. Belg.: 21(2): 23-112.

These are large dragonflies; body black with yellow markings. Four

specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936) description. Specimens

tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936 and Kanth 1985 except, some minor

differences. 22-20 antenodal,

enodal, 13-13
13 postnodal and 17-15 antenodal, 13-14
14 postnodal

nerves present in forewings and hindwings, respectively. Measurements means of the

specimens were as follows:

Forewing = 43 mm Hindwing = 41 mm Abdomen = 51 mm

Material Examined: = 04

Geographical distribution

This species has also been reported from India and Bangladesh.
 57

Table 4.17: Geographical location and climate of Gomphidia t-nigrum Selys

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Chakwal 08-07-06 32.56 72.52 520 34.9 24.8 51

Lahore 03-07-07 31.32 74.20 216 35.3 26.9 60

Table 4.18: Geographical location and climate of Ictinogomphus angulosus

(Selys)

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Chinari 16-05-08 34.09 73.49 1450 34 17 37

Muzaffarabad 14-05-08 34.23 73.27 969 35 19 34

Neelam 18-05-08 33.42 73.46 1307 33.1 18.3 44

Table 4.19: Geographical location and climate of Ictinogomphus rapax Rambur

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Chakwal 08-07-06 32.56 72.52 520 34.9 24.8 51

D.I. Khan 26-08-05 31.49 70.54 173 37.2 27.1 47

Lahore 03-07-07 31.32 74.20 216 35.3 26.9 60

Mianwali 04-07-06 32.35 71.32 211 37.5 27.3 47

Neelam 18-05-08 33.42 73.46 1307 33.1 18.3 44

Rawalpindi 14-07-06 33.36 73.02 500 36 26 59

Thatta 23-08-08 24.46 67.53 16 33.5 27 63

 58

Remarks

These dragonflies were collected from weedy

weedy tank, pond and channel in

mountainous areas. The species can breed in both type of water, running and still.

Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table

4.18. New localities record: Chinari and Neelam

4.4.4.2 Ictinogomphus rapax Rambur, 1842

1842 Ictinogomphus rapax Rambur, Ins. Nevrop. : 190.

1842 Diastatomma rapax Rambur,

Rambur Ins. Nevrop.: 169.

1854 Ictinus praecox Selys,

Selys Bull. Acad. Belg., 21: 89.

1923 Ictinus rapax rapax Faser,

Faser J. Bomb. Nat. Hist.Soc., 29: 60, 328, 663--64.

These are large dragonflies, body black with bright yellow markings. Twenty

four specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936) description.

Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936, Kanth 1985, Rehman

1994, Subramanian 2005 and Bedjanic et al.. 2007 except, some minor differences.

22-20 antenodal, 13-13

13 postnodal and 15-15
15 antenodal, 12-12
12 postnodal nerves

present in forewings and hindwings,

hindwings respectively. Measurements means of the

specimens were as follows:

Forewing = 45 mm Hindwing = 43 mm Abdomen = 51 mm

Material Examined: = 15 = 09

Geographical distribution

This species has also been reported from India, Peninsular Malaysia, Sri

Lanka, Burma, Malaysia, Bangladesh, China, Myanmar, Thailand and Viet Nam
Nam.
 59

Remarks

These dragonflies were found on weedy

weedy tanks, ponds and channels in

mountainous and plane areas. The species can breed in both type of water, running

and still. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in

table 4.19.

New localities record: Thatta, Mianwali, D. I. Khan, Chakwal

4.4.5 Mesogomphus Forster, 1906

These are medium sized dragonflies, body yellow with black markings, anal

appendages yellow. Twenty nine specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s

(1936) description resulted into one species.

4.4.5.1 Mesogomphus lineatus (Selys, 1850)

1850 Gomphous lineatus Selys,

Selys Rev. Odon.: 386.

1854 Onychogomphus lineatus Selys, Bull. Acad. Belg., 21(2): 36.

1890 Lindenia lineate Kirby,

Kirby Cat. Odon. : 59.

1924 Mesogomphous lineatus Fraser, Rec. Ind. Mus., 26: 427, 477.

Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936 Kanth 1985,

Ahmad 1994 and Rehman 1994 except, some minor differences. 13-13
13 antenodal, 77-

7 postnodal and 10-10 antenodal, 7-7

7 7 postnodal nerves present in forewings and

hindwings, respectively. Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:

Forewing = 26 mm Hindwing = 25 mm Abdomen = 32 mm

Material Examined: = 19 = 10
 60

Table 4.20: Geographical location and climate of Mesogomphus lineatus (Selys)

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Bagh 03-06-07 33.59 73.46 1256 34.7 19.5 42

Chakwal 08-07-06 32.56 72.52 520 34.9 24.8 51

Charsadda 19-08-05 34.09 71.44 302 32 21 59

Chechian 15-06-07 33.05 73.43 279 33 23 61

Jarikas 16-06-07 33.06 73.50 325 35.9 23.8 60

Mangla
14-06-07 33.08 73.38 316 35.9 23.8 60
dam
Murree 02-07-06 33.55 73.23 2099 23.03 16.05 81

Neelam 18-05-08 33.42 73.46 1307 33.1 18.3 44

Peshawar 18-08-05 34.00 71.32 353 36.2 26.5 53

Sehnsa 24-06-07 33.30 73.45 661 37.5 23.7 35

Warsak
30-08-09 34.10 71.25 339 36 26 58
Dam
 61

Geographical distribution

This species has also been reported from India, Burma and Bangladesh.

Remarks

These dragonflies breed in both still and running water, can be collected from

elevated flora and sandy edges in fresh running water. These species were also found

sitting on rocks. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is

shown in table 4.20. New localities record: Charsada and Chakwal

4.4.6 Nepogomphus Fraser, 1934

These are medium sized dragonflies, body black with yellowish green

markings. Eight specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s (1936) description

resulted into one species.

4.4.6.1 Nepogomphus modestus Selys, 1878

1878 Nepogomphus modestus Selys, Bull. Acad. Belg. 16: 423.

1878 Onychogomphus modestus Selys, Bull. Acad. Belg. 16: 423.

1890 Lindenia modesta Kirby, Cat. Odon. 60.

1924 Onychogomphus diminutives Fraser, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 30: 109.

Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936, Kanth 1985 and

Rehman 1994 except, some minor differences. 12-12 antenodal, 9-11 postnodal and

10-10 antenodal, 9-9 postnodal nerves present in forewings and hindwings,

respectively. Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:

 62

Forewing = 26 mm Hindwing = 24 mm Abdomen = 28 mm

Material Examined: = 07 = 01

Geographical distribution

This species has also been reported from Bangladesh, India, Burma, Malaysia

and Myanmar.

Remarks

These were not very fast fliers and can be collected from thick green

vegetation near slow running water. Geographical distribution and climate of the

species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.21. New locality record: Rawalpindi

4.4.7 Onychogomphus Selys, 1854

Medium sized dragonflies, body yellow ringed with yellow markings. Male

have large anal appendages, superior anal appendages curled at apices. Nin
Nineteen

specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted into

two species.

4.4. d Key to Onychogomphus species of Pakistan

_ Branches of inferior anal appendages slightly shorter than superior----------

-------------

----------------------------------------------------------------bistrigatus
----------------------------------------- (Selys, 1854)

_ Branches of inferior anal appendages overlapping

overla the superior-------------------
----------------

-----------------------------------------------------------------biforceps
---------------------------------------------- (Selys, 1878)
 63

Table 4.21: Geographical location and climate of Nepogomphus modestus Selys

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Bagh 03-06-07 33.59 73.46 1256 34.7 19.5 42

Murree 02-07-06 33.55 73.23 2099 23.03 16.05 81

Rawalpindi 14-07-06 33.36 73.02 500 36 26 59

Fig. 4.13: Onychogomphus biforceps Selys

Table 4.22: Geographical location and climate of Onychogomphus biforceps

Selys

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Kotli 21-09-05 33.31 73.53 604 32 22 57
 64

4.4.7.1 Onychogomphus biforceps Selys 1878 (New to Pakistan)

1878 Onychogomphus biforceps Selys, Bull. Acad. Belg. 16: 420.

1890 Lindena biforceps Kirby,

Kirby Cat. Odon. 60.

1923 Lamelliogomphus biforceps Fraser,, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 29: 64.

These are medium sized

size dragonflies, body black with yellowish green

markings. Six specimens

imens were collected and identified running them through Fraser’s

(1936) key. Specimens tally with

wi published descriptions of Fraser 1936 and

Subramanian 2005 except, some minor differences. Antehumeral and humeral stripes

are present and confluent to the meso thoracic collar. 13-14

14 antenodal, 10-11
10

postnodal and 10-10

10 antenodal, 10-10
10 postnodal nervess present in forewings and

hindwings, respectively. Abdominal segments 8, 9 and 10 have yellow spots laterally

(Fig. 4.13). Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:

Forewing = 31 mm Hindwing = 30 mm Abdomen = 38 mm

Material Examined: = 05 = 01

Geographical distribution

This species has also been reported from India, Bangladesh, Burma, Bhutan

and Nepal.

Remarks

These dragonflies were found on slow running fresh water stream in hilly

areas having well established vegetation and attracted by reflected light from water.

Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table

4.22.
 65

4.4.7.2 Onychogomphus bistrigatus Selys, 1854

1854 Scalmogomphus bistrigatus Hagen, www.pugetsound.edu/x6140.xml

1854 Gomphus bistrigatus Selys, Bull. Acad. Belg. 21: 46.

1857 Onychogomphus bistrigatus Selys, Mon. Gomph. 24, 392.

1894 Onychogomphus m-flavum

flavum Selys, Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg.,21(2): 23-112.
112.

1954 Onychogomphus garhwalicus Singh and Baijal, www.pugetsound.edu/x 6140.

xml

These are medium sized dragonflies, body yellow with black marking, anal

appendages long and curled. Thirteen specimens were collected; analogous with the

Fraser’s (1936) description. Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser

1936 and Kanth 1985 except, some minor differences. 12-12

12 12 antenodal, 99-8

postnodal and 10-10

10 antenodal,
antenoda 9-99 postnodal nerves present in forewings and

hindwings, respectively. Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:

Forewing = 32 mm Hindwing = 30 mm Abdomen = 37 mm

Material Examined: = 10 = 03

Geographical distribution

This species has also been reported from India and Viet Nam.

Remarks

These dragonflies were found on slow running fresh water stream in hilly

areas having dense vegetation. Geographical distribution and climate of the species

in Pakistan is shown in table 4.23.

New localities record: Shigar, Shingrilla and Skardu

 66

4.4.8 Ophiogomphus Selys, 1854

Medium sized dragonflies with strong build, colour apple green with black markings.

Five specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted

into one species.

4.4.8.1 Ophiogomphus reductus Calvert, 1889

1898 Ophiogomphus reductus Calvert, Proc. Acad. Sci. Phil. 150-152.

1937 Ophiogomphus forficula Okumura, www.pugetsound.edu/x6140.xml

Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936 and Jehangir

1994 except, some minor differences. 13-13

13 antenodal, 9-88 postnodal and 8-9

antenodal, 10-9
9 postnodal nerve
nerves present in forewings and hindwings, respectively.

Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:

Forewing = 34 mm Hindwing = 33 mm Abdomen = 38 mm

Material Examined: = 05

Geographical distribution

This species has been reported from India, Mongolia, Kazakhstan and Turkey.

Remarks

These dragonflies were collected from lakes and streams of clean water with

stony bottom. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is

shown in table 4.24. New localities record: Skardu and Shigar

 67

Table 4.23: Geographical location and climate of Onychogomphus bistrigatus

Selys

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Rawalakot 06-06-07 33.51 73.45 1656 29 13.2 34

Shigar 21-05-07 35.26 75.43 2445 27 10.1 27

Shingrilla 20-05-07 35.26 75.27 2305 26.6 10.3 25

Skardu 19-05-07 35.18 75.36 2369 26.9 10.3 25

Table 4.24: Geographical location and climate of Ophiogomphus reductus

Calvert

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Shigar 21-05-07 35.26 75.43 2445 27 10.1 27

Shingrilla 20-05-07 35.26 75.27 2305 26.6 10.3 25

Skardu 19-05-07 35.18 75.36 2369 26.9 10.3 25

Table 4.25: Geographical location and climate of Platygomphus dolabratus Selys

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Chinari 16-05-08 34.09 73.49 1450 34 17 37

Sehnsa 24-06-07 33.30 73.45 661 37.5 23.7 35

 68

4.4.9 Platygomphus Selys, 1854

Medium sized dragonflies colour sandy yellow with black markings. Eight

specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted into

one species.

4.4.9.1 Platygomphus dolabratus Selys, 1854

1854 Platygomphus dolabratus Selys, Bull. Acad. Belg. 21: 44.

Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936 and Kanth 1985

except, some minor differences. 14-13

14 antenodal, 10-10
10 postnodal and 10-9
10

antenodal, 11-11
11 postnodal nerves present in forewings
forewing and hindwings, respectively.

Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:

Forewing = 34 mm Hindwing = 32 mm Abdomen = 39 mm

Material Examined: = 07 = 01

Geographical distribution

This species has also been reported from India, Bangladesh and Myanmar
Myanmar.

Remarks

These dragonflies were collected from the banks of running water with dense

vegetation. These were slow in flight and always found sitting on small vegetation.

Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table

4.25.
 69

4.5 LIBELLULIDAE

The dragonflies of this family have broadened abdomen, size varies from

small to large and their body is shorter than their wings span. They are erratic in

colour, several species have coloured wings patterns. The males are often brightly

colored and commonly stroll in the wide swampy areas. During rest, some species

hold their abdomen upward and some with wings forward and depressed. These

dragonflies are also called as skimmers.

4.5. a Key to Pakistan genera of Family Labellulidae

1 The length of claws hooks equal to the length of claws, look like bifid claw --

------------------------------------------------------------------ Zygonyx Hagen, 1867

_ The length of claws hooks shorter to the length of claws------------------------ 2

2 Anal loop open from tip------------------------------------------------------------- 3

_ Anal loop closed from tip-------------------------------------------------------------4

3 Body reddish, hindwings with opaque spots in the centre of the wings----------

----------------------------------------------------------------- Tholymis Hagen, 1867

_ Body chocholate, hindwings without spots on the wings--------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------Zyxomma Rambur, 1842

4 Forewings with complete distal antenodal nerve----------------------------------5

_ Forewings with incomplete distal antenodal nerve--------------------------------9

5 Prothoracic lobe big and with hairs--------------------------------------------------6

_ Prothoracic lobe small and without hairs-------------------------------------------8

6 Frons metallic------------------------------------------- Brachydiplax Brauer, 1868

_ Frons non metallic---------------------------------------------------------------------7

 70

7 Small dragonflies, body slim and cylindrical from 7-10 abdominal segments--

---------------------------------------------------------------- Acisoma Rambur, 1842

_ Medium sized dragonflies, forewings have more than 12 antenodal nerves----

------------------------------------------------------------ Orthetrum Newman, 1833

8 Small dragonflies, neuration white---------------------- Selysiothemis Ris, 1897

_ Medium dragonflies, body red, hindwings basal velvet spots---------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------- Urothemis Brauer, 1868

9 Prothoracic lobe big and with hairs------------------------------------------------10

_ Prothoracic lobe small and without hairs------------------------------------------13

10 Discoidal field consist of 2 cells, body red---------------Rhodothemis Ris, 1909

_ Discoidal field variable, Cu ii starting from the posterior angle of discoidal

cell in hindwings----------------------------------------------------------------------11

11 Discoidal field converging at wings border---------Sympetrum Newman, 1833

_ Discoidal field diverging or parallel at wings border----------------------------12

12 Frons non metallic, discoidal cell entire in hindwings-----------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------- Diplacodes Kirby, 1889

_ Frons metallic, discoidal cell traverse in hindwings--------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------ Palpopleura Rambur, 1842

13 Sector of arc separate in forewings-------------------------------------------------14

_ Sector of arc have a long stalk in forewings--------------------------------------15

14 Body metallic, wings having coloured spots extending half of all the wings---

-------------------------------------------------------------- Rhyothemis Hagen, 1867

_ Body non metallic, wings having coloured spots on base, nodus and

pterostigma of all the wings----------------------------- Libellula Linnaeus, 1758

 71

15 Discoidal field converging at wings border---------------------------------------16

_ Discoidal field diverging or parallel at wings border----------------------------17

16 Hindwings very broad at base, abdomen much shorter than hindwings---------

------------------------------------------------------------------- Pantala Hagen, 1861

_ Hindwings moderate at base, abdomen equal or slightly shorter than

hindwings --------------------------------------------------- Trithemis Brauer, 1868

17 Hamules long, pterostigma unequal in fore and hindwings ----------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------- Tramea Hagen, 1861

_ Hamules small, pterostigma usually equal in fore and hindwings ------------18

18 Pterostigma bicolour ------------------------------------ Bradinopyga Kirby, 1893

_ Pterostigma unicolour ---------------------------------------------------------------19

19 More than half of wings coloured, more than one cubital nerve present in all

wings------------------------------------------------------ Neurothemis Brauer, 1867

_ Only basal wings spots present, one cubital nerve present in all wings-------20

20 Body red colour, wings with basal amber yellow spots ---------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------- Crocothemis Brauer, 1868

_ Body ochreous, wings with amber fascia upto the middle of wings -------------

------------------------------------------------------------ Brachythemis Brauer, 1868

4.5.1 Acisoma Rambur, 1842

These are small dragonflies, body with blue black and yellow colour

markings. Abdomen from 6th segment tapering abruptly, anal appendages light

yellow. Forty eight specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s (1936)

description resulted into one species.

 72

4.5.1.1 Acisoma panorpoides panorpoides Rambur, 1842

1842 Acisoma panorpoides Rambur, Ins. Nevrop.: 28.

1849 Libellula panorpoides Selys, in Lucas Algerie, 3: 124.

1882 Acisoma inflate Selys,

Selys Ann. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 11.

1898 Acisoma variegantum Kirby, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 2(7): 239.

1911 Acisoma panorpoides ascalaphoides Ris, Cat. Coll. Selys., 12: 458.

1918 Acisoma panorpoides panorpoides Fraser, J. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., 26: 493.

1949 Acisoma panorpoides inflatum Schmidt, Arch. Mus. Bocage, 20: 187.

Specimens exactly tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936, Yousuf

1972, Kanth 1985, Ahmad 1994, Rehman 1994, Ullah 1994, Jehangir 1997,

Subramanian 2005 and Bedjanic et al. 2007. Measurements means of the specimens

were as follows:

Forewing = 23 mm Hindwing = 22 mm Abdomen = 18 mm

Material Examined: = 31 = 17

Geographical distribution

This species has also been reported from Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Philippines,

China, Guandong, Guangxi, Indonesia, Hong Kong, Hainan, India, Malaysia,

Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Japan, Thailand and Taiwan.

Remarks

These dragonflies were weak fliers and thus easily collected. These

dragonflies were collected from vegetation near shallow and stagnant water. These
 73

Table 4.26: Geographical location and climate of Acisoma panorpoides

panorpoides Rambur

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Bagh 03-06-07 33.59 73.46 1256 34.7 19.5 42

Chakwal 08-07-06 32.56 72.52 520 34.9 24.8 51

Chechian 15-06-07 33.05 73.43 279 35.9 23.8 60

Chillas 10-05-07 35.25 74.04 1070 34.1 21.5 21

Faisalabad 26-07-07 31.25 73.04 206 36.2 26.5 53

Hab dam 25-09-07 25.17 67.07 101 32.5 24.6 48

Hyderabad 22-08-08 25.23 68.22 25 36.2 27 56

Kohat 25-08-05 33.35 71.26 522 37.9 25.4 53

Mardan 20-08-05 34.11 72.02 310 35.8 20.5 37

Mirpur 13-06-07 33.09 73.42 375 39.5 19.8 45

Murree 02-07-06 33.55 73.23 2099 23.03 16.05 81

Rawalpindi 14-07-06 33.36 73.02 500 36 26 59

Sehnsa 24-06-07 33.30 73.45 661 37.5 23.7 35

Sukkur 15-08-08 27.41 68.52 61 40 28.2 45

Thatta 23-08-08 24.46 67.53 16 33.5 27 63

 74

dragonflies breed in marshy places linked with water body. Geographical distribution

and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.26.

New localities record: Thatta and Hyderabad

4.5.2 Brachydiplax Brauer, 1868

These are small dragonflies with metallic frons and metallic strips on thorax,

abdomen pruinosed with light blue colour. Twenty specimens were collected; agree

with the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted into one species.

4.5.2.1 Brachydiplax sobrina (Rambur, 1842)

1842 Libellula sobrina Rambur,

Rambur Ins. Nevrop. P. 114.

1889 Brachydiplax indica Kirby,

Kirby Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 12: 329.

1891 Brachydiplax gestroi Selys, Anna. Mus. Civ. Genova, 3: 451.

1893 Brachydiplax sobrina Kirby, J. Linn. Soc. Zool., 24: 551.

Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936, Yousuf 1972,

Ahmad 1994, Rehman 1994, Subramanian 2005 and Bedjanic et al.. 2007 except,

some minor differences. 7-7

7 antenodal, 6-6 postnodal and 6-66 antenoda
antenodal, 6-6

postnodal nerves present in forewings and hindwings,

hindwings respectively. Measurements

means of the specimens were as follows:

Forewing = 28 mm Hindwing = 26 mm Abdomen = 20 mm

Material Examined: = 16 = 04

Geographical distribution

This species has also been reported from India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh,
 75

Table 4.27: Geographical location and climate of Brachydiplax sobrina

(Rambur)

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Attock 12-07-06 33.52 72.13 401 35.4 20.5 35

Bhakkar 06-07-06 31.37 71.03 168 36.3 21.4 32

D.G.Khan 09-07-06 30.03 70.38 125 36.5 22.6 30

Ghotki 14-08-08 27.60 69.19 70 33.5 23.7 42

Jamrud 23-09-09 34.00 71.22 461 31.5 18.7 35

Kotli 21-06-07 33.31 73.53 604 37.5 23.7 35

Mianwali 04-07-06 32.35 71.32 211 37.5 27.3 47

Rawalpindi 14-07-06 33.36 73.02 500 36 26 59

Sialkot 16-07-06 32.31 74.33 253 34.5 25.7 61

 76

Assam, Myanmar, Burma and Thailand

Thailand.

Remarks

These dragonflies were collected from grassy tanks, ponds and small dams

having Typha sp. grown in these areas. These are very active species and found in

sub mountainous and plain area. Geographical distribution and climate of the species

in Pakistan is shown in table 4.27.

New localities record: D. G. Khan, Bhakkar, Mianwali, Kotli, Attock and Ghotki

4.5.3 Brachythemis Brauer, 1868

These are small to medium sized dragonflies, body colour red with brownish

shade. Wings have broad brownish spots extending from base to middle of the wings.
wing

Eighty specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted

into one species.

4.5.3.1 Brachythemis contaminata (Fabricius, 1793)

1793 Libellula contaminata Fabricius, Ent. Syst., 2: 382.

1842 Libellula truncatula Rambur,

Rambur Ins. Nevrop. p. 95.

1868 Brachythemis contaminata

contaminat Brauer, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 18:: 736.

Specimens exactly tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936, Yousuf

1972, Kanth 1985, Ahmad 1994, Rehman 1994, Ullah 1994, Subramanian 2005 and

Bedjanic et al. 2007. Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:

Forewing = 24 mm Hindwing = 23 mm Abdomen = 20 mm

Material Examined: = 51 = 29
 77

Table 4.28: Geographical location and climate of Brachythemis contaminata (F.)

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Badin 21-08-08 24.39 68.50 10 34.8 26.6 63

Bahawalpur 07-07-08 29.23 71.40 116 38.9 29 45

Beni 17-06-07 33.12 73.51 444 35 23 51

Bhakkar 06-07-06 31.37 71.03 168 36.3 21.4 32

Bolan 06-09-07 29.13 67.39 131 32.5 17.5 35

Chechian 15-06-07 33.05 73.43 279 35.9 23.8 60

D.G.Khan 09-07-06 30.03 70.38 125 36.5 22.6 30

D.I. Khan 26-08-05 31.49 70.54 173 37.2 27.1 47

Dadu 19-08-08 26.43 67.46 41 35.2 21.5 55

Faisalabad 26-07-07 31.25 73.04 206 36.2 26.5 53

Fortabbas 08-07-08 29.11 72.51 147 35.5 22.2 52

Ghotki 14-08-08 27.60 69.19 70 33.5 23.7 42

Hyderabad 22-08-08 25.23 68.22 25 36.2 27 56

Jarikas 16-06-07 33.06 73.50 325 35.9 23.8 60

Kohat 25-08-05 33.35 71.26 522 37.9 25.4 53

Kot Addu 05-07-08 30.27 70.58 130 34.5 21.5 33

Kotli 21-06-07 33.31 73.53 604 37.5 23.7 35

Lahore 03-07-07 31.33 74.20 216 35.3 26.9 60

Larkana 18-08-08 27.33 68.12 52 36.5 22.6 52

Layyah 07-07-06 30.57 70.56 145 36.5 20.7 35

‘Contonued’
 78

‘Table 4.28’ ‘Page 2’

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Mardan 20-08-05 34.11 72.02 310 35.8 20.5 37

Mirpur 13-06-07 33.09 73.42 375 39.5 19.8 45

Multan 03-07-08 30.11 71.28 132 38.6 29.1 47

Nawabshah 17-08-08 26.14 68.24 32 39.4 24.9 53

Rawalpindi 14-07-06 33.36 73.02 500 36 26 59

Sanghar 20-08-08 26.02 68.56 22 36.3 22.2 60

Sehnsa 24-06-07 33.30 73.45 661 37.5 23.7 35

Sukkur 15-08-08 27.41 68.52 61 40 28.2 45

Taunsa 08-07-06 30.42 70.38 174 34.8 18.3 44

Thatta 23-08-08 24.46 67.53 16 33.5 27 63

Table 4.29: Geographical location and climate of Bradinopyga geminate

(Rambur)

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Rawalpindi 14-07-06 33.36 73.02 500 36 26 59
 79

Geographical distribution

This species has also been reported from India, Sri Lanka, Hainan,

Philippines, China, Assam, Thailand, Bangladesh, Guandong, Hong Kong,

Indonesia, Cambodia, Lao, Myanmar, Guangxi, Malaysia, Peninsular Malaysia,

Singapore, Japan, Burma, Taiwan and Viet Nam.

Remarks

These dragonflies were collected while flying close to the bank of stagnant

water, vegetation and shady places near slow running water. These dragonflies

remain in the vicinity if disturbed even again and again. Geographical distribution

and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.28.

New localities record: Ghotki, Bolan, Nawabshah, Kotli, Bhakkar, Fortabbas,

Sanghar, Dadu, Larkana, Kot Adu, Layyah, D. G. Khan and Taunsa.

4.5.4 Bradinopyga Kirby, 1893

Medium sized dragonflies, body obscure colour in white, black and grey.

Two specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted

into one species.

4.5.4.1 Bradinopyga geminata (Rambur, 1842)

1842 Libellula geminate Rambur, Ins. Nevrop.: 90.

1868 Trithemis geminate Brauer, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 18: 736.

1893 Bradinopyga stigmata Kirby, J. Lisor. Sox. Zool., 24: 553.

1911 Bradinopyga geminate Ris, Cat. Coll. Selys, 13: 545, 548.
 80

Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936, Rehman 1994,

Subramanian 2005 and Bedjanic et al. 2007 except,, some minor differences. 111/2 -

111/2 antenodal, 9-99 postnodal and 8-9

8 antenodal, 9-99 postnodal nerves present in

forewings and hindwings, respectively. Measurements means of the specimens were

as follows:

Forewing = 35 mm Hindwing = 34 mm Abdomen = 25 mm

Material Examined: = 02

Geographical distribution

This species has also been reported from India, Sri Lanka, and Thailand
Thailand.

Remarks

These dragonflies were seen around cemented ponds, stone walls and granite

walls in both dry and wet areas.

areas Geographical distribution and climate of the species

in Pakistan is shown in table 4.29.

4.5.5 Crocothemis Brauer, 1868

One hundred and forty six specimens of this genus were collected; agree with

the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted into two species.

4.5. b Key to Crocothemis species of Pakistan

_ Abdominal segment 8-10

8 with black mid dorsal carina, base of hindwings

with small orange colo

coloured spots-------------------------- servillia (Drury, 1770)

_ Abdominal segment 88-10

10 without black mid dorsal carina, base of hindwings

with large orange coloured spots------------------------

spots erythraea (Brulle, 1832)
 81

4.5.5.1 Crocothemis erythraea (Brulle, 1832)

1785 Libellula Victoria Fourcroy,

Fourcroy Entom. Parisiensis: 348.

1789 Libellula rubra De villers,

villers Linnaei Ent., 3: 11.

1825 Libellula ferruginea Van der Linden,

Linden Monogr. Libell. Eur.: 13.

1832 Libellula erythraea Brulle,

Brulle Exped. Sci. Moree, 3(1): 102.

1840 Libellula coccinea Charpentier,

Charpentier Libell. Eur.: 70.

1842 Libellula inquinata Rambur,

Rambur Ins. Nevrop.: 86.

1868 Crocothemis inquinata Brauer, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 18: 737.

1868 Crocothemis erythraea Brauer, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 18: 737.

1896 Orthetrum lorti Kirby,

Kirby Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.: 522.

1936 Crocothemis servilia erythraea Fraser, Fauna, Brit. Ind. Odonata, 3: 347.

These are medium sized dragonflies, wings hyalines without brown apical

tips and body red in colour.. Sixty three specimens were collected; analogous with the

Fraser’s (1936) description. Specimens exactly tally with published descriptions of

Fraser 1936, Yousuf 1972, Kanth 1985, Ahmad 1994, Arshad 1994, Rehman 1994
199

and Ullah 1994. Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:

Forewing = 32 mm Hindwing = 29 mm Abdomen = 24 mm

Material Examined: = 50 = 13

Geographical distribution

This species has also been reported from Kazakhstan, India, Europe,

Caucasus, European Russia, Africa, Russian Federation and Turkey.

 82

Remarks

These dragonflies were collected from grassy tanks, ponds, marshy places

and rice field in hilly and plain areas. Almost all types of open stagnant water and

temporary water pits were the breeding sources for these species. Geographical

distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.30.

New localities record: Turbat and Multan

4.5.5.2 Crocothemis servilia (Drury, 1770)

1770 Libellula servilia Drury, Ill. Exot. Ins. 1: 112, 113.

1781 Libellula ferruginata Fabricius, Spec. Insec., 1(11): 521.

1793 Libellula ferruginea Fabicius, Ent. Syst., 2: 380.

1842 Libellula sorror Rambur, Ins. Nevrop: 82.

1866 Erythemis servilia Brauer, Novara: 104.

1868 Crocothemis servilia Brauer, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 18: 737.

1878 Crocothemis erythraea Selys, Mitth. Ann. Mus. Dresden, 3: 294.

1879 Crocothemis servilia race erythraea Selys, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, 14: 305.

1886 Crocothemis reticulate Kirby, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.: 328.

1886 Crocothemis sorror Kirby, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.: 328.

1898 Crocothemis erythraea Subrace Novaguineenis Forster, termeszetr. Faso. 21:

288.

1936 Crocothemis servilia servilia Fraser, Fauna Brit. Ind. Odonata, 3: 345-347.

These are medium sized dragonflies, wings hyalines with brown apical tips

and body red in colour. Eighty three specimens were collected; analogous with the

Fraser’s (1936) description. Specimens exactly tally with published descriptions of

 83

Table 4.30: Geographical location and climate of Crocothemis erythraea (Brulle)

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Badin 21-08-08 24.39 68.50 10 34.8 26.6 63

Banjosa 09-06-07 33.48 73.48 1797 32.8 17.2 40

Chakwal 08-07-06 32.56 72.52 520 34.9 24.8 51

D.I. Khan 26-08-05 31.49 70.54 173 37.2 27.1 47

Gadani 26-09-07 25.06 66.43 15 31.5 23.2 51

Hyderabad 22-08-08 25.23 68.22 25 36.2 27 56

Karachi 25-08-08 24.53 67.01 00 32.8 27.5 71

sKhushab 22-07-07 32.17 72.20 183 40.4 22.4 48

Kohat 25-08-05 33.35 71.26 522 37.9 25.4 53

Lahore 03-07-07 31.33 74.20 216 35.3 26.9 60

lasBela 23-09-07 26.13 66.18 86 38.9 25.2 44

Mardan 20-08-05 34.11 72.02 310 35.8 20.5 37

Mirpur 13-06-07 33.09 73.42 375 39.5 19.8 45

Multan 03-07-08 30.11 71.28 132 38.6 29.1 47

Murree 02-07-06 33.55 73.23 2099 23.03 16.05 81

Nawabshah 17-08-08 26.14 68.24 32 39.4 24.9 53

Quetta 30-08-07 30.12 67.01 1690 35.1 19.1 23

Rawalpindi 14-07-06 33.36 73.02 500 36 26 59

Sargodha 24-07-07 32.04 72.40 187 37.8 27.9 46

Sehnsa 24-06-07 33.30 73.45 661 37.5 23.7 35

‘Contonued’
 84

‘Table 4.30’ ‘Page 2’

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Sialkot 16-07-06 32.31 74.33 253 34.5 25.7 61

Sukkur 15-08-08 27.41 68.52 61 40 28.2 45

Thatta 23-08-08 24.46 67.53 16 33.5 27 63

Turbat 27-09-07 25.59 63.04 167 35.5 19.8 39

Ziarat 05-09-07 30.23 67.31 2216 24.4 10.9 34

Table 4.31: Geographical location and climate of Crocothemis servilia (Drury)

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Bagh 03-06-07 33.59 73.46 1256 34.7 19.5 42

Besham 24-07-06 34.56 72.52 636 29.4 12.3 64

Bhakkar 06-07-06 31.37 71.03 168 36.3 21.4 32

Chakwal 08-07-06 32.56 72.52 520 34.9 24.8 51

Chillas 10-05-07 35.25 74.04 1070 34.1 21.5 21

Chinari 16-05-08 34.09 73.49 1450 34 17 37

Fortabbas 08-07-08 29.11 72.51 147 35.5 22.2 52

Hyderabad 22-08-08 25.23 68.22 25 36.2 27 56

Joglot 14-05-07 35.41 74.37 1358 34.1 21.5 21

Karachi 25-08-08 24.53 67.01 00 32.8 27.5 71

Kohat 25-08-05 33.35 71.26 522 37.9 25.4 53

Kot Addu 05-07-08 30.27 70.58 130 34.5 21.5 33

Layyah 07-07-06 30.57 70.56 145 36.5 20.7 35

‘Continued’
 85

‘Table 4.31’ ‘Page 2’

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Loralai 08-09-07 30.21 68.35 1429 35.7 19.7 27

Mangla Dam 14-06-07 33.08 73.38 316 35.9 23.8 60

Mansehra 18-07-06 34.20 73.11 1072 33.6 16.2 66

Mingora 16-08-05 34.46 7221 944 30.2 18.5 74

Murree 02-07-06 33.55 73.23 2099 23.03 16.05 81

Muzaffarabad 14-05-08 34.23 73.27 969 35 19 34

Narowal 17-07-06 32.06 74.52 230 32.7 19.8 62

Nawabshah 17-08-08 26.14 68.24 32 39.4 24.9 53

Neelam 18-05-08 33.42 73.46 1307 33.1 18.3 44

Parachinar 20-09-09 33.53 70.06 1679 28.5 16.7 44

Quetta 30-08-07 30.12 67.01 1690 35.1 19.1 23

Rawalpindi 14-07-06 33.36 73.02 500 36 26 59

Sehnsa 24-06-07 33.30 73.45 661 37.5 23.7 35

Sialkot 16-07-06 32.31 74.33 253 34.5 25.7 61

Skardu 19-05-07 35.18 75.36 2369 26.9 10.3 25

Sukkur 15-08-08 27.41 68.52 61 40 28.2 45

Thatta 23-08-08 24.46 67.53 16 33.5 27 63

Zhob 09-09-07 31.20 69.26 1418 30.5 16.5 32

Ziarat 05-09-07 30.23 67.31 2216 24.4 10.9 34

 86

Fraser 1936, Yousuf 1972, Kanth 1985, Ahmad 1994, Arshad 1994, Rehman 1994,

Ullah 1994, Jehangir 1997, Subramanian 2005 and Bedjanic et al

al. 2007.

Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:

Forewing = 32 mm Hindwing = 30 mm Abdomen = 24 mm

Material Examined: = 62 = 21

Geographical distribution

This species has also been reported from India, Sri Lanka, Philippines, China,

Japan, Australia, Bangladesh, Guandong, Thailand, Guangxi, Hainan, Indonesia,

Japan, Lao, Myanmar, Malaysia, Turkey, Burma, Philippines,

hilippines, Hong Kong,

Peninsular Malaysia and Taiwan

Taiwan.

Remarks

These dragonflies were collected from grassy tanks, ponds, ditches, marshy

places and rice field in hilly and plain areas.

areas. These dragonflies remain active

throughout the year and breed in marshy places. Geographical distribution and

climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.31.

New localities record: Chakwal, Layyah, Bhakkar, Fortabbas, Kot Adu, Thatta,

Nawabshah, Hyderabad, Zhob and Skardu.

4.5.6 Diplacodes Kirby, 1889

Small dragonflies with body colour black, yellow and light blue, fifty three

specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted into

two species.
 87

4.5. c Key to Diplacodes species of Pakistan

_ Body entirely black---------------------------------------lefebvrei (Rambur, 1842)

_ Body light blue---------------------------------------------trivialis (Rambur, 1842)

4.5.6.1 Diplacodes lefebvrei (Rambur, 1842)

1842 Libellula lefebvrei Rambur, Ins. Nevrop.: 112-117.

1842 Libellula parvula Rambur, Ins. Nevrop.: 116.

1842 Libellula flavistyla Rambur, Ins. Nevrop.: 117.

1842 Libellula concinna Rambur, Ins. Nevrop.: 120.

1845 Libellula morio Schneider, stet. Ent. Ztg., 6: 112.

1868 Diplacinia flavistyla Brauer, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 18: 733.

1868 Diplacinia tetra Brauer, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 18: 733.

1889 Diplacodes tetra Kirby, trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 12: 308.

1890 Diplacodes ramburi Kirby, Cat. Odon.: 42.

1890 Diplacodes lefebvrei Kirby, Cat. Odon.: 42.

1903 Diplacodes parvula Needham, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 26: 703-764.

1903 Diplacodes flavistyla McLachlan, Nat. Hist. Sokotra: 401.

1906 Diplacodes tetra unimaculata Forster, Wiesb. Jahrb. Nass., 59: 307.

1915 Diplacodes spinulosa Navas, Mem. Accad. Nuovi Lincei, 33: 32.

1949 Diplacodes lefebvrei limbata Fraser, Mem. Ins. Sci., Madagascar, A3: 36.

These are small dragonflies, wings transparent with yellow pterostigma and

body black in colour. Forty two specimens were collected; analogous with the

Fraser’s (1936) description. Specimens exactly tally with published descriptions of

 88

Table 4.32: Geographical location and climate of Diplacodes lefebvrei (Rambur)

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Bagh 03-06-07 33.59 73.46 1256 34.7 19.5 42

Bolan 06-09-07 29.13 67.39 131 32.5 17.5 35

Chakwal 08-07-06 32.56 72.52 520 34.9 24.8 51

Chechian 15-06-07 33.05 73.43 279 35.9 23.8 60

Faisalabad 26-07-07 31.25 73.04 206 36.2 26.5 53

Fortabbas 08-07-08 29.11 72.51 147 35.5 22.2 52

Gilgit 15-05-07 35.55 74.17 1584 32 13.05 28

Gujranwala 06-07-07 32.10 74.10 224 27 33 70

Karachi 25-08-08 24.53 67.01 00 32.8 27.5 71

Lahore 03-07-07 31.32 74.20 216 35.3 26.9 60

Nawabshah 17-08-08 26.14 68.24 32 39.4 24.9 53

Rawalpindi 14-07-06 33.36 73.02 500 36 26 59

Sukkur 15-08-08 27.41 68.52 61 40 28.2 45

Thatta 23-08-08 24.46 67.53 16 33.5 27 63

Warsak Dam 30-08-09 34.10 71.25 339 36 26 58

 89

Fraser 1936, Yousuf 1972, Kanth 1985, Ahmad 1994, Arshad 1994, Rehman 1994,

Ullah 1994, Jehangir 1997 and Subramanian 2005. Measurements means of the

specimens were as follows:

Forewing = 22 mm Hindwing = 20 mm Abdomen = 17 mm

Material Examined: = 24 = 18

Geographical distribution

This species has also been reported from India, Africa and Turkey.

Remarks

These dragonflies were collected from stone, bushes and sitting on ground.

These dragonflies were also collected from wasteland

waste far away from water. These are

small dragonflies very active

act and difficult to collect, breed in marshy places.

Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table

4.32. New localities record: Karachi, Fortabbas, Bolan and Gilgit

4.5.6.2 Diplacodes trivialis (Rambur, 1842)

1798 Libellula braminea Fabricius,

Fabricius Ent. Syst. Suppl.: 284.

1842 Libellula trivialis Rambur,

Rambur Ins. Nevrop.: 115.

1858 Libellula phalerata Uhler,

Uhler Proc. Acad. Philad.: 30.

1866 Diplax trivialis Brauer, Novara: 104.

1889 Trithemis trivialis Kirby,

Kirby Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 12: 278.

1891 Diplacodes trivialis Karsch,

Karsch Ent. Nachr., 17: 470.

1911 Diplacodes remota Ris,

Ris Cat. Coll. Selys., 12: 462, 470.
 90

These are small dragonflies, wings transparent, body with light blue

pruinescence, anal appendages pale yellow. Eleven specimens were collected;

analogous with the Fraser’s (1936) description. Specimens exactly tally with

published descriptions of Fraser 1936, Yousuf 1972, Kanth 1985, Rehman 1994,

Ullah 1994, Subramanian 2005 and Bedjanic et al. 2007. Measurements means of the

specimens were as follows:

Forewing = 21 mm Hindwing = 20 mm Abdomen = 16 mm

Material Examined: = 11

Geographical distribution

This species has also been reported from India, Sri Lanka, Philippines,

Burma, China, Guandong, Malaysia, Guangxi, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Singapore,

Myanmar, Japan, Lao, Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand, Viet Nam and Taiwan.
Taiwan

Remarks

These dragonflies were collected from grassy tanks, ponds, rice fields,

shallow channels and slow flowing streams. These dragonflies were also been

collected from barren land and footpaths near the rice field. These dragonflies

usually perch near the soil surface. Geographical distribution and climate of the

species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.3

4.33.

4.5.7 Libellula Linnaeus, 1758

These are medium sized dragonflies; hindwings have large triangular brown

spots near the base and body brown in colour.

colour Fifteen specimens were collected
collected;

agree with the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted into one species.
 91

Table 4.33: Geographical location and climate of Diplacodes trivialis (Rambur)

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Badin 21-08-08 24.39 68.50 10 34.8 26.6 63

Bagh 03-06-07 33.59 73.46 1256 34.7 19.5 42

Head
24-08-09 30.22 73.52 173 40 27 48
Suelmanki
Sukkur 15-08-08 27.41 68.52 61 40 28.2 45

Thatta 23-08-08 24.46 67.53 16 33.5 27 63

Table 4.34: Geographical location and climate of Libellula quadrimaculata

Linnaeus.

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Gilgit 15-05-07 35.55 74.17 1584 32 13.05 28

Shigar 21-05-07 35.26 75.43 2445 27 10.1 27

Skardu 19-05-07 35.18 75.36 2369 26.9 10.3 25

 92

4.5.7.1 Libellula quadrimaculata Linnaeus, 1758

1758 Libellula quadrimaculata Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. Ed. 543.

1781 Libellula quadripunctata Fabricius, spec. Ins. 1: 520.

1782 Libellula maculata Harris,

Harris Expos. Engl. Ins. 1: 21.

1839 Libellula ternaria Say,

Say J. Acad. Phil. 8-21.

1957 Libellula quadrimaculata asahinai Schmidt, www.pugetsound.edu/x6140.xml

1973 Libellula relicta Belyshev,

Belyshev www.pugetsound.edu/x6140.xml

Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936 and Jehangir

1997 except, some minor differences. 15

15-14 antenodal, 11-12
12 postnodal and 10-11
10

antenodal, 14-12
12 postnodal nerves present in forewings and hindwings, respectively.

Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:

Forewing = 34 mm Hindwing = 31 mm Abdomen = 24 mm

Material Examined: = 13 = 02

Geographical distribution

This species has also been reported from India, China, South Siberia, Europe,

America, Southern Far East Russia, North East Asian Russia, Ural, Caucasus,

Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russian Federation, European Russia, Turkey and West

Siberia.

Remarks

These dragonflies
agonflies were collected from still or slow running water and ponds

with vegetation.
egetation. These dragonflies were strong fliers and usually perched
ed through the
 93

vegetation. These species breed usually in small ponds with thickly grown

vegetation. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown

in table 4.34.

New localities record: Gilgit, Shigar and Skardu

4.5.8 Neurothemis Brauer, 1867

Medium sized dragonflies with wing redish brown or black. Twenty six

specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted into

two species.

4.5. d Key to Neurothemis species of Pakistan

_ Wings with large red coloured spots------------------ tullia tullia (Drury, 1773)

_ Wings with large black coloured spots ------------- fluctuans (Fabricius, 1793)

4.5.8.1 Neurothemis fluctuans (Fabricius, 1793)

1793 Libellula fluctuans Fabricius, Ent. Syst., 2: 379.

1842 Polyneura palliata Rambur, Ins. Nevrop.: 127.

1867 Neurothemis nicobarica Brauer, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 17: 12.

1869 Neurothemis palliate Hagen, Stett. Ent. Zeit., 30: 100.

1869 Neurothemis fluctuants Hagen, Stett. Ent. Zeit., 30: 105.

Four specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936)

description. Specimens exactly tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936 and

Kanth 1985. Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:

 94

Forewing = 25 mm Hindwing = 25 mm Abdomen = 18 mm

Material Examined: = 04

Geographical distribution

This species hass also been reported from Singapore, China, Malaysia,

Indonesia, India, Philippines, Lao, Myanmar, Peninsular Malaysia and Thailand

Thailand.

Remarks

These dragonflies were collected from weedy water channels and marshy

places. These were also found away from water sitting on small vegetation and

bushes. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in

table 4.35. New locality record:

rec Jarikas

4.5.8.2 Neurothemis tullia tullia (Drury, 1773)

1773 Libellula tullia Drury,

Drury Ill. Exot. Ins., 2: 85.

1781 Libellula equestris Fabricius,

Fabricius Spec. Ins., 1: 523.

1793 Libellula lineate Fabricius,

Fabricius Ent. Syst., 2: 375.

1866 Diplax equestris Brauer,

Brauer Novara: 104.

1868 Neurothemis equestris Brauer, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 18: 718.

1890 Neurothemis tullia Kirby,

Kirby Cat. Odon.: 8.

1911 Neurothemis tullia feralis Ris, Cat. Coll. Selys, 13: 551, 561, 562.

1936 Neurothemis tullia tullia Fraser, Fauna Brit. Ind., Odonata, 3: 352, 360-362.
360

These are small to medium sized dragonflies; wings from base to half black

spots follows the opaque spots, remaining portion of wings transparent,

transparent, body black
 95

Table 4.35: Geographical location and climate of Neurothemis fluctuans (F.)

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Chechian 15-06-07 33.05 73.43 279 33 23 61

Jarikas 16-06-07 33.06 73.50 325 35.9 23.8 60

Table 4.36: Geographical location and climate of Neurothemis tullia tullia

(Drury)

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Bhakkar 06-07-06 31.37 71.03 168 36.3 21.4 32

Chakwal 08-07-06 32.56 72.52 520 34.9 24.8 51

Chechian 15-06-07 33.05 73.43 279 35.9 23.8 60

D.I. Khan 26-08-05 31.49 70.54 173 37.2 27.1 47

Head
21-08-09 31.14 73.51 193 35 27 69
Baloki
Head
18-08-09 32.32 74.31 246 40 24 68
Marala
Mianwali 04-07-06 32.35 71.32 211 37.5 27.3 47

Rawalpindi 14-07-06 33.36 73.02 500 36 26 59

Thatta 23-08-08 24.46 67.53 16 33.5 27 63

 96

in colour.. Twenty two specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936)

description. Specimens exactly tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936,

Yousuf 1972, Kanth 1985, Rehman 1994, Subramanian 2005 and Bedjanic et al.

2007. Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:

Forewing = 23 mm Hindwing = 23 mm Abdomen = 18 mm

Material Examined: = 21 = 01

Geographical distribution

This species has also been reported from India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Burma,

Hongkong, Bangladesh, China,

China Peninsular Malaysia, Guangxi, Hainan, Malaysia,

Guandong, Thailand and Taiwan.

Remarks

These dragonflies were collected from ponds with vegetation and marshy

places. These were also found away from water sitting on small vegetation and

bushes. These insects usually fly through the vegetation near the soil surface.

Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table

4.36. New
w localities record: Bhakkar, Thatta, D. I. Khan, Chakwal and Mianwali

4.5.9 Orthetrum Newman, 1833

Large genus of odonate

odonates, dragonflies of this genus have various colours,

shapes and size.. Three hundred and eight specimens were collected; agree with the

Fraser’s (1936) description resulted into twelve species.

 97

4.5. e Key to Orthetrum species of Pakistan

1 Male body colour red------------------------------------------------------------------2

_ Male body colour blue or black and yellow----------------------------------------4

2 Face black --------------------------------- purinosum neglectum (Rambur, 1842)

_ Face red----------------------------------------------------------------------------------3

3 Lamina with black hairs ------------------------------------- chrysis (Selys, 1891)

_ Lamina naked-------------------------- testaceum testaceum (Burmeister, 1839)

4 Abdomen slim and compressed----------------------------- sabina (Drury, 1770)

_ Abdomen not slim, pruinosed--------------------------------------------------------5

5 Base of hindwings with black markings----------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------- triangulare triangulare (Selys, 1878)

_ Base of hindwings without black markings----------------------------------------6

6 Cuii arising from posterior angle of discoidal cells in hindwings---------------7

_ Cuii arising slightly away from posterior angle of discoidal cell in hindwings-

------------------------------------- chrysostigma luzonicum (Brauer, 1868)

7 Single row of cell between IRiii and Rspl------------ anceps (Schneider, 1845)

_ Two or more rows of cells between IRiii and Rspl--------------------------------8

8 Antenodal nerves bright yellow--- cancellatum cancellatum (Linnaeus, 1758)

_ Antenodal nerves black---------------------------------------------------------------9

9 Abdomen broad, thorax with two greenish stripes----------------------------------

-------------------------------------------- japonicum internum MacLachlan, 1894

_ Abdomen narrow and long, thorax with white stripe----------------------------10

10 Membrane black-------------------------------------------- glaucum (Brauer, 1865)

_ Membrane whitish--------------------------------------------------------------------11
 98

11 Membrane pure whit

white -------------- brunneum brunneum (Fonscolombe, 1837)

_ Membrane brownish with white border---------

border taeniolatum (Schneider, 1845)

4.5.9.1 Orthetrum anceps (Schneider, 1845)

1845 Libellula ancep Schneider , Stettin. Ent. Ztg., 6: 111.

1848 Libellula ramburi Selys,

Selys Rev. Zool.,: 16.

1868 Libella ramburi Brauer,

Brauer Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 18: 731.

1889 Orthetrum ramburi McLachlan,

McLachlan Ent. Mon. Mag., 25(1): 348.

1909 Orthetrum ancep Ris, Cat. Coll. Selys, 9: 177.

Sixteen specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936)

description. Specimens exactly tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936,

Yousuf 1972, Rehman 1994 and Jehangir 1997. Measurements means

eans of the

specimens were as follows:

Forewing = 34 mm Hindwing = 32 mm Abdomen = 29 mm

Material Examined: = 13 = 03

Geographical distribution

This species has also been reported from Caucasus, Kazakhstan, European

Russia, India, Russian Federation and Turkey.

Remarks

These dragonflies were collected flying on small to medium running water

 99

having dense vegetation. These were also collected from stagnant water with tall

dense grasses. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is

shown in table 4.37. New locality record: Skardu

4.5.9.2 Orthetrum brunneum brunneum (Fonscolombe, 1837)

1837 Libellula brunnea Fonscolombe,

Fonscolombe Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 6: 141.

1837 Libellula coerulescens Fonscolombe, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 6: 137.

1909 Orthetrum brunneum brunneum Ris, Cat. Coll. Selys, Fasc. 9: 178.

Twenty specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936)

description. Specimens exactly tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936,

Yousuf 1972, Arshad 1994 and Jehangir 1997. Measurements means of the

specimens were as follows:

Forewing = 33 mm Hindwing = 31 mm Abdomen = 25 mm

Material Examined: = 19 = 01

Geographical distribution

This species has also been reported from India, South Siberia, Africa, Europe,

Russian Federation, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Caucasus, European Russia, Ural and

Turkey.

Remarks

These dragonflies were collected from the banks of water channels and ponds

sitting on small vegetation. Often perch on ground or on vegetation near the running
 100

Table 4.37: Geographical location and climate of Orthetrum anceps (Schneider)

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Chillas 10-05-07 35.25 74.04 1070 34.1 21.5 21

Joglot 14-05-07 35.41 74.37 1358 34.1 21.5 21

Murree 02-07-06 33.55 73.23 2099 23.03 16.05 81

Quetta 30-08-07 30.12 67.01 1690 35.1 19.1 23

Shigar 21-05-07 35.26 75.43 2445 27 10.1 27

Skardu 19-05-07 35.18 75.36 2369 26.9 10.3 25

Table 4.38: Geographical location and climate of Orthetrum brunneum

Brunneum (Fonscolombe)

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Chamman 14-09-07 30.55 66.26 1325 29.7 14.2 28

Gakuch 23-05-07 36.10 73.44 2466 26 11 25

Joglot 14-05-07 35.41 74.37 1358 34.1 21.5 21

Khuzdar 21-09-07 27.48 66.36 1315 33.9 21.1 20

Quetta 30-08-07 30.12 67.01 1690 35.1 19.1 23

Shigar 21-05-07 35.26 75.43 2445 27 10.1 27

Shingrilla 20-05-07 35.26 75.27 2305 26.6 10.3 25

Skardu 19-05-07 35.18 75.36 2369 26.9 10.3 25

 101

water, mostly near small streams and running ditches. Geographical distribution and

climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.38.

4.5.9.3 Orthetrum cancellatum cancellatum Linnaeus, 1758

1758 Libellula cancellata Linnaeus,

Linnaeus Syst. Nat. Ed. 1: 544.

1874Orthetrum
Orthetrum cancellatum Meyer Dur, Mitt. Schweiz. Ent. Ges. 4: 330.

1876 Hydronympha
dronympha helvetica Buchecker, Syst. Ent. p. 8.

1890 Orthetrum helvetica Kirby, Cat.

C Odon. p. 37.

1909 Orthetrum cancellatum cancellatum Ris, Cat. Coll. Selys, Fasc. 9: 180.

Eleven specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936)

description. Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936 and Khaliq

et al. 1994 except, some minor differences. 12-12

12 antenodal, 8-99 postnodal and 99-10

antenodal, 9-9
9 postnodal nerves
ne present in forewings and hindwings, respectively.

Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:

Forewing = 31 mm Hindwing = 30 mm Abdomen = 28 mm

Material Examined: = 09 = 02

Geographical distribution

This species has also been reported from Turkey, India, Mongolia, Africa,

Europe, Caucasus, European Russia, North Scandinavia, Ural, Kazakhstan, Russian

Federation, South Siberia, and West Siberia.

Remarks

River bank and flood areas were the collection places of these species. Large
 102

standing and slow running water generally open and unvegetated areas were the

breeding places for these dragonflies.

dragonflies. Male often make fast patrols and rest on open

places. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in

i Pakistan is shown in

table 4.39. New localities record: Shiger and Shingrilla

4.5.9.4 Orthetrum chrysis (Selys, 1891)

1891 Libellula chrysis Selys,

Selys Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, 30: 462.

1900 Orthetrum chrysis Ris, archive fur natur, Bd. 1. p.

p 186.

Eight specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936)

description. Specimens exactly tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936,

Yousuf 1972, Subramanian 2005 and Bedjanic et al. 2007. Measurements means of

the specimens were as follows:

Forewing = 33 mm Hindwing = 31 mm Abdomen = 30 mm

Material Examined: = 07 = 01

Geographical distribution

This species has also been reported from Singapore, China, Guandong,

Myanmar, Hong Kong, India, Sri Lanka, Philippines, Hainan, Malaysia, Peninsular

Malaysia and Thailand.

Remarks

These dragonflies were collected from Small stream, ponds and marshes in

mountainous and plane areas. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in

Pakistan is shown in table 4.

4.40. New locality record: Charsadda
 103

Table 4.39: Geographical location and climate of Orthetrum cancellatum

cancellatum Linnaeus

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Gilgit 15-05-07 35.55 74.17 1584 32 13.05 28

Shigar 21-05-07 35.26 75.43 2445 27 10.1 27

Shingrilla 20-05-07 35.26 75.27 2305 26.6 10.3 25

Skardu 19-05-07 35.18 75.36 2369 26.9 10.3 25

Table 4.40: Geographical location and climate of Orthetrum chrysis (Selys)

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Charsadda 19-08-05 34.09 71.44 302 32 21 59

Faisalabad 26-07-07 31.25 73.04 206 36.2 26.5 53

Peshawar 18-08-05 34.00 71.32 353 36.4 26.5 55

 104

4.5.9.5 Orthetrum chrysostigma luzonicum (Brauer, 1868)

1868 Libellula luzonica Brauer,

Brauer Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges.Wien, 18: 169,723.

1890 Orthetrum luzonica Kirby,

Kirby Cat. Odon.,: 38.

1893 Orthetrum tricolor Kirby,

Kirby J. Linn. Soc. Zool., 24: 555.

1909 Orthetrum chrysostigma luzonica Ris, Cat. Coll. Selys, 09: 203-212.

Twenty seven specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936)

description. Specimens exactly tally with published descriptions of Fr

Fraser 1936,

Ahmad 1994, Arshad 1994, Rehman 1994, Jehangir 1997, Subramanian 2005 and

Bedjanic et al. 2007. Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:

Forewing = 34 mm Hindwing = 32 mm Abdomen = 29 mm

Material Examined: = 22 = 05

Geographical distribution

This species has also been reported from Indonesia, Bangladesh

Bangladesh, Hainan,

China, Guandong, Guangxi, Thailand, Hong Kong, India, Japan, Sri Lanka,

Myanmar, Africa, Philippines, Singapore, Malaysia, Turkey, Taiwan and Viet Nam.

Remarks

These dragonflies were very common in mountainous and submountanous

areas. These were collected sitting on stones near shallow stagnant water in open

areas. These are locality specific and avoid leaving the place occupied. Geographical

distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.41.

 105

Table 4.41: Geographical location and climate of Orthetrum chrysostigma

luzonicum (Brauer)

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Chakwal 08-07-06 32.56 72.52 520 34.9 24.8 51

Jamrud 23-09-09 34.00 71.22 461 31.5 18.7 35

Joglot 14-05-07 35.41 74.37 1358 34.1 21.5 21

Khushab 22-07-07 32.17 72.20 183 40.4 22.4 48

Mansehra 18-07-06 34.20 73.11 1027 33.6 16.2 66

Murree 02-07-06 33.55 73.23 2099 23.03 16.05 81

Quetta 30-08-07 30.12 67.01 1690 35.1 19.1 23

Rawalpindi 14-07-06 33.36 73.02 500 36 26 59

Sargodha 24-07-07 32.04 72.40 187 37.8 27.9 46

Shingrilla 20-05-07 35.26 75.27 2305 26.6 10.3 25

 106

4.5.9.6 Orthetrum glaucum (Brauer, 1865)

1865 Libellula glaucua Brauer,

Brauer Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 15: 1012.

1890 Orthetrum glaucum Kirby, Cat. Odon. p. 39.

1965 Orthetrum gangi Sahni,

Sahni Indian J. Ent., 27(2): 277-289.

Twenty five specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936)

description. Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936, Kanth 1985,

Rehman 1994, Subramanian 2005 and Bedjanic et al.. 2007 except, some minor

differences. 13-12 antenodal,

odal, 99-9 postnodal and 9-9 antenodal, 10-99 postnodal nerves

present in forewings and hindwings,

hindwings respectively. Measurements means of the

specimens were as follows:

Forewing = 35 mm Hindwing = 34 mm Abdomen = 31 mm

Material Examined: = 19 = 06

Geographical distribution

This species has also been reported from China, Malaysia, Guandong,

Thailand, Guangxi, Hong Kong, Philippines, India, Japan, Sri Lanka, Myanmar,

Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Taiwan and Viet Nam.

Remarks

These dragonflies were collected from Small gully, streams, ponds and

marshes in hilly regions. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in

Pakistan is shown in table 4.4

4.42. New locality record: Kotli
 107

4.5.9.7 Orthetrum japonicum internum MacLachlan, 1894

1858 Orthetrum japonicum Uhler, www.pugetsound.edu/x6140.xml

1858 Libellula japonica Uhler,

Uhler www.pugetsound.edu/x6140.xml

1894 Orthetrum japonicum internum MacLachlan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 13: 431.

1896 Orthetrum internum MacLachlan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 17: 365.

Five specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936)

description. Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936 and Kanth

1985 except, some minor differences. 11-12

11 antenodal, 10-10
10 postnodal and 10-9
10

antenodal, 10-10
10 postnodal nerves present in forewings and hindwings, respectively.

Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:

Forewing = 33 mm Hindwing = 30 mm Abdomen = 26 mm

Material Examined: = 05

Geographical distribution

This species has also been reported from China, Thailand, Guandong, India,

Japan, Myanmar, Taiwan and Viet Nam.

Remarks

These dragonflies were common in mountainous areas. These were collected

sitting on stones near shallow stagnant water in open areas. These were locality

specific and avoid leaving the place occupied. Geographical distribution and climate

of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.43.

4.4 New locality record: Poona
 108

Table 4.42: Geographical location and climate of Orthetrum glaucum (Brauer)

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Chechian 15-06-07 33.05 73.43 279 35.9 23.8 60

Jarikas 16-06-07 33.06 73.50 325 35.9 23.8 60

Kotli 21-06-07 33.31 73.53 604 37.5 23.7 35

Mangladam 14-06-07 33.08 73.38 316 35.9 23.8 60

Muzaffarabad 14-05-08 34.23 73.27 969 35 19 34

Neelam 18-05-08 33.42 73.46 1307 33.1 18.3 44

Rawalakot 06-06-07 33.51 73.45 1656 29 13.2 34

Rawalpindi 14-07-06 33.36 73.02 500 36 26 59

Sehnsa 24-06-07 33.30 73.45 661 37.5 23.7 35

Tattapani 23-06-07 33.31 73.55 571 33.4 17.9 66

Table 4.43: Geographical location and climate of Orthetrum japonicum internum

MacLachlan
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.
(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Beni 17-06-07 33.12 73.51 444 35 23 51

Poona 07-06-07 33.11 73.57 676 33.6 22.1 38

 109

4.5.9.8 Orthetrum purinosum neglectum (Rambur, 1842)

1839 Orthetrum pruinosum Burmeister, Handb. Ent.,Berlin 2, Odonata, 2: 840.

1839 Libellula pruinosa Burmeister,

Burmeister, Handb. Ent., Berlin 2, Odonata, 2: 840.

1842 Libellula neglecta Rambur,

Rambur Ins. Nevrop.: 86.

1868 Libellula petalura Brauer,

Brauer Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 18: 732.

1891 Libellula pruinos clelia Selys, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, 30: 461.

1903 Orthetrum schneideri ceylanicum Förster, Ann. Mus.Hunger.: 541.

1909 Orthetrum purinosum neglectum Ris, Cat. Coll. Selys, Fasc. p. 181.

Fifty specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936)

description. Specimens exactly tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936,

Yousuf 1972, Kanth 1985, Ahmad 1994, Rehman 1994

1994, Jehangir 1997, Subramanian

2005 and Bedjanic et al.. 2007. Measurements means of the specimens were as

follows:

Forewing = 37 mm Hindwing = 35 mm Abdomen = 35 mm

Material Examined: = 34 = 16

Geographical distribution

This species has also been reported from Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia,

Bangladesh,, China, Guandong, Lao, Guangxi, Hainan, Indonesia, Japan, Sri Lanka,

India, Myanmar, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Viet Nam.

 110

Table 4.44: Geographical location and climate of Orthetrum purinosum

neglectum (Rambur)

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Bagh 03-06-07 33.59 73.46 1256 34.7 19.5 42

Bahawalpur 07-07-08 29.23 71.40 116 38.9 29 45

Chinari 16-05-08 34.09 73.49 1450 34 17 37

D.G.Khan 09-07-06 30.03 70.38 125 36.5 22.6 30

Dadu 19-08-08 26.43 67.46 41 35.2 21.5 55

Faisalabad 26-07-07 31.25 73.04 206 36.2 26.5 53

Fortabbas 08-07-08 29.11 72.51 147 35.5 22.2 52

Jamrud 23-09-09 34.00 71.22 461 31.5 18.7 35

Kohat 25-08-05 33.35 71.26 522 37.9 25.4 53

Lahore 03-07-07 31.33 74.20 216 35.3 26.9 60

Larkana 18-08-08 27.33 68.12 52 36.5 22.6 52

Mansehra 18-07-06 34.20 73.11 1027 33.6 16.2 66

Mingora 16-08-05 34.46 72.21 944 30.2 18.5 74

Multan 03-07-08 30.11 71.28 132 38.6 29.1 47

Muzaffarabad 14-05-08 34.23 73.27 969 35 19 34

Nawabshah 17-08-08 26.14 68.24 32 39.4 24.9 53

Rahim Yar
10-07-08 28.25 70.18 83 40.3 28.8 42
khan
Rawalpindi 14-07-06 33.36 73.02 500 36 26 59

Sanghar 20-08-08 26.02 68.56 22 36.3 22.2 60

Shigar 21-05-07 35.26 75.43 2445 27 10.1 27

Taunsa 08-07-06 30.42 70.38 174 34.8 18.3 44

 111

Remarks

These dragonflies were collected from weedy tanks, ponds, marshy places,

channels and small slow flowing streams in mountainous, submountainous and plane

areas. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in

table 4.44. New localities record: Taunsa, D. G. Khan, Larkana, Dadu, Sanghar,

Fortabbas and Nawabshah

4.5.9.9 Orthetrum sabina (Drury, 1770)

1770 Libellula sabina Drury,

Drury Ill. Exot. Ins., 1: 114-115.

1798 Libellula gibba Fabricius,

Fabricius Suppl. Ent. Syst.: 284.

1839 Libellula leptura Burmeister,

Burmeister Handb. Ent., Berlin 2, Odon. 2: 840.

1845 Libellula ampullacea Schneider, Stell. Ent. Ztg. 6: 110.

1878 Lepthemis divisa Selys,

Selys Mitt. Ann. Mus. Dresden, 3: 294, 302.

1889 Orthetrum sabina Kirby, Trans. Zoll. Lond. 12: 302.

1929 Orthetrum nigrescens Bartenev, www.pugetsound.edu/x6140.xml

1942 Orthetrum viduatum Lieftinck,

Lieftinck www.pugetsound.edu/x6140.xml

Seventy five specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936)

description. Specimens exactly tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936,

Yousuf 1972, Kanth 1985, Ahmad 1994, Arshad 1994, Rehman 1994, Ullah 1994,

Jehangir 1997, Subramanian 2005 and Bedjanic et al. 2007. Measurements means of

the specimens were as follows:

Forewing = 33 mm Hindwing = 31 mm Abdomen = 32 mm

Material Examined: = 41 = 34
 112

Table 4.45: Geographical location and climate of Orthetrum sabina (Drury)

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Badin 21-08-08 24.39 68.50 10 34.8 26.6 63

Bhakkar 06-07-06 31.37 71.03 168 36.3 21.4 32

Chakwal 08-07-06 32.56 72.52 520 34.9 24.8 51

Chinari 16-05-08 34.09 73.49 1450 34 17 37

Dadu 19-08-08 26.43 67.46 41 35.2 21.5 55

Faisalabad 26-07-07 31.25 73.04 206 36.2 26.5 53

Hab dam 25-09-07 25.17 67.07 101 32.5 24.6 48

Hyderabad 22-08-08 25.23 68.22 25 36.2 27 56

Jarikas 16-06-07 33.06 73.50 325 35.9 23.8 60

Joglot 14-05-07 35.41 74.37 1358 34.1 21.5 21

Karachi 25-08-08 24.53 67.01 00 32.8 27.5 71

Khuzdar 21-09-07 27.48 66.36 1315 33.9 21.1 20

Kot Addu 05-07-08 30.27 70.58 130 34.5 21.5 33

Larkana 18-08-08 27.33 68.12 52 36.5 22.6 52

LasBela 23-09-07 26.13 66.18 86 38.9 25.2 44

Layyah 07-07-06 30.57 70.56 145 36.5 20.7 35

Mangladam 14-06-07 33.08 73.38 316 35.9 23.8 60

Multan 03-07-08 30.11 71.28 132 38.6 29.1 47

Narowal 17-07-06 32.06 74.52 230 32.7 19.8 62

Nawabshah 17-08-08 26.14 68.24 32 39.4 24.9 53

‘Continued’
 113

‘Table 4.45’ ‘Page 2’

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Quetta 30-08-07 30.12 67.01 1690 35.1 19.1 23

Rawalpindi 14-07-06 33.36 73.02 500 36 26 59

Sanghar 20-08-08 26.02 68.56 22 36.3 22.2 60

Sargodha 24-07-07 32.04 72.40 187 37.8 27.9 46

Sukkur 15-08-08 27.41 68.52 61 40 28.2 45

Tattapani 23-06-07 33.31 73.55 571 33.4 17.9 66

Thatta 23-08-08 24.46 67.53 16 33.5 27 63

Turbat 27-09-07 25.59 63.04 167 35.5 19.8 39

Warsak
30-08-09 34.10 71.25 339 36 26 58
Dam
 114

Geographical distribution

This species has also been reported from Turkey, Caucasus, Guandong,

Myanmar, Tunisia, Guangxi, Hong Kong, Philippines, Hainan, Indonesia, India,

Japan, Kazakhstan, Lao, Algeria, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Peninsular Malaysia,

Thailand, Greek island, Singapore, Russian Federation, Taiwan and Viet Nam.

Remarks

These dragonflies were collected from tanks, ponds, water channels, rice

fields and slow running water. These dragonflies can breed in all kind of standing

and slow running water. These were also found away from breeding places, perching

on the ground, twigs and wires for just a few seconds. Geographical distribution and

climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.45. New localities record:

Dadu, Larkana, Turbat, Narowal, KotAdu, Layyah, Bhakkar and Sanghar

4.5.9.10 Orthetrum taeniolatum (Schneider, 1845)

1845 Libellula taeniolata Schneider, Stett. Ent. Zeit., 6: 111.

1886 Orthetrum hyalinum Kirby, Proc.zool. Soc. Lond.: 326.

1890 Orthetrum taeniolatum Kirby, Cat. Odon. p. 37.

1896 Orthetrum brevistylum Kirby, Proc.zool. Soc. Lond.: 521.

1954 Orthetrum garhwalicum Singh and Baijal, www.pugetsound.edu/x6140.xml

Thirty four specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936)

description. Specimens exactly tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936,

 115

Table 4.46: Geographical location and climate of Orthetrum taeniolatum

(Schneider)

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Bagh 03-06-07 33.59 73.46 1256 34.7 19.5 42

Chakwal 08-07-06 32.56 72.52 520 34.9 24.8 51

Chechian 15-06-07 33.05 73.43 279 35.9 23.8 60

Kohat 25-08-05 33.35 71.26 522 37.9 25.4 53

Loralai 08-09-07 30.21 68.35 1429 35.7 19.7 27

Mirpur 13-06-07 33.09 73.42 375 39.5 19.8 45

Murree 02-07-06 33.55 73.23 2099 23.03 16.05 81

Muzaffarabad 14-05-08 34.23 73.27 969 35 19 34

Parachinar 20-09-09 33.53 70.06 1679 28.5 16.7 44

Quetta 30-08-07 30.12 67.01 1690 35.1 19.1 23

Rawalakot 06-06-07 33.51 73.45 1656 29 13.2 34

Rawalpindi 14-07-06 33.36 73.02 500 36 26 59

Zhob 09-09-07 31.20 69.26 1418 30.5 16.5 32

Ziarat 05-09-07 30.23 67.31 2216 24.4 10.9 34

 116

Yousuf 1972, Kanth 1985, Ahmad 1994, Arshad 1994 and Rehman 1994.

Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:

Forewing = 27 mm Hindwing = 27 mm Abdomen = 29 mm

Material Examined: = 26 = 08

Geographical distribution

This species has also been reported from India, Turkey, Greek island and Middle

East.

Remarks

These dragonflies were active and difficult to capture, collected sitting on

stones in slow running water. Usually perch on rocks and sandy areas. Geographical

distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.46.

4.4

New localities record: Zhob and Parachinar

4.5.9.11 Orthetrum testaceum testaceum (Burmeister, 1839)

1839 Orthetrum testaceum Burmeister, Handb. Ent., Berlin 2, Odon. 2: 840.

1839 Libellula testacea Burmeister,

Burmeister Handb. Ent., Berlin 2, Odon. 2: 840.

1890 Orthetrum testaceum Kirby, Cat. Odon. p. 39.

Six specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936) description.

Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936, Kanth 1985 and Ahmad

1994 except, some minor differences. 16

16-15 antenodal, 10-10
10 postnodal and 11-11
11

antenodal, 11-10 postnodal nerves present in forewings and hindwings

hindwings, respectively.

Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:

 117

Forewing = 35 mm Hindwing = 33 mm Abdomen = 28 mm

Material Examined: = 06

Geographical distribution

This species has also been reported from Malaysia, China, Hainan, Thailand,

Indonesia, Myanmar, Singapore, Philippines, Taiwan, Peninsular Malaysia and Viet

Nam.

Remarks

These dragonflies were collected from Small stream, pond and marshes in

mountainous areas. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan

is shown in table 4.47. New locality record: Mansehra

4.5.9.12 Orthetrum triangulare triangulare (Selys, 1878)

1878 Libellula triangularis Selys, Mitth. Ann. Mus. Dresden, 3: 314.

1878 Libellula delesserti Selys,

Selys Mitth. Ann. Mus. Dresden, 3: 314.

1883 Libellula melania Selys,

Selys www.pugetsound.edu/x6140.xml

1886 Orthetrum triangulare Kirby, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 327.

1898 Pseudothemis nigrifrons Matsumura, www.pugetsound.edu/x6140.xml

1961 Orthetrum ganeshii Mehrotra,

Mehrotra www.pugetsound.edu/x6140.xml

1961 Orthetrum chandrabali Mehrotra, www.pugetsound.edu/x6140.xml

Thirty one specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936)

description. Specimens exactly tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936,

Yousuf 1972, Kanth 1985, Ahmad 1994, Rehman 1994, Jehangir 1997, Subramanian
 118

Table 4.47: Geographical location and climate of Orthetrum testaceum testaceum

(Burmeister)

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Beni 17-06-07 33.12 73.51 444 35 23 51

Mansehra 18-07-06 34.20 73.11 1027 33.6 16.2 66

Shinkiari 18-07-06 34.28 73.16 998 33.6 16.2 66

Table 4.48: Geographical location and climate of Orthetrum triangulare

triangulare (Selys)

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Abbottabad 15-07-06 34.09 73.12 1271 29.3 18.9 78

Azad-Pattan 05-06-07 33.43 73.36 453 37.5 23 30

Chillas 10-05-07 35.25 74.04 1070 34.1 21.5 21

Chinari 16-05-08 34.09 73.49 1450 34 17 37

Chitral 14-08-09 35.50 71.46 1456 30.7 16.7 42

Dir 16-08-09 35.12 71.52 1760 31.5 15.8 47

Joglot 14-05-07 35.41 74.37 1358 34.1 21.5 21

Murree 02-07-06 33.55 73.23 2099 23.03 16.05 81

Poona 07-06-07 33.11 73.57 676 33.6 22.1 38

Rawalpindi 14-07-06 33.36 73.02 500 36 26 59

Sehnsa 24-06-07 33.30 73.45 661 37.5 23.7 35

 119

2005 and Bedjanic et al.. 2007. Measurements means of the specimens were as

follows:

Forewing = 42 mm Hindwing = 40 mm Abdomen = 32 mm

Material Examined: = 29 = 02

Geographical distribution

This species has also been reported from China, Thailand, Guandong, Lao,

Guangxi, Hong Kong, India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Hainan and Viet Nam.

Remarks

These dragonflies were collected from Small tanks and puddles in

mountainous and hilly regions. These were also found near fresh slow running water

having well established vegetation. Geographical distribution and climate of the

species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.4

4.48.

New localities record: Chitral,

Chi Dir and Sehnsa

4.5.10 Palpopleura Rambur, 1842

These are very small sized dragonflies; wings have brown spots, pterostigma

usually bicolour and body blue or brown.

brown. These dragonflies resemble with wasps in

appearance and flight. Thirty four specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s

(1936) description resulted into one species.

4.5.10.1 Palpopleura sexmaculata sexmaculata (Fabricius, 1787)

1787 Libellula sexmaculata Fabricius, Mant. Ins., 1: 338.

1868 Palpopleura sexmaculata Brauer, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien. 18: 716.
 120

Table 4.49: Geographical location and climate of Palpopleura sexmaculata

sexmaculata (Fabricius)

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Bagh 03-06-07 33.59 73.46 1256 34.7 19.5 42

Beni 17-06-07 33.12 73.51 444 35 23 51

Charsadda 19-08-05 34.09 71.44 302 32 21 59

Chechian 15-06-07 33.05 73.43 279 35.9 23.8 60

Gilgit 15-05-07 35.55 74.17 1584 32 13.05 28

Mangla Dam 14-06-07 33.08 73.38 316 35.9 23.8 60

Mansehra 18-07-06 34.20 73.11 1027 33.6 16.2 66

Mardan 20-08-05 34.11 72.02 310 35.8 20.5 37

Murree 02-07-06 33.55 73.23 2099 23.03 16.05 81

Peshawar 18-08-05 34.00 71.32 353 36.2 26.5 53

Rawalpindi 14-07-06 33.36 73.02 500 36 26 59

Swat 14-08-05 34.20 72.32 1137 32.1 16.6 61

Thatta 23-08-08 24.46 67.53 16 33.5 27 63

 121

Specimens exactly tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936

1936, Yousuf

1972, Kanth 1985, Ahmad 1994, Rehman 1994,

1994 Jehangir 1997, Subramanian 2005

and Bedjanic et al. 2007. Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:

Forewing = 21 mm Hindwing = 19 mm Abdomen = 15 mm

Material Examined: = 19 = 15

Geographical distribution

This species has also been reported from India, China, Malaysia, Assam,

Bangladesh, Guandong, Myanmar, Guangxi, Hainan, Lao, Hong Kong, Thailand and

Viet Nam.

Remarks

These dragonflies were collected from rice field and marshy places in hilly

and plain areas. These species have slow flight thus can be easily collected.

Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table

4.49. New localities record: Thatta, Charsadda and Gilgit

4.5.11 Pantala Hagen, 1861

These are medium sized dragonflies, wings transparent and body reddish

brown.. Ninety one specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s (1936)

description resulted into one species.

4.5.11.1 Pantala flavescens (Fabricius, 1798)

1798 Pantala flavescens Fabricius,

Fabricius Ent. Syst. Suppl.: 285.
 122

1798 Libellula flavescens Fabricius,

Fabricius Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 285.

1805 Libellula viridula Palisot de Beauvois, Ins. Afr. et Amer. p. 69.

1839 Libellula analis Burmeister,

Burmeister Handb. Ent., Berlin 2, Odon. 2: 852.

1839 Libellula terminalis Burmeister,

Burmeister Handb. Ent., Berlin 2, Odon. 2: 852..

1955 Sympetrum tandicola Singh, www.pugetsound.edu/x6140.xml

Specimens exactly tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936, Yousuf

1972, Kanth 1985, Ahmad 1994, Arshad 1994, Rehman 1994, Ullah 1994
1994, Jehangir

1997, Subramanian 2005 and Bedjanic et al. 2007. Measurements means of the

specimens were as follows:

Forewing = 44 mm Hindwing = 41 mm Abdomen = 32 mm

Material Examined: = 67 = 24

Geographical distribution

This species has also been reported from Indonesia, Colombia, Cambodia,

Afghanistan, Iran, Malaysia, Bangladesh, Brazil, Bahamas, Costa Rica, China, Hong

Kong, India, Japan, Guatemala, Lao, Myanmar, Singapore, Puerto Rico, Peninsular

Malaysia, Thailand, Taiwan, Hispaniola, Viet Nam, Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Cuba,

Ecuador, French Guiana, Aruba, Belize, Guyana, Honduras, Jamaica, Peru, Mexico,

Nicaragua, Panama, Venezuela, Paraguay, Suriname, Turkey, Virgin Isl. El Salvador,

Trinidad, Cayman Islands, Lesser Antilles, Tobago, Uruguay, and Puerto Rico.

Remarks

These were very common species, found all over the Pakistan. These
 123

Table 4.50: Geographical location and climate of Pantala flavescens (Fabricius)

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Bagh 03-06-07 33.59 73.46 1256 34.7 19.5 42

Bahawalpur 07-07-08 29.23 71.40 116 38.9 29 45

Beni 17-06-07 33.12 73.51 444 35 23 51

Chakwal 08-07-06 32.56 72.52 520 34.9 24.8 51

Chinari 16-05-08 34.09 73.49 1450 34 17 37

D.I. Khan 26-08-05 31.49 70.54 173 37.2 27.1 47

Dadu 19-08-08 26.43 67.46 41 35.2 21.5 55

Faisalabad 26-07-07 31.25 73.04 206 36.2 26.5 53

Fortabbas 08-07-08 29.11 72.51 147 35.5 22.2 52

Gilgit 15-05-07 35.55 74.17 1584 32 13.05 28

Hyderabad 22-08-08 25.23 68.22 25 36.2 27 56

Karachi 25-08-08 24.53 67.01 00 32.8 27.5 71

Khuzdar 21-09-07 27.48 66.36 1315 33.9 21.1 20

Kot Addu 05-07-08 30.27 70.58 130 34.5 21.5 33

Lahore 03-07-07 31.33 74.20 216 35.3 26.9 60

Larkana 18-08-08 27.33 68.12 52 36.5 22.6 52

Layyah 07-07-06 30.57 70.56 145 36.5 20.7 35

Mansehra 18-07-06 34.20 73.11 1027 33.6 16.2 66

Mastung 16-09-07 29.47 66.50 1683 31.5 11 24

Mianwali 04-07-06 32.35 71.32 211 37.5 27.3 47

‘Continued’
 124

‘Table 4.50’ ‘Page 2’

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Murree 02-07-06 33.55 73.23 2099 23.03 16.05 81

Muzaffarabad 14-05-08 34.23 73.27 969 35 19 34

Narowal 17-07-06 32.06 74.52 230 32.7 19.8 62

Nawabshah 17-08-08 26.14 68.24 32 39.4 24.9 53

Neelam 18-05-08 33.42 73.46 1307 33.1 18.3 44

Quetta 30-08-07 30.12 67.01 1690 35.1 19.1 23

Rawalpindi 14-07-06 33.36 73.02 500 36 26 59

Sanghar 20-08-08 26.02 68.56 22 36.3 22.2 60

Sargodha 24-07-07 32.04 72.40 187 37.8 27.9 46

Sehnsa 24-06-07 33.30 73.45 661 37.5 23.7 35

Sialkot 16-07-06 32.31 74.33 253 34.5 25.7 61

Thatta 23-08-08 24.46 67.53 16 33.5 27 63

 125

dragonflies were collected from swarms in fields, ponds and playgrounds in rainy

season. These were more or less strong fliers and also seen flying near the marshy

places as well as far away from water. Geographical distribution and climate of the

species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.50.

New localities record: Nawabshah, Narowal, Thatta, Fortabbas, Larkana, Dadu,

Sanghar, Layyah, KotAdu, Mianwali, D. I. Khan and Gilgit.

4.5.12 Rhodothemis Ris, 1909

These were medium sized dragonflies, wings transparent and body reddish in

colour. One specimen of this genus was collected; agree with the Fraser’s (1936)

description.

4.5.12.1 Rhodothemis rufa (Rambar, 1842) (New to Pakistan)

1842 Libellula rufa Rambur, Ins. Nevrop. p. 71.

1842 Libellula oblita Rambur, Ins. Nevrop. p. 123.

1868 Erythemis rufa Brauer, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien. 18: 723.

1868 Erythemis oblita Brauer, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien. 18: 723.

1878 Crocothemis cruentata Hagen-Selys, Mitt. Mus. Dresden, p. 924.

1900 Crocothemis rufa Van Der Weele, Nova Guinea, 09: 22.

1911 Rhodothemis rufa Ris, Cat. Coll. Selys, Fasc. 13:592.

Specimen tally with publish descriptions of Fraser 1936, Subramanian 2005

and Bedjanic et al. 2007 except, some minor differences costa yellow, discoidal

field begins with two rows of cells, discoidal cell in hindwing traversed, 111/2-111/2
 126

Fig. 4.14: Rhodothemis rufa (Rambar, 1842)

Table 4.51: Geographical location and climate of Rhodothemis rufa (Rambar,

1842)

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Bagh 03-06-07 33.59 73.46 1256 34.7 19.5 42
 127

antenodal, 9-99 postnodal and 9-8

9 antenodal, 8-88 postnodal nerves present in

forewings and hindwings, respectively (Fig. 4.14).. Measurements of specimen were

as follows:

Forewing = 31 mm Hindwing = 30 mm Abdomen = 26 mm

Material Examined: = 01

Geographical distribution

These species has also been reported from Bangladesh, China, Myanmar,

Guangxi, Hong Kong, Indonesia, India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore,

Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Taiwan and Viet Nam.

Remarks

This dragonfly was found maneuvering on small vegetation near the slow

running streams. Male was difficult to identify during flight with other similar red

coloured dragonflies, with which it shares the habitat. Geographical distribution and

climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.51.

4.5

4.5.13 Rhyothemis Hagen, 1867

These are medium sized dragonflies, wings with black and yellow markings

and body with bright green hue.

hue. Forewings hyaline from nodus to apex and

hindwings hyaline from pterostigma to apex. Twenty nine specimens were collected;

agree with the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted into one species.

4.5.13.1 Rhyothemis variegata variegata (Linnaeus, 1763)

1763 Libellula variegate Linnaeus,

Linnaeus Amoenitates Acad., 6: 412.
 128

1773 Libellula marcia Drury,

Drury Ill, Exot. Ins. 2: 83.

1781 Libellula indica Fabricius,

Fabricius Spec. Ins., 1: 521.

1787 Libellula histrio Fabricius,

Fabricius Mantissa Insect., 2: 237.

1792 Libellula celestina Olivier, Encycl. Meth., 7: 569.

1793 Libellula murcia fabricius,

fabricius Ent, Syst., 2: 376.

1867 Rhyothmis variegate Hagen,

Hagen Stett. Ent. Zeit. 28: 232.

1867 Rhyothmis Murcia Hagen,

Hagen Stett. Ent. Zeit. 28: 232.

1868 Rhyothmis Murcia Brauer,

Brauer Verh.zool. bot.Ges. Wien, 18: 715.

1913 Rhyothmis variegate variegate Ris, Cat. Coll. Selys., 15: 931, 935-6.

1924 Rhyothmis Phyllis Phyllis Fraser, Rec. Ind. Mus., 26: 426, 443.

Specimens exactly tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936

1936, Yousuf

1972, Kanth 1985, Ahmad 1994, Rehman 1994, Subramanian 2005 and Bedjanic et

al. 2007. Measurements

easurements means of the specimens were as follows:

Forewing = 35 mm Hindwing = 33 mm Abdomen = 21 mm

Material Examined: = 16 = 13

Geographical distribution

This species has also been reported from India,, Sri Lanka, Myanmar,

Thailand and Viet Nam.

Remarks

These dragonflies were collected from ponds and canopy of small trees, early

in the morning. These were also found in swarms, in an open place during bright
 129

sunshine and look likes the butterflies. Geographical distribution and climate of the

species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.52

4.52.

New localities record: Chakwal, Mianwali, Nawabshah, Bhakkar and D. I. Khan

4.5.14 Selysiothemis Ris, 1897

These are small dragonflies

dragonflies, wings hyaline and venation and pterostigma off-
off

white,, body black in colour.

colour. Fifteen specimens were collected; agree with the

Fraser’s (1936) description resulted into one species.

4.5.14.1 Selysiothemis nigra (Vander Linden, 1825)

1825 Libellula nigra Vander Linden, Monog. Libell. Eur.: 16.

1868 Trithemis nigra Brauer,

Brauer Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien. 18: 736.

1878 Urothemis nigra Selys,

Selys C. R. Soc. Ent. Belg. 21: 64-66.

1878 Urothemis advena Selys,

Selys C. R. Soc. Ent. Belg. 21: 64-66.

1897 Selysiothemis nigra Ris,

Ris Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., 31: 48.

Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936, Yousuf 1972,

Arshad 1994, Rehman 1994 and Ullah 1994 except, some minor differences. 6-6
6

antenodal, 6-55 postnodal and 5-5

5 antenodal, 5-55 postnodal nerves present in

forewings and hindwings, respectively. Measurements means of the specimens were

as follows:

Forewing = 28 mm Hindwing = 26 mm Abdomen = 20 mm

Material Examined: = 13 = 02

Geographical distribution

This species has also been reported from Caucasus, European Russia, India,
 130

Table 4.52: Geographical location and climate of Rhyothemis variegata variegata

(Linnaeus, 1763)
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.
(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Bahawalpur 07-07-08 29.23 71.40 116 38.9 29 45

Bhakkar 06-07-06 31.37 71.03 168 36.3 21.4 32

Chakwal 08-07-06 32.56 72.52 520 34.9 24.8 51

D.I. Khan 26-08-05 31.49 70.54 173 37.2 27.1 47

Head
21-08-09 31.14 73.51 193 35 27 69
Baloki
Jarikas 16-06-07 33.06 73.50 325 35.9 23.8 60

Kohat 25-08-05 33.35 71.26 522 37.9 25.4 53

Mianwali 04-07-06 32.35 71.32 211 37.5 27.3 47

Nawabshah 17-08-08 26.14 68.24 32 39.4 24.9 53

Rawalpindi 14-07-06 33.36 73.02 500 36 26 59

Sialkot 16-07-06 32.31 74.33 253 34.5 25.7 61

Table 4.53: Geographical location and climate of Selysiothemis nigra (Vander

Linden)
Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.
(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Bolan 06-09-07 29.13 67.39 131 32.5 17.5 35

Hyderabad 22-08-08 25.23 68.22 25 36.2 27 56

Karachi 25-08-08 24.53 67.01 00 32.8 27.5 71

Khushab 22-07-07 32.17 72.20 183 40.4 22.4 48

Sibi 03-09-07 29.32 67.51 133 40.2 26.1 33

Sukkur 15-08-08 27.41 68.52 61 40 28.2 45

Thatta 23-08-08 24.46 67.53 16 33.5 27 63

 131

Kazakhstan, Russian Federation, Turkey, Africa, Middle East and Ural.

Remarks

These dragonflies were collected sitting on road and paths. When try to

collect these dragonflies go away and sit a few yards away and remain in the same

vicinity. Adult usually hover about a meter above the ground and found far away

from breeding places. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in

Pakistan is shown in table 4.53.

4.5.15 Sympetrum Newman, 1833

Medium sized dragonflies of redish or yellow coloured body. Thirty eight

specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted into

five species.

4.5. f Key to Sympetrum species of Pakistan

1 Upper surface of femur and tibia yellow--------------------------------------------2

_ Legs entirely black---------------------------------------------------------------------4

2 Base of hindwings white or poorly yellow, legs yellow--------------------------3

_ Base of hindwings yellow, legs black--------------- fonscolombei (Selys, 1840)

3 Colour yellow------------------------------------------- decoloratum (Selys, 1884)

_ Colour red----------------------------------------------- meridionale (Selys, 1841)

4 Antenodal nerves in forwings less than 81/2---------- commixtum (Selys, 1884)

_ Antenodal nerves in forwings more than 81/2------ haematoneura Fraser, 1924

 132

4.5.15.1 Sympetrum commixtum (Selys, 1884)

1884 Diplax commixta Selys,

Selys Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., 28: 38.

1886 Sympetrum subpruinosum Kirby, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.: 326.

1907 Sympetrum commixtum Kirby, Cat. Odon.: 16.

Medium sized dragonflies, wings hyaline and body red in colour

colour. Eleven

specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936) description. Specimens

tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936, Yousuf 1972, Kanth 1985, Arshad

1994 and Rehman 1994 except, some minor differences. 71/2-61/2 antenodal, 77-7

postnodal and 5-55 antenodal, 8-8

8 8 postnodal nerves present in forewings and

hindwings, respectively. Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:

follows:

Forewing = 31 mm Hindwing = 30 mm Abdomen = 27 mm

Material Examined: = 11 = 01

Geographical distribution

This species has also been reported from India.

Remarks

These dragonflies were collected sitting on the top of the vegetation near

slow running water and were easy to collect. Geographical distribution and climate

of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.54.

4.54

4.5.15.2 Sympetrum decoloratum (Selys, 1884)

1884 Diplax vulgate race decolora

decolorata Selys, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., 28: 35.

1887 Sympetrum vulgatum race decoloratum Selys,, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 31: 10.
 133

Table 4.54: Geographical location and climate of Sympetrum commixtum (Selys)

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Kalat 18-09-07 29.02 66.35 2007 28 8.5 29

Murree 02-07-06 33.55 73.23 2099 23.03 16.05 81

Rawalakot 06-06-07 33.51 73.45 1656 29 13.2 34

Ziarat 05-09-07 30.23 67.31 2216 24.4 10.9 34

Table 4.55: Geographical location and climate of Sympetrum decoloratum (Selys)

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Mangla Dam 14-06-07 33.08 73.38 316 35.9 23.8 60

Murree 02-07-06 33.55 73.23 2099 23.03 16.05 81

Skardu 19-05-07 35.18 75.36 2369 26.9 10.3 25

 134

1907 Sympetrum decolorata Morton, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond.: 303.

1911 Sympetrum decoloratum Ris, Cat. Coll. Selys, 13: 618, 629-631.

Eight specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936)

description. Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936, Yousuf

1972 and Kanth 1985 except, some minor differences. 61/2-61/2 antenodal, 6-6
6

postnodal and 5-55 antenodal, 6-6

6 postnodal nerves present in forewings and

hindwings, respectively. Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:

Forewing = 31 mm Hindwing = 30 mm Abdomen = 25 mm

Material Examined: = 08

Geographical distribution

This species has also been reported from Turkey.

Remarks

These dragonflies were collected from standing or slow running water having

dense vegetation. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is

shown in table 4.55. New localities record: Skurdu and Murree

4.5.15.3 Sympetrum fonscolombei (Selys, 1840)

1837 Libellula flaveola Fonscolombei

Fonscolombei, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 6: 144.

1840 Libellula fonscolombei Selys, monogr. Libell. Eur.: 29, 49, 208.

1845 Libellula erythroneura Schneider, Stettin. Ent. Ztg., 6: 111.

1866 Diplax fonscolombei Brauer, Novara: 104.

1874 Sympetrum fonscolombei Meyer-Dur, Mitt, Schweiz. Ent. Ges., 4: 327.

 135

1876 Sympetrum rhaeticum Buchecker, Syst. Ent.: 9.

1890 Sympetrum fonscolombii Kirby , Cat. Odon.: 14.

1907 Sympetrum sanguineum Dixey et Longstaff, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.: 377.

Eleven specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936)

description. Specimens exactly tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936,

Yousuf 1972, Arshad 1994, Rehman 1994 and Bedjanic et al. 2007. Measurements

means of the specimens were as follows:

Forewing = 35 mm Hindwing = 33 mm Abdomen = 28 mm

Material Examined: = 07 = 04

Geographical distribution

This species has also been reported from Africa, Caucasus, European Russia,

India, Kazakhstan, Japan, Sri Lanka, Mongolia, Russian Federation and Turkey.

Remarks

These dragonflies were collected from ponds and marshes in the hilly areas.

These species breed in warm, still, shallow water of open areas. Males of these

species were more territorial than the other species of this particular genus.

Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table

4.56.

4.5.15.4 Sympetrum haematoneura

ematoneura Fraser, 1924

1924 Sympetrum haematoneura Fraser, Mem. Deptt. Agric., India (Ent.), 8: 70

70-71.
 136

Three specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936)

description. Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936 and Kanth

1985 except, some minor differences. 81/2-71/2 antenodal, 9-88 postnodal and 6-6
6

antenodal, 9-8
8 postnodal nerves present in forewings and hindwings,
hindwings respectively.

Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:

Forewing = 37 mm Hindwing = 35 mm Abdomen = 28 mm

Material Examined: = 03

Geographical distribution

This species has also been reported from India.

Remarks

These dragonflies were collected from pond and marshes in the hilly areas.

These species breed in warm, still, shallow water of open areas. Geographical

distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.57.

4.5.15.5 Sympetrum meridio

meridionale (Selys, 1841)

1841 Libellula meridionalis Selys, Rev. Zool.: 245.

1842 Libellula hybrida Rambur, Inst. Nevrop.: 191.

Five specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936)

description. Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936 and Kanth

1985 except, some minor differences. 61/2-61/2 antenodal, 5-55 postnodal and 5-5
5

antenodal, 5-55 postnodal nerves present in forewings and hindwings, respectively.

 137

Table 4.56: Geographical location and climate of Sympetrum fonscolombei

(Selys)

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Kalat 18-09-07 29.02 66.35 2007 28 8.5 29

Pishin 11-09-07 30.35 66.59 1673 32 12 22

Quetta 30-08-07 30.12 67.01 1690 35.1 19.1 23

Ziarat 05-09-07 30.23 67.31 2216 24.4 10.9 34

Table 4.57: Geographical location and climate of Sympetrum haematoneura

Fraser

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Banjosa 09-06-07 33.48 73.48 1797 32.8 17.2 40

Table 4.58: Geographical location and climate of Sympetrum meridionale (Selys)

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.
(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Banjosa 09-06-07 33.48 73.48 1797 32.8 17.2 40

Rawalakot 06-06-07 33.51 73.45 1656 29 13.2 34

 138

Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:

Forewing = 31 mm Hindwing = 29 mm Abdomen = 26 mm

Material Examined: = 04 = 01

Geographical distribution

This species has also been reported from Africa, Turkey, Caucasus,

Kazakhstan, European Russia, India, Russian Federation, Mongolia, Ural and West

Siberia.

Remarks

These dragonflies were collected from shallow stagnant water with well

establish
sh vegetation. These species were also found in swampy areas. Geographical

distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.58.

4.5.16 Tramea Hagen, 1861

Large dragonflies,, wings hyaline, hindwings have dark coloured brownish or

dark red spots and brick red body with black markings.
markings Twenty one specimens were

collected; agree with the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted into two species.

4.5. g Key to Tramea species of Pakistan

_ Hamule slightly overlapping the lobe, two black spots at base of hindwing
hindwings--

----------------------------------------------------basilaris
--------------------------------- burmeisteri Kirby, 1889

_ Hamule large, greatly overlapping the lobe, one black spot at base of

hindwings--------------------
-------------------------------------------------- Virginia (Rambur, 1842)
 139

4.5.16.1 Tramea basilaris burmeisteri Kirby, 1889

1805 Tramea basilaris Palisot de Beauvois,

Beauvois www.pugetsound.edu/x6140.xml

1805 Libellula basilaris Palisot de Beauvois, Ins. Afr. et. Amer.: 171.

1868 tramea basilaris Brauer, Verh. Zool. Bot. ges. Wien, 18: 714.

1889 Tramea burmeisteri Kirby,

Kirby Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. 12: 316.

1951 Trapezostigma basilaris Pinhey, Transv. Mus. Mem. 5: 284.

These are large sized dragonflies, wings

wing hyaline, hindwings with reddish

brown spots covering only cubital spaces,

spaces body brick red with black markings
markings. Five

specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936) description. Specimens

exactly tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936, Yousuf 1972, Ullah 1994,

Subramanian 2005 and Bedjanic et al. 2007. Measurements

rements means of the specimens

were as follows:

Forewing = 45 mm Hindwing = 44 mm Abdomen = 33 mm

Material Examined: = 05

Geographical distribution

This species has also been reported from India, Burma, Malaysia, Japa
Japan,

Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand and Viet Nam.

Remarks

These dragonflies were collected from maneuvering on stagnant aand slow

running water. These were also found flying in a group with Pantala flarescens
 140

along the road side. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan

is shown in table 4.59. New locality record: Badin

4.5.16.2 Tramea virginia (Rambur, 1842)

1773 Libellula chinensis De Geer,

Geer Mem. Ins., 3: 556.

1842 Libellula Virginia Rambur,

Rambur Ins. Nevrop.: 33.

1861 Tramea chinensis Hagen,

Hagen Syn. Neur. et. Amer.: 144.

1890 Tramea virginia Kirby,

Kirby Cat. Odon.: 3.

These are large sized dragonflies, wings hyaline, hindwings with large

reddish brown spots extending the discoidal cells, body brick red, last 3-44 abdominal

segments black.. Sixteen specimens were collected; analogous with the Fraser’s

(1936) description. Specimens tally with published

publish descriptions of Fraser 1936,

Rehman 1994 and Jehangir 1997 except, some minor differences. 131/2-121/2

antenodal, 12-11 postnodal

al and 8-9
8 antenodal, 12-13
13 postnodal nerves present in

forewings and hindwings, respectively. Measurements means of the specimens were

as follows:

Forewing = 44 mm Hindwing = 42 mm Abdomen = 31 mm

Material Examined: = 13 = 03

Geographical distribution

This species has also been reported from Burma, China, Guangxi, Japan,

Hong Kong, Hainan, Indonesia, Thailand, India, Guandong, Myanmar, Bangladesh,

Taiwan and Viet Nam.

 141

Table 4.59: Geographical location and climate of Tramea basilaris burmeisteri

Kirby

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Badin 21-08-08 24.39 68.50 10 34.8 26.6 63

Thatta 23-08-08 24.46 67.53 16 33.5 27 63

Table 4.60: Geographical location and climate of Tramea virginia (Rambur)

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Chakwal 08-07-06 32.56 72.52 520 34.9 24.8 51

Chinari 16-05-08 34.09 73.49 1450 34 17 37

Gilgit 15-05-07 35.55 74.17 1584 32 13.05 28

Joglot 14-05-07 35.41 74.37 1358 34.1 21.5 21

Kahuta 15-07-07 33.35 73.22 602 36 25 80

Sialkot 16-07-06 32.31 74.33 253 34.5 25.7 61

 142

Remarks

These dragonflies were very active and difficult to collect, keep on

maneuvering over water for a long time and do not come near the edge of pond

within the range of collector. These dragonflies were collected maneuvering on

stagnant and slow running water. Geographical distribution and climate of the

species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.60.

New localities record: Chinari, Gilgit, Chakwal and Sialkot

4.5.17 Trithemis Brauer, 1868

Medium sized dragonflies, colour of the abdomen variable. One hundred and

twenty specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted

into four species.

4.5. h Key to Trithemis species of Pakistan

1 Colour red------------------------------------------------------------------------------2

_ Colour other than red----------------------------------------------------------------3

2 Base of hindwings orange, neuration yellow-------- Kirbyi Kirbyi Selys, 1891

_ Base of hindwings have small yellow spot, neuration crimson-------------------

------------------------------------------------------------- aurora (Burmeister, 1839)

3 Legs long, body black and yellow------------------- pallidinervis (Kirby, 1889)

_ Thorax and abdomen black or dark blue, purinosed--- festiva (Rambur, 1842)

4.5.17.1 Trithemis aurora (Burmeister, 1839)

1839 Trithemis aurora Burmeister, Handb. Ent., Berlin 2, Odonata, 2: 859.

1839 Libellula aurora Burmeister, Handb. Ent., Berlin 2, Odonata, 2: 840.

 143

1868 Trithemis soror Brauer,

Brauer Verh. Zool.bot. Ges. Wien, 18: 177, 735.

1878 Trithemis adelpha Selys,

Selys Nitth. Ann. Mus. Dresden, 3: 315.

1881 Trithemis fraterna Albarda,

Albarda Vehts. Midden. Sumatra, Neur.:4.

1890 Trithemis congener Kirby,

Kirby Cat. Odon,: 18.

These are medium siz

sized dragonflies, wings hyaline with basal yellow spots

and body maroon in colour.

colour. Fifty one specimens were collected; analogous with the

Fraser’s (1936) description. Specimens exactly tally with published descriptions of

Fraser 1936, Yousuf 1972, Kanth 1985, Ahmad 1994, Rehman 1994,
1994, Jehangir 1997,

Subramanian 2005 and Bedjanic et al. 2007. Measurements means of the specimens

were as follows:

Forewing = 25 mm Hindwing = 24 mm Abdomen = 20 mm

Material Examined: = 46 = 05

Geographical distribution

This species has also been reported from India, Sri Lanka, Burma, Philippine,

China, Guandong, Hong Kong, Myanmar, Indonesia, Japan, Lao, Malaysia,

Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan and Viet Nam.

Remarks
These dragonflies were collected from ponds; marshy places and slow

running water in hilly and plain areas. These were also found near deep fresh running

water, flying and resting on stones and tops of branches of small vegetation.

Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table

4.61.
 144

Table 4.61: Geographical location and climate of Trithemis aurora (Burmeister)

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Abbottabad 15-07-06 34.09 73.12 1271 29.3 18.9 78

Chakwal 08-07-06 32.56 72.52 520 34.9 24.8 51

Chechian 15-06-07 33.05 73.43 279 33 23 61

Faisalabad 26-07-07 31.25 73.04 206 36.2 26.5 53

Jarikas 16-06-07 33.06 73.50 325 35.9 23.8 60

Kotli 21-06-07 33.31 73.53 604 37.5 23.7 35

Mirpur 13-06-07 33.09 73.42 375 39.5 19.8 45

Murree 02-07-06 33.55 73.23 2099 23.03 16.05 81

Muzaffarabad 14-05-08 34.23 73.27 969 35 19 34

Nawabshah 17-08-08 26.14 68.24 32 39.4 24.9 53

Neelam 18-05-08 33.42 73.46 1307 33.1 18.3 44

Rawalpindi 14-07-06 33.36 73.02 500 36 26 59

Sehnsa 24-06-07 33.30 73.45 661 37.5 23.7 35

Shigar 21-05-07 35.26 75.43 2445 27 10.1 27

Sialkot 16-07-06 32.31 74.33 253 34.5 25.7 61

Skardu 19-05-07 35.18 75.36 2369 26.9 10.3 25

Sukkur 15-08-08 27.41 68.52 61 40 28.2 45

 145

New localities record: Sukkur, Abbottabad, Nawabshah, Kotli and Sialkot

4.5.17.2 Trithemis festiva (Rambur, 1842)

1842 Libellula festiva Rambur,

Rambur Ins. Nevrop.: 92.

1865 Libellula infernalis Brauer,

Brauer Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 15: 507.

1878 Trithemis proserpina Selys, Mitth. Ann. Mus. Dresden, 3: 294, 314.

These are medium sized dragonflies, wings hyaline with basal dark brown

spots and body black in colour.

colour. Thirty seven specimens were collected; analogous

with the Fraser’s (1936) description. Specimens exactly tally with published

descriptions of Fraser 1936,

6, Yousuf 1972, Kanth 1985, Ahmad 1994, Rehman 1994
1994,

Jehangir 1997, Subramanian 2005 and Bedjanic et al. 2007. Measurements means of

the specimens were as follows:

Forewing = 33 mm Hindwing = 31 mm Abdomen = 25 mm

Material Examined: = 31 = 06

Geographical distribution

This species has also been reported from Burma, China,, Guangxi, Hong

Kong, Hainan, India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Philippines, Peninsular Malaysia,

Thailand, Singapore, Lao, Myanmar, Guandong, Indonesia, Taiwan, Turkey and Viet

Nam.

Remarks

These dragonflies were collected from ponds; marshy places and slow
 146

Table 4.62: Geographical location and climate of Trithemis festiva (Rambur)

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Abbottabad 15-07-06 34.09 73.12 1271 29.3 18.9 78

Bagh 03-06-07 33.59 73.46 1256 34.7 19.5 42

Beni 17-06-07 33.12 73.51 444 35 23 51

Chakwal 08-07-06 32.56 72.52 520 34.9 24.8 51

Chechian 15-06-07 33.05 73.43 279 35.9 23.8 60

Joglot 14-05-07 35.41 74.37 1358 34.1 21.5 21

Kotli 21-06-07 33.31 73.53 604 37.5 23.7 35

Mangla
14-06-07 33.08 73.38 316 35.9 23.8 60
Dam
Mardan 20-08-05 34.11 72.02 310 35.8 20.5 37

Murree 02-07-06 33.55 73.23 2099 23.03 16.05 81

Neelam 18-05-08 33.42 73.46 1307 33.1 18.3 44

Poona 07-06-07 33.11 73.57 676 33.6 22.1 38

Rawalpindi 14-07-06 33.36 73.02 500 36 26 59

Sehnsa 24-06-07 33.30 73.45 661 37.5 23.7 35

 147

running water in hilly and plain areas. These were also collected, sitting on stones

and top of branches of bushes and were found in large number in same vicinity.

Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table

4.62. New locality record: Kotli

4.5.17.3 Trithemis Kirbyi Kirbyi Selys, 1891

1891 Trithemis Kirbyi Selys,

Selys Ann. Mus. Stor. Nat. Genova, 30: 465.

1891 Libellula ardens Gerstäcker,

Gerstäcker Jb. Hamburg Wiss. Anst. 9: 5, 9, 187.

1936 Trithemis dallonia Navás,

Navás www.pugetsound.edu/x6140.xml

1959 Trithemis comorensis Fraser, www.pugetsound.edu/x6140.xml

These are medium sized dragonflies, wings hyaline with amber yellow basal

markings and body bright red in colour.

colour. Eleven specimens were collected; analogous

with the Fraser’s (1936) description. Specimens were tally with publish
published

descriptions of Fraser 1936, Yousuf 1972, Kanth 1985, Arshad 1994, Rehman 1994

and Subramanian 2005 except, some minor differences. 81/2-81/2antenodal, 66-6

postnodal and 6-66 antenodal, 7-8

7 8 postnodal nerves present in forewings and

hindwings, respectively. Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:

Forewing = 30 mm Hindwing = 29 mm Abdomen = 23 mm

Material Examined: = 10 = 01

Geographical distribution

This species has also been reported from India and Sri Lanka.
 148

Remarks

These dragonflies were collected from marshy places and near the slow

running water in hilly areas sitting on the top of grasses. These were also found

sitting on small stones and were difficult to capture. Geographical distribution and

climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.63.

New locality record: Sehnsa

4.5.17.4 Trithemis pallidinervis (Kirby, 1889)

1889 Sympetrum pallidinervis Kirby, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 12: 327.

1891 Trithemis dryas Selys,

Selys Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, 30: 465.

These are medium sized dragonflies, wing hyaline with amber yellow spots

on the base and body black with bright yellow spots.

spots. Twenty one specimens were

collected; analogous with the Fraser’s (1936) description. Specimens exactly tally

with published descriptions of Fraser 1936, Yousuf 1972, Kanth 1985, Rehman

1994, Ullah 1994, Subramanian 2005 and Bedjanic et al. 2007. Measurements
ents means

of the specimens were as follows:

Forewing = 35 mm Hindwing = 33 mm Abdomen = 27 mm

Material Examined: = 12 = 09

Geographical distribution

This species has also been reported from Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Burma,

Philippine, China, Indonesia, India, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand

Thailand,

Peninsular Malaysia, Cambodia and Taiwan.

 149

Table 4.63: Geographical location and climate of Trithemis Kirbyi Kirbyi Selys

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Bagh 03-06-07 33.59 73.46 1256 34.7 19.5 42

Poona 07-06-07 33.11 73.57 676 33.6 22.1 38

Quetta 30-08-07 30.12 67.01 1690 35.1 19.1 23

Rawalpindi 14-07-06 33.36 73.02 500 36 26 59

Sehnsa 24-06-07 33.30 73.45 661 37.5 23.7 35

Tattapani 23-06-07 33.31 73.55 571 33.4 17.9 66

Table 4.64: Geographical location and climate of Trithemis pallidinervis (Kirby)

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Chakwal 08-07-06 32.56 72.52 520 34.9 24.8 51

Fortabbas 08-07-08 29.11 72.51 147 35.5 22.2 52

Hyderabad 22-08-08 25.23 68.22 25 36.2 27 56

Khushab 22-07-07 32.17 72.20 183 40.4 22.4 48

Mangla
14-06-07 33.08 73.38 316 35.9 23.8 60
Dam
Sargodha 24-07-07 32.04 72.40 187 37.8 27.9 46

Sialkot 16-07-06 32.31 74.33 253 34.5 25.7 61

Sukkur 15-08-08 27.41 68.52 61 40 28.2 45

Thatta 23-08-08 24.46 67.53 16 33.5 27 63

 150

Remarks

These dragonflies were collected from ponds, marshy places and stagnant

water in agricultural fields. These were also found flying against the wind in rice

flied and difficult to capture. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in

Pakistan is shown in table 4.64. New locality record: Fortabbas

4.5.18 Tholymis Hagen, 1867

These are medium sized dragonflies, wings hyaline having brown spots

extending from base to nodus, followed by opaque spots in hindwings and body

reddish brown in colour. Twelve specimens were collected; agree with the Fraser’s

(1936) description resulted into one species.

4.5.18.1 Tholymis tilllarga (Fabricius, 1798)

1798 Libellula tillarga Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 283.

1805 Libellula pallida Palisot de Beauvois, Ins. Afr. et Amer. p. 171.

1835 Libellula bimaculata Desjardins, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 4:4.

1867 Tholymis citrina Hagen, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 28: 220.

1954 Tholymis paratillarga Singh and Baijal, www.pugetsound.edu/x6140.xml

Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936, Subramanian

2005 and Bedjanic et al. 2007 except, some minor differences. 101/2-91/2 antenodal,

8-8 postnodal and 7-7 antenodal, 10-11 postnodal nerves present in forewings and

hindwings, respectively. Measurements means of the specimens were as follows:

Forewing = 36 mm Hindwing = 35 mm Abdomen = 31 mm

 151

Material Examined: = 04 = 07

Geographical distribution

This species has also been reported from Burma, Africa, Australia,

Bangladesh, China, Guandong, Indonesia, Philippines, India, Japan, Lao, Sri Lanka,

Myanmar, Malaysia, Peninsular Malaysia, Hainan, Singapore, Thailand, Hong Kong,

Taiwan and Viet Nam.

Remarks

These dragonflies were collected form ponds and marshy places near the road

and also observe while hiding in a sugarcane field in the evening. These were also

found hanging with vegetation in water channel in rice field. Geographical

distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.65.

New localities record: Badin and Thatta

4.5.19 Urothemis Brauer, 1868

These are medium sized dragonflies; hindwings have red velvet spot on the

base and body red in colour.

colour Eighteen specimens were collected; agree with the

Fraser’s (1936) description resulted into one species.

4.5.19.1 Urothemis signata signata (Rambur, 1842)

1839 Libellula signuinea Burmeister,

Burmeister Handb. Ent., Berlin 2, Odonata, 2: 858
58.

1842 Libellula signata Rambur,

Rambur Ins. Nevrop.: 117.

1868 Urothemis signguinea Brauer, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 18: 737.

1913 Urothemis signata signata Ris. Cat. Coll. Selys, 16: 1023-24.
 152

Table 4.65: Geographical location and climate of Tholymis tilllarga (Fabricius)

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Badin 21-08-08 24.39 68.50 10 34.8 26.6 63

Thatta 23-08-08 24.46 67.53 16 33.5 27 63

Table 4.66: Geographical location and climate of Urothemis signata signata

(Rambur)

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
D.G.Khan 09-07-06 30.03 70.38 125 36.5 22.6 30

D.I. Khan 26-08-05 31.49 70.54 173 37.2 27.1 47

Head Baloki 21-08-09 31.14 73.51 193 35 27 69

Head Marala 18-08-09 32.32 74.31 246 40 24 68

Mianwali 04-07-06 32.35 71.32 211 37.5 27.3 47

Taunsa 08-07-06 30.42 70.38 174 34.8 18.3 44

Thatta 23-08-08 24.46 67.53 16 33.5 27 63

 153

Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936, Rehman 1994,

Subramanian 2005 and Bedjanic et al.. 2007 except, some minor differences. 7-7
7

antenodal, 7-77 postnodal and 5-5

5 antenodal, 7-77 postnodal nerves present in

forewings and hindwings, respectively. Measurements means of the specimens were

as follows:

Forewing = 37 mm Hindwing = 36 mm Abdomen = 26 mm

Material Examined: = 15 = 03

Geographical distribution

This species has also been reported from Bangladesh, China, Hong Kong,

India, Cambodia, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Hainan, Thailand and Viet Nam.

Remarks

These dragonflies were collected from channels with vegetation and slow

running water. These were also found near the deep stagnant water sitting on the top

of the tall vegetation. Geographical distribution and climate of the species in Pakistan

is shown in table 4.66.

New localities record: Thatta, D. I. Khan, D. G. Khan, Taunsa and Mianwali

4.5.20 Zygonyx Hagen, 1867

These are medium sized dragonflies, wing

wings transparent in male and tinted in

female and body black and yellow in colour.

colour Thirteen specimens were collected;

agree with the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted into one species.
 154

4.5.20.1 Zygonyx torrid isis Fraser, 1924

1889 Zygonyx torrid Kirby,

Kirby www.pugetsound.edu/x6140.xml

1889 Pseudomacromia torrid Kirby,, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. 12: 299, 340.

1900 Pseudomacromia atlantica Martin, Bull. Mus. Paris: 107.

1903 Zygonyx hoffmanni Grünberg,

Grünberg www.pugetsound.edu/x6140.xml

1981 Zygonyx insulana Pinhey,

Pinhey www.pugetsound.edu/x6140.xml

Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936, Yousuf 1972,

Rehman 1994, Subramanian 2005 and Bedjanic et al.. 2007 except, some minor

differences. 121/2-121/2 antenodal, 10-11

10 postnodal and 9-10
10 antenodal, 11-12
11

postnodal nerves present in forewings and hindwings,

hindwings respectively. Measurements

means of the specimens were as follows:

Forewing = 49 mm Hindwing = 47 mm Abdomen = 40 mm

Material Examined: = 04 = 09

Geographical distribution

This species has also been reported from India.

Remarks

These dragonflies were collected

co maneuvering on slow flowing water. These

dragonflies perched few feet above the water surface and remain flying extensively

in the same vicinity. These were not very fast fliers and easy to collect, on disturbing

these can take very high flight. Geographical distribution and climate of the species

in Pakistan is shown in table 4.67.

 155

Table 4.67: Geographical location and climate of Zygonyx torrid isis Fraser

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Chakwal 08-07-06 32.56 72.52 520 34.9 24.8 51

Khushab 22-07-07 32.17 72.20 183 40.4 22.4 48

Kotli 21-06-07 33.31 73.53 604 37.5 23.7 35

Mirpur 13-06-07 33.09 73.42 375 39.5 19.8 45

Rawalpindi 14-07-06 33.36 73.02 500 36 26 59

Sehnsa 24-06-07 33.30 73.45 661 37.5 23.7 35

Table 4.68: Geographical location and climate of Zyxomma petiolatum Rambur

Area Date Lat. Long. El. Max. Min. Hum.

(N) (E) (M) Temp. Temp. (%)
(0C) (0C)
Chinari 16-05-08 34.09 73.49 1450 34 17 37

Rawalpindi 14-07-06 33.36 73.02 500 36 26 59

 156

New localities record: Sehnsa, Kotli, Chakwal and Khushab

4.5.21 Zyxomma Rambur, 1842

These are medium sized dragonflies, body redish brown in colour and

cylindrical in shape, anal loop open from apex. Three specimens were collected;

agree with the Fraser’s (1936) description resulted into one species.

4.5.21.1 Zyxomma petiolatum Rambur, 1842

1842 Zyxomma petiolatum Rambur, Ins. Nevrop.: 30.

1896 Zyxomma sechellarum Martin, Mem. Zool. Soc. France, 9: 103.

Specimens tally with published descriptions of Fraser 1936, Kanth 1985,

Bedjan et al.. 2007 except, some minor differences. 101/2-

Subramanian 2005 and Bedjanic

101/2 antenodal, 6-66 postnodal and 8-8

8 antenodal, 7-66 postnodal nerves present in

forewings and hindwings, respectively. Measurements means of the specimens were

as follows:

Forewing = 34 mm Hindwing = 34 mm Abdomen = 31 mm

Material Examined: = 03

Geographical distribution

These species has also been reported from Bangladesh, Philippines, Japan,

China, Guandong, Hong Kong, India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Peninsular Malaysia,

Thailand, Indonesia, Singapore, Myanmar, Taiwan and Viet Nam.

 157

Remarks

These dragonflies remain active during dusk and dawn in rainy season and

were collected from light at night after monsoon rain. Geographical distribution and

climate of the species in Pakistan is shown in table 4.68.

New locality record: Rawalpindi

 158

4.6 LISTS OF DRAGONFLIES SPECIES OF DIFFERNT AGRO

ECOLOGICAL REGIONS OF PAKISTAN

4.6.1 The Indus Delta.

1. Anaciaeshna jaspidea (Burmeister, 1839)

2. Ictinogomphus rapax (Rambur, 1842)

3. Acisoma panorpoides panorpoides Rambur, 1842

4. Brachythemis contaminata (Fabricius, 1773)

5. Crocothemis erythraea (Brulle, 1832)

6. Crocothemis servilia (Drury, 1770)

7. Diplacodes lefebvrei (Rambur, 1842)

8. Diplacodes trivialis (Rambur, 1842)

9. Neurothemis tullia tullia (Drury, 1773)

10. Orthetrum sabina (Drury, 1770)

11. Palpopleura sexmaculata sexmaculata (Fabricius, 1787)

12. Pantala flavescens (Fabricius, 1798)

13. Selysiothemis nigra (Vander Linden, 1825)

14. Tramea basilaris burmeisteri Kirby, 1889

15. Trithemis pallidinervis (Kirby, 1889)

16. Tholymis tillarga (Fabricius, 1798)

17. Urothemis signata signata (Rambur, 1842)

4.6.2 The Southern Irrigated Plains.

1. Anax parthenope (Selys, 1839)

 159

2. Acisoma panorpoides panorpoides Rambur, 1842

3. Brachydiplax sobrina (Rambur, 1842)

4. Brachythemis contaminata (Fabricius, 1773)

5. Crocothemis erythraea (Brulle, 1832)

6. Crocothemis servilia (Drury, 1770)

7. Diplacodes lefebvrei (Rambur, 1842)

8. Diplacodes trivialis (Rambur, 1842)

9. Orthetrum purinosum neglectum (Rambur, 1842)

10. Orthetrum sabina (Drury, 1770)

11. Pantala flavescens (Fabricius, 1798)

12. Rhyothemis variegata variegata (Linnaeus,1763)

13. Selysiothemis nigra (Vander Linden, 1825)

14. Trithemis aurora (Burmeister, 1839)

15. Trithemis pallidinervis (Kirby,1889)

4.6.3 The Sandy Desert

1. Brachydiplax sobrina (Rambur, 1842)

2. Brachythemis contaminata (Fabricius, 1773)

3. Crocothemis servilia (Drury, 1770)

4. Diplacodes lefebvrei (Rambur, 1842)

5. Neurothemis tullia tullia (Drury, 1773)

6. Orthetrum purinosum neglectum (Rambur, 1842)

7. Orthetrum sabina (Drury, 1770)

8. Pantala flavescens (Fabricius, 1798)

 160

9. Rhyothemis variegata variegata (Linnaeus, 1763)

10. Trithemis pallidinervis (Kirby, 1889)

4.6.4 The Northern Irrigated Plains.

1. Anax parthenope (Selys,1839)

2. Macromia cingulata Rambur, 1842

3. Anormogomphus kiritschenkoi Bartenef,1913

4. Gomphidia t-nigrum Selys, 1854

5. Ictinogomphus rapax (Rambur, 1842)

6. Mesogomphus lineatus (Selys, 1850)

7. Acisoma panorpoides panorpoides Rambur, 1842

8. Brachythemis contaminata (Fabricius, 1773)

9. Crocothemis erythraea (Brulle, 1832)

10. Diplacodes lefebvrei (Rambur, 1842)

11. Diplacodes trivialis (Rambur, 1842)

12. Neurothemis tullia tullia (Drury, 1773)

13. Orthetrum chrysis (Selys, 1891)

14. Orthetrum purinosum neglectum (Rambur, 1842)

15. Orthetrum sabina (Drury, 1770)

16. Palpopleura sexmaculata sexmaculata (Fabricius, 1787)

17. Pantala flavescens (Fabricius, 1798)

18. Rhyothemis variegata variegata (Linnaeus, 1763)

19. Trithemis aurora (Burmeister, 1839)

20. Trithemis festiva (Rambur, 1842)

 161

21. Urothemis signata signata (Rambur, 1842)

4.6.5 The Barani Lands.

1. Anax indicus Lieftinck, 1942

2. Anax immaculifrons Rambur, 1842

3. Anax parthenope (Selys, 1839)

4. Gynacanthaeshna sikkima (Karsch, 1891)

5. Hemianax ephippiger (Burmeister, 1839)

6. Epopthalmia vittata vittata Burmeister, 1839

7. Macromia cingulata Rambur, 1842

8. Anormogomphus kiritschenkoi Bartenef, 1913

9. Gomphidia t-nigrum Selys, 1854

10. Ictinogomphus angulosus (Selys, 1854)

11. Ictinogomphus rapax (Rambur, 1842)

12. Mesogomphus lineatus (Selys, 1850)

13. Nepogomphus modestus (Selys, 1878)

14. Onychogomphus bistrigatus (Selys, 1854)

15. Acisoma panorpoides panorpoides Rambur, 1842

16. Brachydiplax sobrina (Rambur, 1842)

17. Brachythemis contaminata (Fabricius, 1793)

18. Bradinopyga geminata (Rambur, 1842)

19. Crocothemis erythraea (Brulle, 1832)

20. Crocothemis servilia (Drury, 1770)

21. Diplacodes lefebvrei (Rambur, 1842)

 162

22. Neurothemis fluctuans (Fabricius, 1793)

23. Neurothemis tullia tullia (Drury, 1773)

24. Orthetrum chrysostigma luzonicum (Brauer, 1868)

25. Orthetrum purinosum neglectum (Rambur, 1842)

26. Orthetrum sabina (Drury, 1770)

27. Orthetrum taeniolatum (Schneider, 1845)

28. Orthetrum triangulare triangulare (Selys, 1878)

29. Palpopleura sexmaculata sexmaculata (Fabricius, 1787)

30. Pantala flavescens (Fabricius, 1798)

31. Rhyothemis variegata variegata (Linnaeus, 1763)

32. Selysiothemis nigra (Vander Linden, 1825)

33. Sympetrum decoloratum (Selys, 1884)

34. Tramea virginia (Rambur, 1842)

35. Trithemis aurora (Burmeister, 1839)

36. Trithemis festiva (Rambur, 1842)

37. Trithemis Kirbyi Kirbyi Selys, 1891

38. Trithemis pallidinervis (Kirby1889)

39. Urothemis signata signata (Rambur, 1842)

40. Zygonyx torrida isis Fraser, 1924

41. Zyxomma petiolatum Rambur, 1842

4.6.6 The Wet Mountains.

1 Aeshna juncea (Linnaeus, 1758)

2 Anax immaculifrons Rambur, 1842

 163

3 Anax parthenope (Selys, 1839)

4 Cordulegaster brevistigma (Selys, 1854)

5 Macromia moorei Selys, 1874

6 Burmagomphus pyramidalis Laidlaw, 1922

7 Burmagomphus sivalikensis Laidlaw, 1922

8 Ictinogomphus angulosus (Selys,1854)

9 Ictinogomphus rapax Rambur , 1842

10 Mesogomphus lineatus (Selys, 1850)

11 Nepogomphus modestus (Selys, 1878)

12 Onychogomphus bistrigatus (Selys, 1854)

13 Onychogomphus biforceps (Selys,1878)

14 Platygomphus dolabratus Selys, 1854

15 Acisoma panorpoides panorpoides Rambur, 1842

16 Brachydiplax sobrina (Rambur, 1842)

17 Brachythemis contaminata (Fabricius, 1793)

18 Crocothemis erythraea (Brulle, 1832)

19 Crocothemis servilia (Drury, 1770)

20 Diplacodes lefebvrei (Rambur, 1842)

21 Diplacodes trivialis (Rambur, 1842)

22 Orthetrum anceps (Schneider, 1845)

23 Orthetrum chrysostigma luzonicum (Brauer, 1868)

24 Orthetrum glaucum (Brauer, 1865)

25 Orthetrum japonicum internum MacLachlan, 1894

26 Orthetrum purinosum neglectum (Rambur, 1842)

 164

27 Orthetrum sabina (Drury, 1770)

28 Orthetrum taeniolatum (Schneider, 1845)

29 Orthetrum testaceum testaceum (Burmeister, 1839)

30 Orthetrum triangulare triangulare (Selys, 1878)

31 Palpopleura sexmaculata sexmaculata (Fabricius, 1787)

32 Pantala flavescens (Fabricius, 1798)

33 Rhodothemis rufa (Rambar, 1842)

34 Sympetrum commixtum (Selys, 1884)

35 Sympetrum decoloratum (Selys, 1884)

36 Sympetrum haematoneura Fraser, 1924

37 Sympetrum meridionale (Selys, 1841)

38 Tramea virginia (Rambur, 1842)

39 Trithemis aurora (Burmeister, 1839)

40 Trithemis festiva (Rambur, 1842)

41 Trithemis Kirbyi Kirbyi Selys, 1891

42 Zygonyx torrida isis Fraser, 1924

43 Zyxomma petiolatum Rambur, 1842

4.6.7 The Northern Dry Mountains.

1. Aeshna juncea (Linnaeus, 1758)

2. Anax nigrofasciatus Fraser,1935

3. Anax parthenope (Selys, 1839)

4. Cephalaeschna masoni (Martin, 1909)

5. Cordulegaster brevistigma (Selys, 1854)

 165

6. Onychogomphus bistrigatus (Selys, 1854)

7. Ophiogomphus reductus Calvert, 1889

8. Acisoma panorpoides panorpoides Rambur, 1842

9. Brachydiplax sobrina (Rambur, 1842)

10. Brachythemis contaminata (Fabricius, 1773)

11. Crocothemis erythraea (Brulle, 1832)

12. Crocothemis servilia (Drury, 1770)

13. Diplacodes lefebvrei (Rambur, 1842)

14. Libellula quadrimaculata Linnaeus, 1758

15. Orthetrum anceps (Schneider, 1845)

16. Orthetrum brunneum brunneum (Fonscolombe, 1837)

17. Orthetrum cancellatum cancellatum (Linnaeus, 1758)

18. Orthetrum chrysostigma luzonicum (Brauer, 1868)

19. Orthetrum purinosum neglectum (Rambur, 1842)

20. Orthetrum sabina (Drury, 1770)

21. Orthetrum taeniolatum (Schneider, 1845)

22. Orthetrum triangulare triangulare (Selys, 1878)

23. Palpopleura sexmaculata sexmaculata (Fabricius, 1787)

24. Pantala flavescens (Fabricius, 1798)

25. Rhyothemis variegata variegata (Linnaeus, 1763)

26. Sympetrum decoloratum (Selys, 1884)

27. Tramea virginia (Rambur, 1842)

28. Trithemis aurora (Burmeister, 1839)

29. Trithemis festiva (Rambur, 1842)

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4.6.8 The Western Dry Mountains.

1 Anax parthenope (Selys, 1839)

2 Brachythemis contaminata (Fabricius, 1773)

3 Crocothemis erythraea (Brulle, 1832)

4 Crocothemis servilia (Drury, 1770)

5 Diplacodes lefebvrei (Rambur, 1842)

6 Orthetrum anceps (Schneider, 1845)

7 Orthetrum brunneum brunneum (Fonscolombe, 1837)

8 Orthetrum chrysostigma luzonicum (Brauer, 1868)

9 Orthetrum sabina (Drury, 1770)

10 Orthetrum taeniolatum (Schneider, 1845)

11 Pantala flavescens (Fabricius, 1798)

12 Selysiothemis nigra (Vander Linden, 1825)

13 Sympetrum commixtum (Selys, 1884)

14 Sympetrum fonscolombei (Selys, 1840)

15 Trithemis Kirbyi Kirbyi Selys, 1891

4.6.9 The Dry Western Plateau.

1 Anax parthenope (Selys, 1839)

2 Anormogomphus kiritschenkoi Bartenef, 1913

3 Acisoma panorpoides panorpoides Rambur, 1842

4 Crocothemis erythraea (Brulle, 1832)

5 Crocothemis servilia (Drury, 1770)

6 Diplacodes lefebvrei (Rambur, 1842)

 167

7 Orthetrum brunneum brunneum (Fonscolombe, 1837)

8 Orthetrum sabina (Drury, 1770)

9 Pantala flavescens (Fabricius, 1798)

10 Selysiothemis nigra (Vander Linden, 1825)

4.6.10 The Suleiman Piedmont.

1 Ictinogomphus rapax (Rambur, 1842)

2 Brachydiplax sobrina (Rambur, 1842)

3 Brachythemis contaminata (Fabricius, 1773)

4 Crocothemis erythraea (Brulle, 1832)

5 Neurothemis tullia tullia (Drury, 1773)

6 Orthetrum purinosum neglectum (Rambur, 1842)

7 Pantala flavescens (Fabricius, 1798)

8 Rhyothemis variegata variegata (Linnaeus, 1763)

9 Urothemis signata signata (Rambur, 1842)

 168

4.6.11 CHECKLIST OF DRAGONFLIES OF PAKISTAN

AESHNIDAE

Aeshna Fabricius, 1775

Aeshna juncea (Linnaeus, 1758)

Anaciaeschna Selys, 1878

Anaciaeshna jaspidea (Burmeister, 1839)

Anax Leach, 1815

Anax indicus Lieftinck, 1942

Anax immaculifrons Rambur, 1842

Anax nigrofasciatus Fraser, 1935

Anax parthenope (Selys, 1839)

Cephalaeschna Selys, 1883

Cephalaeschna masoni (Martin, 1909)

Gynacanthaeschna Fraser, 1921

Gynacanthaeshna sikkima (Karsch, 1891)

Hemianax Selys, 1883

Hemianax ephippiger (Burmeister, 1839)

CORDULEGASTRIDAE

Cordulegaster Leach, 1815

Cordulegaster brevistigma (Selys, 1854)

 169

CORDULIIDAE

Epophthalmia Burmeister, 1839

Epopthalmia vittata vittata Burmeister, 1839

Macromia Rambur, 1842

Macromia cingulata Rambur, 1842

Macromia moorei Selys, 1874

GOMPHIDAE

Anormogomphus Selys, 1854

Anormogomphus kiritschenkoi Bartenef, 1913

Burmagomphus Williamson, 1907

Burmagomphus pyramidalis Laidlaw, 1922

Burmagomphus sivalikensis Laidlaw, 1922

Gomphidia Selys, 1854

Gomphidia t-nigrum Selys, 1854

Ictinogomphus Cowley, 1934

Ictinogomphus angulosus (Selys, 1854)

Ictinogomphus rapax (Rambur, 1842)

Mesogomphus Forster, 1906

Mesogomphus lineatus (Selys, 1850)

Nepogomphus Fraser, 1934

Nepogomphus modestus (Selys, 1878)

Onychogomphus Selys, 1854

Onychogomphus bistrigatus (Selys, 1854)

 170

Onychogomphus biforceps (Selys, 1878)

Ophiogomphus Selys, 1854

Ophiogomphus reductus Calvert, 1889

Platygomphus Selys, 1854

Platygomphus dolabratus Selys, 1854

LIBELLULIDAE

Acisoma Rambur, 1842

Acisoma panorpoides panorpoides Rambur, 1842

Brachydiplax Brauer, 1868

Brachydiplax sobrina (Rambur, 1842)

Brachythemis Brauer, 1868

Brachythemis contaminata (Fabricius, 1793)

Bradinopyga Kirby, 1893

Bradinopyga geminata (Rambur, 1842)

Crocothemis Brauer, 1868

Crocothemis erythraea (Brulle, 1832)

Crocothemis servilia (Drury, 1770)

Diplacodes Kirby, 1889

Diplacodes lefebvrei (Rambur, 1842)

Diplacodes trivialis (Rambur, 1842)

Libellula Linnaeus, 1758

Libellula quadrimaculata Linnaeus, 1758

 171

Neurothemis Brauer, 1867

Neurothemis fluctuans (Fabricius, 1793)

Neurothemis tullia tullia (Drury, 1773)

Orthetrum Newman, 1833

Orthetrum anceps (Schneider, 1845)

Orthetrum brunneum brunneum (Fonscolombe, 1837)

Orthetrum cancellatum cancellatum (Linnaeus, 1758)

Orthetrum chrysis (Selys, 1891)

Orthetrum chrysostigma luzonicum (Brauer, 1868)

Orthetrum glaucum (Brauer, 1865)

Orthetrum japonicum internum MacLachlan, 1894

Orthetrum purinosum neglectum (Rambur, 1842)

Orthetrum sabina (Drury, 1770)

Orthetrum taeniolatum (Schneider, 1845)

Orthetrum testaceum testaceum (Burmeister, 1839)

Orthetrum triangulare triangulare (Selys, 1878)

Palpopleura Rambur, 1842

Palpopleura sexmaculata sexmaculata (Fabricius, 1787)

Pantala Hagen, 1861

Pantala flavescens (Fabricius, 1798)

Rhodothemis Ris, 1909

Rhodothemis rufa (Rambar, 1842)

Rhyothemis Hagen, 1867

Rhyothemis variegata variegata (Linnaeus, 1763)

 172

Selysiothemis Ris, 1897

Selysiothemis nigra (Vander Linden, 1825)

Sympetrum Newman, 1833

Sympetrum commixtum (Selys, 1884)

Sympetrum decoloratum (Selys, 1884)

Sympetrum fonscolombei (Selys, 1840)

Sympetrum haematoneura Fraser, 1924

Sympetrum meridionale (Selys, 1841)

Tramea Hagen, 1861

Tramea basilaris burmeisteri Kirby, 1889

Tramea virginia (Rambur, 1842)

Trithemis Brauer, 1868

Trithemis aurora (Burmeister, 1839)

Trithemis festiva (Rambur, 1842)

Trithemis Kirbyi Kirbyi Selys, 1891

Trithemis pallidinervis (Kirby, 1889)

Tholymis Hagen, 1867

Tholymis tillarga (Fabricius,1798)

Urothemis Brauer, 1868

Urothemis signata signata (Rambur, 1842)

Zygonyx Hagen, 1867

Zygonyx torrida isis Fraser, 1924

Zyxomma Rambur, 1842

Zyxomma petiolatum Rambur, 1842

 173

KPK

= Aeshnidae
= Corduliidae
= Cordulegasteridae
= Gomphidae
= Libellulidae

Fig. 4.15: Area occupied by different families of dragonflies

 174

DRAGONFLIES FAMILIES IDENTIFIED FROM DIFFERENT AGRO

AGRO-
ECOLOGICAL REGIONS

5
NO. OF FAMILIES

4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5 5
2 4 4 4
1.5 3 3
1 2 2 2
0.5 1
0

AGRO-ECOLOGICAL REGIONS

Fig. 4.16: DRAGONFLIES FAMILIES IDENTIFIED FROM DIFFERENT AGRO-ECOLOGICAL

ECOLOGICAL REGIONS
 175

DRAGONFLIES GENERA IDENTIFIED FROM DIFFERENT AGRO-

AGRO
ECOLOGICAL REGIONS

30
NO. OF GENERA

25
20
15 28
24
10 17 19
15
5 11 9 9 8 9
0

AGRO-ECOLOGICAL REGIONS

Fig. 4.17: DRAGONFLIES GENERA IDENTIFIED FROM DIFFERENT AGRO

AGRO-ECOLOGICAL
ECOLOGICAL REGIONS
 176

DRAGONFLIES SPECIES IDENTIFIED FROM DIFFERENT AGRO-

AGRO
ECOLOGICAL REGIONS

45
40
35
NO. OF SPECIES

30
25
41 43
20
15 29
10 21
17 15 15
5 10 10 9
0

AGRO-ECOLOGICAL REGIONS

Fig. 4.18: DRAGONFLIES SPECIES IDENTIFIED FROM DIFFERENT AGRO-ECOLOGICAL

ECOLOGICAL REGION
 177

DRAGONFLIES COLLECTION FROM

PAKISTAN
80
No of species

60
46 68
40 39
20
35
0 20

Fig. 4.19: Dragonflies

ragonflies collected during different years from Pakistan
 178

Extensive surveys to explore dragonflies fauna of Pakistan were carried out

during 2005 – 2009 in all the ten agro-ecological regions of Pakistan. A total of 1349

specimens belonging to 05 families, 39 genera and 68 species were collected and

identified. Fig. 4.15 shows the area of Pakistan occupied by different dragonfly

families which indicate that the specimens of the families Aeshnidae and

Labellulidae are distributed throughout the country, Corduliidae dragonflies are

restricted in mountainous and sub mountainous areas whereas, Cordulagesteridae

species are found in only mountainous areas. The specimens of Gomphidae family

are scattered in all parts of Pakistan. Fig. 4.16 shows maximum i.e. 5 families were

identified from Wet Mountains followed by Notheren Irrigated Plain, Barani Lands

and Northern Dry Mountains each having four families of anisoptrans. The minimum

only one family was identified from Sany Desert. Fig. 4.17 shows the maximum 28

genera of Anisoptra were identified from Barani Lands followed by 24, 19, 17 and

15 from Wet Mountains, Northern Dry Mountains, Northern Irrigated Plain and

Indus Delta, respectively. Minimum 08 genera of Anisoptra were identified from Dry

Western Plateau. Fig. 4.18 shows among the collected 68 species, 17 species from

The Indus Delta, 15 species from The Southern Irrigated Plains, 10 species from The

Sandy Desert, 21 species from The Northern Irrigated Plains, 41species from The

Barani Lands, 43 species from The Wet Mountains, 29 species from The Northern

Dry Mountains, 15 species from The Western Dry Mountains, 10 species from The

Dry Western Plateau and 09 species from The Sulaiman Piedmont were recorded.

Fig. 4.19 shows that maximam 68 species of dragonflies were collected during 2010

from Pakistan.
 SUMMARY

Extensive surveys to explore dragonflies fauna of Pakistan were carried out

during 2005 – 2009 in all the ten agro-ecological regions of Pakistan. A total of 1349

specimens belonging to 05 families, 39 genera and 68 species were collected and

identified. Among the collected fauna family Aeshnidae having 09 species belonging

to 06 genera, family Cordulegasteridae with only one species, Corduliidae with 03

species of 02 genera, Gomphidae with 12 species of 09 genera and Libellulidae with

43 species belonging to 21 genera were recorded from Pakistan. Seven species

Anaciaeshna jaspidea Burmeister, 1839, Anax indicus Lieftinck, 1942,

Gynacanthaeshna sikkima (Karsch, 1891), Epopthalmia vittata vittata Burmeister,

1839 Macromia moorei Selys, 1874 Onychogomphus biforceps (Selys, 1878) and

Rhodothemis rufa (Rambar, 1842) are reported first time from Pakistan. So, seven

species are added to the existing anisopterous fauna of Pakistan. Details for the

collected material i.e. valid names, their synonyms, measurements of different body

parts (abdomen, forewing and hindwing ) maximum and minimum temperature,

relative humidity, longitude, latitude and altitude for localities, habitat description,

dates of collection, distribution range, as well as international distribution and

differential characters from published descriptions for new records to country have

been provided. The characters of the species already identified have not been

included in this manuscript, because they have already significantly been dealt with

by a number of authors in their works. Coloured images of some species and habitats

of all species are also presented. Taxonomic keys for families, genera and species

level are also presented. Check lists of all the 10 agro-ecological regions of Pakistan

and the corresponding checklist of dragonflies of Pakistan have also been presented.

179
 180

On completion of study, Anisopterous fauna of Pakistan has been explored

with a total of 68 species, thereby adding seven new records to earlier reported data.

Among the collected 68 species, 17 species from The Indus Delta, 15 species from

The Southern Irrigated Plains, 10 species from The Sandy Desert, 21 species from

The Northern Irrigated Plains, 41species from The Barani Lands, 43 species from

The Wet Mountains, 29 species from The Northern Dry Mountains, 15 species from

The Western Dry Mountains, 10 species from The Dry Western Plateau and 09

species from The Suleiman Piedmont were recorded. Maximum number of species

43 was recorded from the wet mountain zone. Collected specimens have been

reposited at Biosystematics laboratory, Department of Entomology, Pir Mehr Ali

Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi as reference collection for future

taxonomic studies.
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