PROPOSED STRATEGIES FOR
REDUCING CRIME IN BARBADOS
David AchanfilO Yeb oah
Introduction directed primarily at Barbados, they may be
useful and have ramifications for many other
cA glance at the local daily
newspapers reveals variou s
Caribbean countries.
The purpose of this article is, therefore,
'--_ _ _--1 reports of crime, There is an to throw more light on crime in Barbados,
emerging belief that the incidence and discuss criminal activity in Barbados and
prevalence of crime in this island are becoming propose strategies to reduce crime on the
endemic. Best (200 I: 8) wrote Island. The article commences with a brief
discussion of criminal activity and continues
Within a matter of hours , the to present a number of strategies to improve
headlines were telling us of visitors the si tuation.
being robbed at gunpoint and locals
being shot at in public, along with a Methodology
man being shot in public.
The methodo logy involves a description
of crime in Barbados, including a brief analysis
In addition, Pres cod (2001 : 2) stated of crime statistics, followed by a discussion
of the proposed strategies . The source of data
A SI. Philip mother had to turn away . for the statistical analysis of crime is the Police
from her window on Sunday morning crime statIstIcs The discussion of crime
when she saw her son being chopped statisti cs, therefore, relates only to crimes
with a cutlass before her eyes. which were reported to the Police,
These are but a few examples of an emerging Results
trend in criminal activity in Barbados, a trend
which appears consistent with the situation Criminal Activity
in many other Caribbean countries, especially
That crime is rising in Barbados is not in
Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago. This trend
quest io n (see , for example, National
presupposes a need to identity, develop and
Taskforce on Crime Prevention, 2000 ;
implement strategies to arrest the undesired
Evanson 200 I) . Table I shows recorded
high incidence and prevalence of criminal
crimes by type in 1990 and 1999.
activity in Barbados , This is the rationale
behind this study. While the strategies are
Table 1. Recorded Crimes in Barbados, 1990-1999 (%)
"Type of Crime 1990 1999 % Change 1990-99
Burglary of Dwelling House 30.2 25 .0 -172
Other Burglary 9.2 9.7 5.4
Robbery 3.9 53 35 .9
Violence 5.3 8.1 52.8
Criminal Damage 5.0 6.8 36.0
Drugs 6.1 11.9 95 .1
Criminal Deception 4.2 3.1 -26.2
Theft of Motor Vehicle 0.4 3.4 750.0
Theft from Motor Vehicle 5.5 5.6 1.8
Theft from Shops 4.0 4.8 20.0
Other Theft 26.2 16 .3 -37.8
Sources: Derived from National Taskforce on Crime, 2000 and Police Statistics.
* Barbados Police crimes classifications
Burglary of dwelling houses continues to be In terms of changes in percentage points
the largest single crime in Barbados, recording between 1990 and 1999, the largest change
30 .2% and 25.0% of criminal activity in was recorded for other theft (9.9%), followed
Barbados in 1990 and 1999 respectively. This by drugs (5.4%), burglary of dwelling houses
is followed by other theft (which includes theft (-5 .2%). Another way to analyze the statistics
from individuals etc.), which recorded 26.2% is to look at % changes in proportion (which
and 16.3% of crimes in 1990 and 1999 is different from changes in percentage
respectively Other burglary (9.2% in 1990 points). Percentage points presents the
and 9.7% in 1999), drugs (6.1 % in 1990 and changes in terms of magnitude of the
I 1.9% in 1999), violence (5.3% in 1990 and proportion, while % changes provide the
8.1 % in 1999) and criminal damage (5 .0% changes as a proportion of the base year
and 6.8% in 1990 and 1999 respectively) also percentages (i .e., 1990).
recorded higher proportions. Theft of a motor
vehicle recorded the lowest proportion of The largest % change in proportions was
0.4% in 1990, while criminal deception recorded for theft of motor vehicles; the
(3 . 1%) recorded the lowest proportion in recorded cases of this crime increased by
1999.
750 .0% from 1990 to 1999. Other large The crime situation in Barbados is
increases were recorded for drugs (95.1 %), exacerbated by the increasing incidence of
violence (52.8%), criminal damage (36.0%) serious crimes involving the use of firearms.
and robbery (35.9%) Other theft (-37.8%) Firearm-related crimes increased by more than
and burglary of dwelling houses (-172%) 50% during 1999 and 2000 (Evanson, 200 I:
recorded negative % changes or decreasing 11). Table 2 shows the recorded cases of
number of recorded cases from 1990 to 1999. firearm-related crimes for January to
November 1999 and January to November
2000.
Table 2
Number of Firearm-Related Crimes, Barbados, 1999-2000
Firearm-related Crime 1999 2000 % Change 1999-2000
Murders 7 6 -14.3
Robbery/Robbery with Assault 75 138 84.0
Endangering Life/Shooting at 35 61 74.3
Unlawful Possession 61 73 19.7
Firearm Theft 5 5 00
Source: Evanson 2001 : 8.
In both 1999 and 2000, the single largest With regards to % changes in firearm-
firearm-related crime was robbery and related crimes between 1999 and 2000, the
robbery with assault , recording 75 and 138 largest change occurred in the recorded cases
cases in 1999 and 2000 respectively. This was of robbery and/or robbery with assault (84%
followed by unlawful possession of firearms increase). This was followed by endangering
(61 in 1999 and 73 in 2000), and endangering life/s hooting (74 . 3%), and unlawful
life or shooting at, which recorded 35 and 61 possession ofa firearm (1 9.7%). The number
cases in 1999 and 2000 respectively. There of murders involving the use of a firearm
was no change in the recorded cases offirearm recorded the only decline of -14.3%.
theft in 1999 and 2000 (5 cases each), while
numerically recorded cases of murder
involving the use of a firearm decreased from
7 to 6 during the 1999-2000 period.
Strategies opportunitIes for those who decide to
relinquish association with the group.
The underlying principle for strategies is
that strategies aimed at reducing crime in There is growing empirical evidence to
Barbados have a good potential to be support the links between employment and
successful ifcarefully planned, developed and crime (see Thomas el al., 1998). The basic
implemented . Corroborating this view, relationship is that gainfully employed people
National Task Force on Crime Prevention have a lower propensity to commit crimes
(2000: 18) stated for example that "targeted than the unemployed. Creating employment
crime prevention could reduce crime against opportunities for the population, especially the
visitors even further." The proposed youth and ex-convicts has the potential to
strategies cover three principal areas, namely prevent crime.
prevention, reparation and retribution, and
rehabilitation. These principal strategic areas In Barbados, the youth are urged to enroll
are augmented by interagency collaboration in the Barbados Youth Service, a program
and research, monitoring and evaluation and which requires the youth to spend up to a year
funding (see also Davidson el. al., 1981). in a secluded facility where they are taught
various skills and discipline. It is the
Prevention contention of this study that an attempt is
made to expand the intake of youth by making
As the old adage goes, " prevention is more places available, and also to promote
better than cure," and this is the philosophical the existence of the facility to a broad segment
basis for proposing preventive strategies. of the youth population as possible.
Crime prevention should occur at two levels
i.e., stopping first time offenders or potentiai There is also some theoretical and
offenders from becoming criminals and empirical support for the position that youth
secondly reducing recidivism among those who stay in school longer and acquire relevant
who are already criminals. qualifications, increase their employability
and , in the process, are more likely to obtain
Crime prevention can take various forms jobs. In addition, strong family and social
but the strategy being espoused here is prope~ supports are essential ingredients for
education of both potential victims and the preventing the occurrence of crime.
perpetrators, and the creation of conditions Broadhurst (1 991), Motiuk (1995) and
which would not encourage the commissio~ Yeboah (2000) provide a synthesis of evidence
of crime, conditions which would make crime to show that supportive family and other
unattractive as an option to the perpetrators. social environments assist in crime prevention
Thomas el al. (1998) and other researchers and reduction . Negative family and social
point out that many factors are known to environments do not only facilitate the
prevent crime. They include the creation of occurrence of crime, they also impact
employment opportunities, education, strong adversely on various measures adopted to
family and societal support, and good social fight crime. For example, Yeboah (2000: 228)
environment, reduction in gang, group, or pointed out that " personal change is difficult
peer pressure, and protection and in the context of negative environment."
Most of the time, gang, group or peer watch groups referred to in some jurisdictions
pressure constitutes a driving force which as "Neighbourhood Watch." Non-vigilante
encourage and, sometimes, compels people community groups such as Neighbourhood
to commit crime . An effective crime Watch could deter and prevent crime in
prevention strategy should include measures Barbados.
to enhance and facilitate people leaving gangs,
criminal groups and bad peers. Measures, Measures aimed at preventing crime
such as sanctuary and protection for those should begin early, with parents inculcating
who want to leave bad company, tend to good values, honesty and various disciplines
encourage people to leave their gang or group in their children, children being taught early
affiliations and help reduce crime. at school that crime does not help society,
does not pay and could land the perpetrators
The situation in Barbados where many in prison . The plan of action is to change the
young adults just idle the time away in what thinking of criminals and potential criminals
is known locally as 'liming' can and do through changing their cognitive skills and
contribute to crime. There must be something making them think straight (see also
fruitful and worthwhile for the youth to do . McFarlane - Nathan 1994).
For example, the youth should be encouraged
to stay in school longer, special recreational Sight should also not be lost of the fact
programs could be developed and that, for crime prevention measures to work,
employment and related opportunities they must be well targeted . The groups and
improved. individuals to whom the measures are
directed , should be clearly defined and
The presence of the Police in localities of identified . Crime prevention education
major criminal activity tends to serve as a involving various advertisements in
deterrent, and a crime prevention strategy newspapers and on television can assist with
would not be complete without a strong crime reduction, but they must address
Police presence. The strategy espouses pressmg CrImes.
further that the Police should be well trained,
equipped and adequately remunerated to Retribution and Reparation
enable them to perform effectively and
efficiently. Recent efforts in Barbados to pay A second group of strategies is broadly
the Police various allowances for extra work, headlined retribution and reparation. This
the introduction of a six day week for the strategy incorporates plans of action which
Police are all steps in the right direction. are intended to ensure that criminals do not
Police patrols must increase especially in escape punishment for their crimes. There is
Brittons Hill in the Parish of St Michael and a school of thought which espouses that
Four Roads and Six Roads in the Parish of St criminals must be punished to serve as a
Philip, where gun touting youth have been deterrent, while another school of thought
tormenting residents in recent times . emphasizes rehabilitation (the third strategy
proposed in this article) The thrust of the
Closely associated with strong Police proposed strategy is for the level of sentencing
presence is the establishment of community to reflect the nature of the crime.
Central to the reparation and retribution Rehabilitation
strategy is the proposal for Barbados to
establish and employ a range of sentencing While not losing sight of the second group
options in the criminal justice system. In many of strategies headlined reparation and
other countries, sentences range from caution, retribution, it is the contention of this article
reprimand and discharge, community services that a third strategy with empha'sis on
and orders, fines, periodic detention to rehabilitation will be in order. There is a
imprisonment (see Petersilia 1996; and synthesis of research evidence which discusses
Yeboah 2000). In Barbados, the common the potential contribution of rehabilitation
sentences are imprisonment, fines and what programs to crime reduction (Yablonsky
is known locally as "convicted, reprimanded 1989; Wexler el a/ 1990; Palmer 1991 ; and
and discharged or CRD ." Inherent in the Yeboah 2000) According to this school of
proposed strategy is the urgent need for non- thought offenders should be rehabilitated
custodial sentences such as fines to be instead of imprisonment or at least there
enforced . should be opportunities for rehabilitation
alongside imprisonment.
Closely related is a plan of action for
including restorative justice in the Barbados Rehabilitation programs, according to this
criminal justice system. Restorative justice is paper, may be located within the prisons
a victim-offender mediation process which environment, i.e., in Glendairy Prison or
brings the offender into contact with the victim within the community. Also, the rehabilitation
after the event. Restorative justice is now an programs can be operated by either
integral component of the criminal justice government agencies or private community
systems in many countries, especially Canada, groups or jointly by both .
and according to Achtenberg (2000 : 32),
restorative justice is "founded on the belief Inter-agency Colla boration
that criminal behaviour is primarily caused by
the alienation of certain members from society As a number of agencies are involved in
at large."
the fight against c rime , a strategy to
strengthen inter-agency co-ordination is
With regards to reparation, it is the essential to the successful implementation of
contention of this article that certain any crime redu ction measures in Barbados.
categories of offenders should not only be The Barbados Police and Defence Force must
punished for the damage and related offences work in close collaboration with the National
they commit, but also they should be made to Task Force on Crime Prevention, Crown
pay reparations to the victims. Offenders Counsels, Prison Department and other law
convicted of robbery, burglary and theft enforcem ent authorities as well as non
(whether aggravated or non-aggravated) government organizations, community groups
should be made to reimburse the victims for and regional and international agencies.
what was stolen andlor damage caused.
Research, Monitoring and Crime reduction in Barbados is most likely
Evaluation to succeed if some effort is directed at
stopping the commencement of crime. Proper
The strategy on research, monitoring and education of victims and potential victims
evaluation of policies and programs in the about how to avoid crime is essential to create
Barbados criminal justice system is based on awareness among the general populace about
the philosophy that adequate knowledge, crime avoidance and , subsequently, crime
information, and understanding of criminals reduction .
and the criminal justice system is essential to
reduce crime. The proposed strategy is for Crime prevention programs including
consistent research to be undertaken on safety education should be well targeted and
pertinent issues, collection and compilation directed at prevailing crimes. A case in point
of adequate quantitative and qualitative is television advertisements advising the
information on crime , as well as the people of Barbados not to accept rides from
monitoring and evaluation of intervention strangers. Thi s National Task Force on Crime
policies and programs (see also National Prevention advertisement shows two young
Taskforce on Crime Prevention 2000). girls waiting at a bus stop when a car pulls up
and offers them a ride to the city. One accepts
the ride and ends up being murdered, while
Funding
the other waits for the bus. While this lesson
is clear it is of little value because the crime
Central to all the strategies proposed in
the advertisement is targeting is virtually non-
this paper is the issue of adequate funding . A
existent in Barbados, or rare at best.
strategy is proposed requiring the government
of Barbados and its relevant authorities to
The statistical evidence provided earlier
ensure adequate funding of institutions within
indicate that robbery, burglary and offences
the criminal justice system (see Mainprize,
involving the use of firearms are increasing.
1992).
Hence the need for an advertisement which
_ will add ress those offences, not a non-existent
Discussion cnm e.
The unprecedented rise in criminal activity The rising youth criminal activity requires
(especially serious violent crimes) in Barbados stringent measures directed specifically at the
in recent times is now becoming endemic. youth . Many Barbados youth have nothing
Serious violent offences, including offences to do and spend their time 'liming' on the
involving the use of a firearm are very rife in block, as it is called locall y. As a result, many
various segments of Barbados society, and the fall prey to bad company and undesired peer
position that strong measures have to be pressu re and find themselves in the law courts.
developed , adopted and imple mented to While the Barbados Youth Service is assisting
reduce crime cannot be overemphasized . As many young persons, the number of available
reported in the media, there is genuine fear places is very limited . Aneed therefore exists
among many residents for their personal safety to increa se the number of available places and!
as the occurrence of violent and firearm- or create other new avenues for the youth to
related crime continues to escalate.
occupy their minds and reduce their deterrence to crime, once an offender is
propensity to commit crime from idleness. incarcerated, that particular offender would
The youth should be encouraged to stay in not be available to torment society, reducing
school longer. This could allow them to that particular offender's recidivism rate. The
acquire some qualifications and increase their more severe the sentence, the longer the
employability society is protected from that offender, and
there could even be an added bonus of some
While gang affiliation is not an issue in deterrence arising from it.
Barbados, peer pressure to commit crime is
rife and needs to be addressed . A possible The use of a range of sentencing options
way of easing this peer pressure is education would enable the courts to exercise some
and the use of the media, churches, schools, flexibility in sentencing offenders. First time
community groups and parents to inculcate offenders and non-serious offenders could be
good behaviour, discipline among the youth, sentenced to various non-custodial sentences
emphasizing the need to resist jumping on the which may not bring them into contact with
band wagon. hard core criminals, and possibly stop them
from becoming hardened criminals (see also
Police presence is a useful deterrent to Petersilia 1996). Having a range of sentencing
crime in most jurisdictions, and Barbados is options creates the situation where first time
no exception. Visible Police presence and non-seri ous offenders, for example, may still
community activities such as Neighbourhood be punished for their crime, but the sentence
Watch tend to deter crime. Neighbourhood is such that they still have a chance to get
Watch groups exist in Barbados but, as noted their lives back together without further
by Jerson (2001: 2) , "many of the 107 recidivism.
Neighbourhood Watches around the island are
not functioning, despite their success in Fines where imposed must be enforced
reducing the level of crime" Indeed, many within the timeframe set by the courts for
of these dormant groups would have to be payment, otherwise the purpose is defeated .
revamped and reactivated to enable them to In Barbados, many offenders do not pay their
contribute to crime deterrence and reduction. fin es and no monitoring of fined offenders
occurs to ensure that fines are paid. Most of
There has been public outcry over the the time the issues of unpaid fines comes up
length of sentences that serious offenders have when the offender re-offends and appears in
been receiving in Barbados. There have been court, and the offend er 's antecedents are
calls made to the Government for harsher researched and reported to the Court.
punishment for serious offenders. Many
people believe that more severe sentences Another proposed sentencing option is
serve as a deterrent and should be encouraged. restorative justice. According to proponents
The standpoint taken in this study is that the of restorative justice, this process has a good
retribution and/or reparation must reflect the potential to succeed and reduce recidivism
seriousness of the crime committed. (see, for example, Achtenberg 2000 ; and
Bayda 2000). Linkages between and among
Even though there is no conclusive link families and the need for family support for
between sentencing to imprisonment and both vi ctims and perpetrators in Barbados
mean that restorative justice could work to is likely to increase when they are released
reduce crime. into the community after serving their
custodial sentence. Indeed, Dyer (1994)
The small population of Barbados and the concurred with this view and reported that
situation of many families knowing one recidivism was likely to increase if offenders
another have the potential to seriously lived in a non-therapeutic environment during
embarrass offenders and their families in the the period of incarceration.
restorative justice context. Culturally, it may
thus put added pressure on parents and There is an ongoing debate in the
families to instill discipline in the children and criminological research literature about the
put pressure on family members to refrain best place to locate rehabilitation programs,
from crime. ie , in prison or within the community (see,
for example, Yeboah 2000). While Wexler el
Besides, restorative justice works on the aI, (i 990) and Antonowicz and Ross (1994)
basis of remorse, compassion and shame, and contended that prison-based rehabilitation
could work in Barbados because of the large programs could reduce recidivism, other
proportion of Christians in the population of researchers found no difference between
this society. prison-based and community based programs
(Asher and Norris 1991; and Lloyed el al.,
The debate on whether to rehabilitate 1994). This debate has very little significance
offenders or throw them into jail continues in Barbados at the moment because
unabated in all jurisdictions (see, for example, community groups and organizations are not
Andrews el at. 1990; and Yeboah 2000: 227) particularly well equipped to provide
and is present, to some extent, in Barbados. therapeutic rehabilitation programs, leaving
This article espouses strategies which rehabilitation of offenders in prison the only
incorporate rehabilitation with retribution and logical choice.
prevention, which are supported by research,
monitoring and evaluation of crime policies Even so, this study proposes that due
and programs. consideration be given to improving the
capacity of community groups to deliver
There should be opportunities within the rehabilitation programs as in other
criminal justice system of Barbados to jurisdictions. This has the added advantage
rehabilitate all types of offenders, from those of providing rehabilitation opportunities for
convicted of drug related crimes to serious offenders who receive non-custodial
violent offenders, including rapists, firearm sentences.
offenders, robbers and burglars. In terms of
the proposed strategy, the plan of action is Rehabilitation programs have the potential
for Barbados to take steps to include in the to work if carefully planned and if certain
criminal justice system, rehabilitation general requirements are met . These
programs fully supported by adequate requirements include inter alia, supportive
legislation and funding. Where offenders are family environment (Broadhurst 1991 ;
incarcerated without any attempt to Motiuk, 1995), adequate length oftime spent
rehabilitate them, the potential for recidivism on program (Wexler et al., 1990; Minor and
Hartmann 1992; Yeboah 2000), and provide the Police with up to date equipment,
successful program completion (Barker and vehicles and related items.
Riley 1993; and Hartmann el aI., 1994).
Finally a strong research base is necessary
Other necessary contributors to successful to identify the underlying causes of criminal
rehabilitation include the use of cultural behaviour in Barbados, establish patterns and
factors (McFarlane-Nathan 1994, Thomas el trends in criminal activity, and provide
al., 1999 and Yeboah 2000), adequate adequate information for decision making,
identification and referral of residents (Begg policy and program development, and for
1991), use of peer groups (Yablonsky 1989; establishing best practice in the management
McLaren 1992) as well as gender of crime. Deosaran (2000: 12) concurred with
appropriateness of programs (Dowell el al., this view and "called for Caribbean
1985 and Calathes 1991). Barbados would, Governments to have policy-oriented crime
therefore, have to consider developing data in place, noting that this was [a] crucial
guidelines for the delivery of rehabilitation foundation for fighting drug-related crime and
programs for existing criminals to reduce other crimes"
recidivism .
A strong research and information base
Given the many and diverse agencies should be augmented with systematic
involved in the fight against crime in monitoring and evaluation of policies and
Barbados, interagency liaison and programs to identify the effectiveness and
coordination are crucial to successful crime efficiency of policies and programs, to ensure
reduction. Successful interagency co- that policy and program objectives are
ordination depends to a large extent on the achieved and to identify areas for further
clear definition of each agency's role and improvement.
mutual understanding of and support for each
other's role. Conclusion
Sight should not be lost of the need to This study has attempted to throw more
adequately fund the Police and Prison light on criminal activity in Barbados using
Departments and related crime fighting recent statistical and qualitative information.
agencies. The Police need to be well trained, It has been shown that criminal activity is now
well equipped and well remunerated to lead becoming endemic, with the incidence and
the fight against crime. The National Task prevalence of serious violent offences,
Force on Crime Prevention should also be especially firearm-related crimes increasing
adequately resourced financially, materially significantly in recent times .
and in terms of staffing to enable it to
undertake its duties efficiently and effectively The contention of the study is that a need
exists to arre st the crime situation in
In November 2000, the Government of Barbados, as many islanders are living in fear.
Barbados announced the introduction of a A number of strategies have been proposed
range of allowances for the Police. This is a which collectively have a good potential to
good initiative, but more funding is still tackle crime if carefully implemented. Some
required for actual wages and salaries, and to of these strategies are already in place in
Barbados, but many are conspicuously Strategies have been proposed in the areas
missing in the crime reduction measures of of prevention, retribution and reparation,
Barbados . The thrust of the proposed rehabilitation, as well as inter-agency
strategies is their collective potential to reduce collaboration, research, monitoring and
crime, and the need to carefully target and evaluation of programs and policies. Needless
implement the strategies. to add that this article also proposes adequate
funding for the Police and Prison Departments
and other agencies involved in crime control.
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