SECTION 24

Thermodynamic Properties
This section contains thermodynamic charts, correlations, the use of total enthalpy charts.
and calculation procedures.
An entropy correlation and an example calculation showing
The enthalpy correlation presents a rigorous method for cal- its use are also presented.
culation of enthalpy, followed by an example calculation illus-
trating the use of the associated charts. Also included is a
quicker, approximate method for enthalpy determinations by

FIG. 24-1
Nomenclature

H = enthalpy at desired conditions, Btu/lb mole, or Btu/lb Sp gr = specific gravity, dimensionless

H0 = ideal gas state enthalpy V = specific volume, cu ft/lb
H00 = enthalpy datum at zero pressure and zero hf = enthalpy of liquid, Btu/lb (Steam Tables)
temperature hg = enthalpy of gas, Btu/lb
H0T = ideal gas state enthalpy at temperature T hfg = enthalpy of vaporization (hg – hf)
HPT = enthalpy at desired pressure and temperature sf = entropy of liquid, Btu/(lb • °R)(Steam Tables)
MW = molecular weight sg = entropy of gas, Btu/(lb • °R)
P = absolute pressure, psia sfg = entropy change on vaporization (sg – sf)
Pc = critical or pseudocritical pressure, psia vf = specific volume of liquid, cu ft/lb (Steam Tables)
Pr = reduced pressure = P/P c vg = specific volume of gas, cu ft/lb
Pk = convergence pressure for multi-component vfg = specific volume change on vaporization (vg – vf)
systems, psia xi = mole fraction of component i in liquid phase
T = absolute temperature, °R yi = mole fraction of component i in vapor phase
Tc = critical or pseudocritical temperature, °R Greek
Tr = reduced temperature = T/T c Σi = summation for all components
R = gas constant, Fig.1-4 ω = acentric factor
°R = degrees Rankine = °F + 459.7 Subscripts
S = entropy, Btu/(lb mole • °R), or Btu/(lb • °R) m = mixture property
S0 = ideal gas state entropy i = any one component in a multicomponent mixture
Acentric Factor: A factor frequently used in correlating another pressure and/or temperature and returned to its
thermodynamic properties — defined by ω = log Pvr – 1.00 original condition.
where Pvr = reduced vapor pressure at Tr = 0.7. Mole(s): A mass of substance corresponding to its molecular
Corresponding States: The theory that proposes pure com- weight, expressed usually either as lb-moles or gm-moles.
ponents and mixtures have the same relative thermody- Phase Envelope: The boundaries of an area on the P-T dia-
namic properties when at the same relative thermodynamic gram for the material which encloses the region where both
state. vapor and liquid coexist.
Critical Pressure: The vapor pressure at the critical tem- Quality: The weight fraction of vapor in a vapor-liquid mix-
perature. ture.
Critical Temperature: The temperature above which a com- Reduced Pressure: The ratio of the absolute pressure to the
ponent cannot be liquefied. For mixtures, the temperature critical pressure.
above which all of the mixture cannot be liquid.
Reduced Temperature: The ratio of the absolute tempera-
Datum: A reference point.
ture to the critical temperature.
Density: Mass per unit volume of a substance.
Enthalpy: Heat content, H, composed of internal energy, E, Saturated Water: Water at its boiling temperature for the
and flow energy, PV. Usually expressed as H = E + PV. pressure exerted on it.
Entropy: A thermodynamic quantity, S, defined by the equa- Saturated Steam: Steam at the boiling temperature of
tion – dS = dQ/T where Q is the amount of heat entering or water for the pressure exerted on it but containing no liquid
leaving the system at absolute temperature, T. water.
Ideal Gas: A gas which follows the equation PV = nRT where Specific Volume: The volume of a substance per unit mass.
n = number of moles. (Inverse of density.)
Irreversibility: The degree of heat or work that is lost when Thermodynamics: The science which deals with the energy
a system is taken from one pressure and temperature to of systems and its changes and effects.

24-1
 ENTHALPY BEHAVIOR (H0T − HPT) the change of enthalpy with pressure, given
by the enthalphy difference between the
The change of enthalpy with temperature and pressure is ideal gas state enthalpy and the enthalpy at
complex. Predicting the enthalpy for a pure component or mix- the desired pressure, both quantities at the
ture is multi-step procedure that requires information that specified temperature, Btu/lb mole.
can only be obtained by experimental measurement. For pure
Since H00 is zero at the chosen datum, zero absolute tempera-
components, use of a P-H diagram like those shown in Figs.
24-22 to 24-35 is recommended. ture, Equation 24-1 can be written:
HPT = H0T − (H0T − HPT) Eq 24-2
The enthalpy behavior of mixtures can be predicted through
thermodynamic correlations. Use of a good contemporary Which can be simplified to:
equation of state is recommended for mixture enthalpy pre-
H = H0 − (H0 − H) Eq 24-3
dictions. Fig. 24-2 shows graphically the change in enthalpy
of three gas streams and two liquid streams as pressure is Values for the change of enthalpy with pressure for a real
changed at constant temperature. Values for the plot were gas or liquid are obtained from a correlation based on the prin-
calculated by the Soave10 version of the Redlich-Kwong equa- ciple of corresponding states.2 The original correlation was ex-
tion of state11. The curves in Fig. 24-2 are for no phase change tended to low reduced temperatures3 to cover low temperature
and show typical behavior of gas phase enthalpy decreasing gas processing applications. The correlation shown in Figs. 24-
and liquid phase enthalpy increasing with increasing pres- 6 and 24-7 consists of two parts. One part gives the change of
sure. enthalpy with pressure for a simple fluid (fluid with zero acen-
tric factor). The second part is a correction for deviation of a
Enthalpies for mixtures of real gases and liquids can be pre-
real fluid from the ideal fluid change of enthalpy with pres-
dicted by hand calculation methods. The ones recommended
sure. The value of (H0 –H) in Eq. 24-3 is calculated by:
for use are based on an extension of the principle of corre-
(0) (′)
sponding states and are shown graphically in Fig. 24-6 and  
24-7.  (H − H)
0
  (H0− H)  
(H0− H) = RTc   +ω   Eq 24-4
 RT c   RTc  
Ideal Gas State Enthalpies  

Enthalpies for pure component gases are readily correlated where:

as a power series of temperature for a wide range of compo-
[(H0 −H) / RTc](0) the change of enthalpy of a simple
nents including all of those that occur in natural gas streams. fluid with pressure from Fig. 24-6.
Typical values for natural gas components are plotted in Figs.
24-3 and 24-4 for temperatures from -200 to 900°F. Enthalpies [(H0 −H) / RTc]( ′) deviation from the change for a sim-
for gas mixtures can be obtained as the mole fraction average ple fluid from Fig. 24-7
if molar enthalpies are used, or the weight fraction average if Figs. 24-6 and 24-7 can be used for gas and liquid mixtures.
mass enthalpies are used. If the mixture is a gas, use the lower chart in each figure. For
Many natural gas streams contain undefined, or pseudo, liquids read the value from the isotherms at the top of the
components. Ideal gas enthalpies for pseudo components are chart. The units of (H0 –H) will depend on the units of the
shown in Fig. 24-5. To use Fig. 24-5 the specific gravity, mo- universal gas constant, R, and Tc. For (H0 –H) in Btu/lb mole,
lecular weight and temperature (relative density, molecular R=1.986 Btu/(lb mole • °R) and Tc is in °R.
mass and temperature) must be known. Fig. 24-5 is for paraf- The reduced temperature and pressure are defined as Tr =
finic mixtures and should not be used for pseudo components T/Tc and Pr = P/Pc, where absolute temperature and pressure
derived form aromatic crude oils. must be used. Values for pure component critical temperature,
The enthalpy datum chosen is zero enthalpy at zero absolute pressure and acentric factor are in Section 23 Physical Prop-
pressure and zero absolute temperature, the same datum as erties. Section 23 also contains graphs relating ASTM distil-
used in API Project 44.1 The choice of datum is arbitrary and lation temperature, molecular weight, specific gravity
a matter of convenience. Enthalpy differences, the values of (relative density), critical temperature, and critical pressure
interest, are not affected by the datum chosen. However, the for undefined fractions. The fraction acentric factor can be es-
same enthalpy datum should be used for all components in timated from Eq 23-17.
any one calculation.
To use Figs. 24-6 and 24-7, the mixture composition must be
known. The mole fraction average (pseudo) critical tempera-
CHANGE OF ENTHALPY WITH PRESSURE ture and pressure are calculated using Kay’s Rule4 as illus-
For purposes of correlation and calculation, the ideal and trated in Fig. 23-3 (TCm = ΣyiTCi and PCm = ΣyiPCi). The mole
real gas behaviors are treated separately. The mixture ideal fraction average mixture enthalpy is calculated from:
gas enthalpy at a specified temperature is calculated; the H0m = ΣyiH0i Eq 24-5
enthalpy change of the real gas mixture is calculated from
a correlation prepared from experimental enthalpy meas- The values of H0i
are obtained by multiplying the enthalpy
urements on a variety of mixtures. This relation can be ex- value from Figs. 24-3 and 24-4 by the molecular weight of the
pressed as: individual component.
HPT − H00 = (H0T − H00) − (H0T − HPT) Eq 24-1 The mole fraction average acentric factor is calculated:
where: ωm = Σyi ωi Eq 24-6
(H0T − H00) the ideal gas state enthalpy above the da- The information necessary to evaluate enthalpies for the
tum, H0, at the desired temperature (sub- mixture from Figs. 24-3 to 24-7 is now known. Use of the
script T), Btu/lb mole method will be clearer after study of the following illustrative
calculation.

24-2
 EXAMPLE CALCULATION EXAMPLE CALCULATION USING
USING ENTHALPY CORRELATION ENTROPY CORRELATION
A gas with the composition shown in Fig. 24-8 is at 120°F The same gas as in the enthalpy example (shown in Fig.
and 1010 psia. Using Figs. 24-3 and 24-4 calculate the en- 24-18) is at 120°F and 1010 psia. The pseudo criticals, acentric
thalpy of the gas. Following the example in Fig. 23-6, the mole factor, reduced temperature, and reduced pressure have the
fraction average critical temperature is calculated as 370.7°R, same values as in the enthalpy example. The mixture ideal gas
and the pseudo critical pressure as 669.1 psia. Following the state entropy is 52.2 Btu/(lb mole •°R). The value read from
same procedure, the mixture acentric factor is 0.02476 and the Fig. 24-20 is 0.345 and that from Fig. 24-21 is 0.065. These
molar enthalpy 4885.7 Btu/lb mole. With a reduced tempera- combine to give (remember P in lnP must be in atmospheres)
ture of 1.564 and a reduced pressure of 1.509, the reading from a real gas entropy of 44.05 Btu/(lb mole •°R).
Fig. 24-6 is 0.70 and from Fig. 24-7 is 0.020, which give a mix-
ture enthalpy at 120°F and 1010 psia of 4370.0 Btu/lb mole. REFERENCES
The total enthalpy charts shown in Figs. 24-9 to 24-17 offer 1. API Research Project 44, “Data on Hydrocarbons and Related
a rapid means of calculating enthalpy changes on essentially Compounds,” A & M Press, College Station, Texas.
the same basis as previously described. They may be used in- 2. Curl, R. F., Jr. and Pitzer, K. S., Ind. Eng. Chem., 50, 1958, p. 265.
stead of carrying out the detailed component-wise calculations
3. Chao, K. C. and Greenkorn, R. A., GPA Research Report RR-3,
for mixture enthalpies. The charts cover the range of compo-
Gas Processors Association, Tulsa, Oklahoma, April 1971.
sitions, pressures and temperatures encountered in most
natural gas systems. 4. Kay, W. B., Ind. Eng. Chem., 28, 1936, p. 1014.
5. Jacoby, R. H. and Yarborough, L., Technical Report to GPA, 1966.
The total enthalpy charts were developed from results cal-
culated for synthesized binary mixtures of the pure component 6. ASME Steam Tables, 3rd Ed., Amer. Soc. of Mech. Eng., New York,
normal paraffin hydrocarbons next lighter and heavier than N.Y., 1967.
the mixture mole weights indicated. The calculations were car- 7. Keenan, J. H., Keyes, F. G., Hill, P. G. and Moore, J. G., “Steam
ried out by a computer program which interpolated between Tables,” John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1969.
adjacent values in the tabulated values of enthalpy departure 8. Ely, J. F., Private Communication, 1985.
reported by Curl and Pitzer.2
9. “Technical Data Book — Petroleum Refining,” 3rd Ed., American
Ideal gas enthalpy values for each pure normal paraffin Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C., 1977.
component were calculated and used to calculate the ideal gas 10. Soave, G., “Equilibrium Constants from a Modified Redlich-
mixture enthalpy. The ideal gas state enthalpy equation used Kwong Equation of State,” Chem. Eng. Sci., Vol. 27, No. 6, pp.
for methane, ethane and propane was a curve fit of the data 1197-1203, 1972.
shown in Fig. 24-3. For butane and heavier components, a 11. Maddox, R.N. and Moshfeghian, M., Private Communication, 1996.
fourth order polynomial was used with coefficients taken from
the API Data Book, Table A1.2.9 The fifth coefficient reported BIBLIOGRAPHY
in the API table was dropped to convert to the 0°R, 0 psia
enthalpy datum. 1. “Technical Data Book—Petroleum Refining,” 3rd Ed., American
Ideal gas enthalpies were corrected for pressure changes by Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C., 1977.
interpolating the tabular data used to compile Figs. 24-6 and 2. Reid, R. D., Prausnitz, J. M. and Sherwood, T. K., “The Properties
24-7. Pressure calculations were made from reduced pressures of Gases and Liquids,” 3rd Ed., McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York,
of 0.2 to 3,000 psia. Temperatures ranged from -300°F or Tr = N.Y., 1977.
0.35 minimum to 600°F maximum. 3. Kesler, M. G. and Lee, B. I., “Improve Prediction of Enthalpy of
Fractions,” Hydrocarbon Processing, 55, 1976, pp. 153-158.
Caution. Some mixtures encountered in the calculations
fell inside the phase envelopes of Figs. 24-6 and 24-7, Rather 4. Wormald, C. J., “Thermo Data for Steam/Hydrocarbons,” Hydro-
than extrapolate into the phase envelopes of Figs. 24-6 and carbon Processing, May 1982, pp. 137-141.
24-7. for enthalpy pressure corrections, the total enthalpies 5. Lee, M. C., Ratcliffe, A. E., Maddox, R. D., Parham, W. F. and
were first generated, plotted, and then extrapolated. Maddox, R. N., “Heat Capacity Determined for Crude Fractions,”
Hydrocarbon Processing, June 1978, pp. 187-189.
Vapor enthalpies at 150 psia were extended to lower tem-
peratures by assuming the relative enthalpy change with 6. Yu, W. C., Lee, H. M. and Ligon, R. M., “Predicted High Pressure
temperature to be the same as for an ideal gas. Properties,” Hydrocarbon Processing, Jan. 1982, pp. 171-178.
7. “Properties for Light Petroleum Systems,” Gulf Publishing Co.,
ENTROPY CORRELATION Houston, Texas, 1973.
8. Canjar, L. N. and Manning, F. S., “Thermodynamic Properties and Re-
Entropy is most used as a guide for interpreting the behavior duced Correlations of Gases,” Gulf Publishing Co., Houston, Texas, 1967.
of gases and liquids in compression and expansion processes. 9. Weber, J. H., “Predict Latent Heats of Vaporization,” Chemical
The entropy of a multicomponent mixture may be calculated Engineering, Jan. 14, 1980.
by combing ideal gas state entropies from API 441 with the
10. Starling, K. E., “Fluid Thermodynamic Properties for Light Pe-
Curl and Pitzer2 tables of values for the change of entropy with
troleum Systems,” Gulf Publishing Co., Houston, Texas 1973.
pressure. Entropy equations for undefined mixtures (pseudo
components) are not available but, for most uses where the 11. Maddox, R. N. and L. Lilly, “Gas Conditioning and Processing,”
pseudo components are present in small concentration, they Vol. 3, Campbell Petroleum Series Inc., Norman, Oklahoma, 1990.
can satisfactorily be approximated by the nearest molecular 12. Van Ness, H. C. and Abbott, M. M., “Classical Thermodynamics
weight paraffin hydrocarbon. of Non-Electrolyte Solutions,” McGraw-Hill, N.Y., 1982.

24-3
Revised (5-99)
 FIG. 24-2
Influence of Pressure on Enthalpy for Typical Natural Gas Streams

24-4
 FIG. 24-3
Ideal-Gas-State Enthalpy of Pure Components

24-5
 FIG. 24-4
Ideal-Gas-State Enthalpy of Pure Components

24-6
 FIG. 24-5
Ideal-Gas-State Enthalpy of Petroleum Fractions

24-7
 FIG. 24-6
Effect of Pressure on Enthalpy (Simple Fluid)

24-8
 FIG. 24-7
Effect of Pressure on Enthalpy
(Correction for Real Fluids)

24-9
 FIG. 24-8
Example Enthalpy Calculation

Component Mole Molecular Critical Critical Acentric Ideal Gas

Fraction Weight Temp. °R. Pressure Factor Enthalpy
psia Btu/lb

Methane 0.9010 16.04 343.0 667.0 0.0108 292

Carbon Dioxide 0.0106 44.01 547.4 1069.5 0.2667 100

Ethane 0.0499 30.07 549.7 707.8 0.0972 189

Propane 0.0187 44.1 665.6 615.0 0.1515 162

i-Butane 0.0065 58.12 734.1 527.9 0.1852 151

n-Butane 0.0045 58.12 765.2 548.8 0.1981 162

i-Pentane 0.0017 72.15 828.6 490.4 0.2286 151

n-Pentane 0.0019 72.15 845.4 488.1 0.2510 158

Hexane 0.0052 86.18 911.5 439.5 0.2990 139

IDEAL GAS STATE ENTHALPY Btu/lb mol 4885.7

PSEUDO CRITICAL TEMPERATURE °R 370.7

REDUCED TEMPERATURE 1.564

PSEUDO CRITICAL PRESSURE psia 669.1

REDUCED PRESSURE 1.509

MOLE FRACTION AVERAGE ACENTRIC FACTOR 0.02476

[(H0 –H) / RTC](0) from Fig. 24-6 0.70

0 (’)
[(H –H) / RTC] from Fig. 24-7 0.020
[(H0 –H)m / RTC] = [(H0 –H) / RTC](0) +
[wm [(H0 –H) / RTC] (’) 0.7005
(H0 –H)m, Btu/lb mole 515.7
H, Btu/lb mole 4370.0

NOTE: Ideal Gas Enthalpy for Hexane from Fig. 24-9.

Wichert and Aziz correction not applied to critical properties.

24-10 Revised (5-99)

 FIG. 24-9
Total Enthalpy of Paraffin Hydrocarbon Vapor

24-11
 FIG. 24-10
Total Enthalpy of Paraffin Hydrocarbon Vapor

24-12
 FIG. 24-11
Total Enthalpy of Paraffin Hydrocarbon Vapor

24-13
 FIG. 24-12
Total Enthalpy of Paraffin Hydrocarbon Vapor

24-14
 FIG. 24-13
Total Enthalpy of Paraffin Hydrocarbon Vapor

24-15
 FIG. 24-14
Total Enthalpy of Paraffin Hydrocarbon Vapor

24-16
 FIG. 24-15
Total Enthalpy of Paraffin Hydrocarbon Vapor

24-17
 FIG. 24-16
Total Enthalpy of Paraffin Hydrocarbon Liquid

24-18
 FIG. 24-17
Total Enthalpy of Paraffin Hydrcarbon Liquid

24-19
 FIG. 24-18
Example Entropy Calculation

Component Mole Molecular Critical Critical Acentric Ideal Gas

Fraction Weight Temp. °R. Pressure Factor Entropy
psia Btu/(lb•°R)

Methane 0.9010 16.04 343.0 667.0 0.0108 3.150

Carbon Dioxide 0.0106 44.01 547.4 1069.5 0.2667 1.176

Ethane 0.0499 30.07 549.7 707.8 0.0972 2.036

Propane 0.0187 44.1 665.6 615.0 0.1515 1.624

i-Butane 0.0065 58.12 734.1 527.9 0.1852 1.400

n-Butane 0.0045 58.12 765.2 548.8 0.1981 1.338

i-Pentane 0.0017 72.15 828.6 490.4 0.2286 1.260

n-Pentane 0.0019 72.15 845.4 488.1 0.2510 1.245

Hexane 0.0052 86.18 911.5 439.5 0.2990 1.198

IDEAL GAS STATE ENTROPY Btu/(lb mol • °R) 52.2

PSEUDO CRITICAL TEMPERATURE °R 370.7

REDUCED TEMPERATURE 1.564

PSEUDO CRITICAL PRESSURE psia 669.1

REDUCED PRESSURE 1.509

MOLE FRACTION AVERAGE ACENTRIC FACTOR 0.02476

[(S0 −S) / R](o) from Fig. 24-20 0.345

[(S0 −S) / R]( ′ ) from Fig. 24-21 0.065

ln P (P in atmospheres) 4.2301

  So − S  (o)  So − S  (′) 
(S0 − S) = R    + w   + ln P  9.089
 R   R  
R Σ yi • ln (yi ) -0.9404
o o
Sm = (Σ yi Si − R Σ y i • ln (yi)) 53.14

o o
Sm = [Sm − ( Sm − S m ) ] 44.05

NOTE: Entropy for Hexane was estimated.

Wichert and Aziz correction not applied to critical properties.

24-20 Revised (5-99)

 FIG. 24-19
Ideal Gas State Entropy of Pure Components

24-21
 FIG. 24-20
Effect of Pressure on Entropy
(Simple Fluid)

24-22
 FIG. 24-21
Effect of Pressure on Entropy
(Correction for Real Fluids)

24-23
 Acknowledgments

Virtual Materials Group gratefully acknowledges the assistance provided by Dr. Eric Lemmon and Dr. Michael Frenkel from the National Institute of
Standards and Technology (NIST) for their assistance in the preparation of the P-H Diagrams presented in Figure 24-22 through Figure 24-33.

Substance TPT NBP TC PC RHOC ACEN TMIN TMAX PMAX RHOMAX

K K K kPa Mol/L K K kPa Mol/L

Methane 90.6941 111.667 190.564 4599.2 10.139 .01142 90.6941 625 1000000 40.072
Ethane 90.352 184.552 305.33 4871.8 6.87 .0993 90.352 625 70000 22.419
Propane 85.48 231.06 369.825 4247.09 4.95514 .1524 85.48 623 103000 17.41
Isobutane 113.56 261.48 407.817 3640.0 3.860 .185 113.56 573 35000 12.90
n-Butane 134.87 272.6 425.125 3796.0 3.920 .2 134.87 589 69000 13.15
Isopentane 112.65 300.97 460.35 3396.0 3.271 .2296 112.65 600 1000000 10.93
n-Pentane 143.47 309.21 469.7 3370.0 3.2156 .251 143.47 600 100000 10.57
Ethylene 103.986 169.379 282.35 5041.8 7.637 .0866 103.986 450 260000 26.67
Propylene 87.95 225.46 365.57 4664.6 5.3086 .1408 100.0 600 200000 17.95
Nitrogen 63.151 77.355 126.192 3395.8 11.1839 .0372 63.151 2000 2200000 53.15
Oxygen 54.361 90.1878 154.581 5043.0 13.63 .0222 54.361 1000 82000 43.348
Carbon Dioxide 216.592 194.75 304.1282 7377.3 10.6249 .22394 216.592 1100 800000 37.24

TPT Triple point temperature RHOC Critical Density PMAX Maximum Recommended Pressure
NBP Normal Boiling Point ACEN Acentric Factor RHOMAX Maximum Recommended Density
TC Critical Temperature TMIN Minimum Recommended Temperature
PC Critical Pressure TMAX Maximum Recommended Temperature
24-24

Reference Temperature Reference Pressure

Value (F) Database Value (Psia) Database

Ethane -297.04 NIST 1.640E-04 TRC

Methane -296.42 NIST 1.696E+00 TRC
N2 -346.00 NIST 1.816E+00 TRC
CO2 -69.80 NIST 7.512E+01 TRC
Ethylene -272.50 NIST 1.827E-02 TRC
Propane -305.81 NIST 2.451E-08 TRC
Propylene -279.67 NIST 1.349E-07 TRC
I-Butane -255.26 NIST 1.749E-06 TRC
n-Butane -216.90 NIST 9.770E-05 TRC
I-Pentane -256.90 TRC 1.755E-08 TRC
n-Pentane -201.42 NIST 1.107E-05 TRC
Oxygen -361.82 NIST 2.176E-02 TRC
 FIG. 24-22 Nitrogen P-H Diagram

Span, R., Lemmon, E.W., Jacobsen, R.T, Wagner, W., and Yokozeki, A. “A Reference Quality
Thermodynamic Property Formulation for Nitrogen,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 29(6):1361-1433, 2000.

24-25
NITROGEN
 FIG. 24-23 Carbon Dioxide P-H Diagram

Span, R. and Wagner, W., “A New Equation of State for Carbon Dioxide Covering the Fluid Region from
the Triple-Point Temperature to 1100 K at Pressures up to 800 MPa,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 25(6):1509-
1596, 1996.

24-26
CARBON DIOXIDE
 FIG. 24-24 Methane P-H Diagram

Setzmann, U. and Wagner, W., “A New Equation of State and Tables of Thermodynamic Properties for
Methane Covering the Range from the Melting Line to 625 K at Pressures up to 1000 MPa,” J. Phys.
Chem. Ref. Data, 20(6):1061-1151, 1991.

24-27
METHANE
 FIG. 24-25 Ethane P-H Diagram

Friend, D.G., Ingham, H., and Ely, J.F., “Thermophysical Properties

of Ethane,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 20(2):275-347, 1991.

24-28
ETHANE
 FIG. 24-26 Ethylene P-H Diagram

Smukala, J., Span, R. and Wagner, W. “A New Equation of State for Ethylene Covering the Fluid Region for
Temperatures from the Melting Line to 450 K at Pressures up to 300 MPa,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data,
29(5):1053-1122, 2000.

24-29
ETHYLENE
 FIG. 24-27 Propane P-H Diagram

Miyamoto, H., and Watanabe, K., “A Thermodynamic Property Model for Fluid-phase Propane,” Int.
J. Thermophys., 21(5):1045-1072, 2000.

24-30
PROPANE
 FIG. 24-28 Propylene P-H Diagram

Angus, S., Armstrong, B., and de Reuck, K.M., “International Thermodynamic Tables of the Fluid State-7
Propylene,” International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1980..

24-31
PROPYLENE
 FIG. 24-29 i-Butane P-H Diagram

Miyamoto, H. and Watanabe, K. “A Thermodynamic Property Model for Fluid-Phase Isobutane,” Int.
J. Thermophys., 23(2):477-499, 2002.

24-32
I-BUTANE
 FIG. 24-30 n-Butane P-H Diagram

Miyamoto, H. and Watanabe, K. “A Thermodynamic Property Model for Fluid-Phase n-Butane,” Int.
J. Thermophys., 22(2):459-475, 2001.

24-33
N-BUTANE
 FIG. 24-31 i-Pentane P-H Diagram

Lemmon, E.W. and Span, R., preliminary equation, 2003.

24-34
I-PENTANE
 FIG. 24-32 n-Pentane P-H Diagram

Span, R., “Multiparameter Equations of State — An Accurate Source of Thermodynamic Property Data,”
Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 2000.

24-35
N-PENTANE
 FIG. 24-33 Oxygen P-H Diagram

Schmidt, R. and Wagner, W.,”A New Form of the Equation of State for Pure Substances and its Application
to Oxygen,” Fluid Phase Equilibria, 19:175-200, 1985.

24-36
OXYGEN
 FIG. 24-34
Thermodynamic Properties of Water

24-37
 FIG. 24-35
Thermodynamic Properties of Water

24-38
 FIG. 24-36
Water Properties at Saturation Pressure

24-39
 FIG. 24-37
Saturated Steam: Temperature Table

Volume Enthalpy, Entropy,

Temp., Pressure, cu ft/lb Btu/lb Btu/(lb • °F)
°F psia
Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor
32.018 0.08865 0.016022 3302.4 0.000 1075.5 0.0000 2.1872
35 0.09991 0.016020 2948.1 3.002 1076.8 0.0061 2.1767
40 0.12163 0.016019 2445.8 8.027 1079.0 0.0162 2.1594
45 0.14744 0.016020 2037.8 13.044 1081.2 0.0262 2.1426
50 0.17796 0.016023 1704.8 18.054 1083.4 0.0361 2.1262
55 0.21392 0.016027 1432.0 23.059 1085.6 0.0458 2.1102
60 0.25611 0.016033 1207.6 28.060 1087.7 0.0555 2.0946
65 0.30545 0.016041 1022.1 33.057 1089.9 0.0651 2.0794
70 0.36292 0.016050 868.4 38.052 1092.1 0.0745 2.0645
75 0.42964 0.016060 740.3 43.045 1094.3 0.0839 2.0500
80 0.50683 0.016072 633.3 48.037 1096.4 0.0932 2.0359
85 0.59583 0.016085 543.6 53.027 1098.6 0.1024 2.0221
90 0.69813 0.016099 468.1 58.018 1100.8 0.1115 2.0086
95 0.81534 0.016114 404.4 63.008 1102.9 0.1206 1.9954
100 0.94294 0.016130 350.4 67.999 1105.1 0.1295 1.9825
110 1.2750 0.016165 265.39 77.98 1109.3 0.1472 1.9577
120 1.6927 0.016204 203.26 87.97 1113.6 0.1646 1.9339
130 2.2230 0.016247 157.33 97.96 1117.8 0.1817 1.9112
140 2.8892 0.016293 122.98 123.00 1122.0 0.1985 1.8895
150 3.7184 0.016343 97.07 117.95 1126.1 0.2150 1.8686
160 4.7414 0.016395 77.27 127.96 1130.2 0.2313 1.8487
170 5.9926 0.016451 62.08 137.97 1134.2 0.2473 1.8295
180 7.5110 0.016510 50.225 148.00 1138.2 0.2631 1.8111
190 9.340 0.016572 40.957 158.04 1142.1 0.2787 1.7934
200 11.526 0.016637 33.639 168.09 1146.0 0.2940 1.7764
210 14.123 0.016705 27.816 178.15 1149.7 0.3091 1.7600
212 14.696 0.016719 26.799 180.17 1150.5 0.3121 1.7568
220 17.186 0.016775 23.148 188.23 1153.4 0.3241 1.7442
230 20.779 0.016849 19.381 198.33 1157.1 0.3388 1.7290
240 24.968 0.016926 16.321 208.45 1160.6 0.3533 1.7142
250 29.825 0.017066 13.819 218.59 1164.0 0.3677 1.7000
260 35.427 0.017089 11.762 228.76 1167.4 0.3819 1.6862
270 41.856 0.017175 10.060 238.95 1170.6 0.3960 1.6729
280 49.200 0.017264 8.644 249.17 1173.8 0.4098 1.6599
290 57.550 0.01736 7.4603 259.4 1167.8 0.4236 1.6473
300 67.005 0.01745 6.4658 269.7 1179.7 0.4372 1.6351
320 89.643 0.01766 4.9138 290.4 1185.2 0.4640 1.6116
340 117.992 0.01787 3.7878 311.3 1190.1 0.4902 1.5892
360 153.01 0.01811 2.9573 332.3 1194.4 0.5161 1.5678
380 195.73 0.01836 2.3353 353.6 1198.0 0.5416 1.5473
400 247.26 0.01864 1.8630 375.1 1201.0 0.5667 1.5274
420 308.78 0.01894 1.4997 396.9 1203.1 0.5915 1.5080
440 381.54 0.01926 1.2169 419.0 1204.4 0.6161 1.4890
460 466.87 0.01961 0.99424 441.5 1204.8 0.6405 1.4704
480 566.15 0.02000 0.81717 464.5 1204.1 0.6648 1.4518
500 680.86 0.02043 0. 67492 487.9 1202.2 0.6890 1.4333
520 812.53 0.02091 0.55956 512.0 1199.0 0.7133 1.4146
540 962.79 0.02146 0.46513 536.8 1194.3 0.7378 1.3954
560 1133.38 0.02207 0.38714 562.4 1187.7 0.7625 1.3757
580 1326.17 0.02279 0.32216 589.1 1179.0 0.7876 1.3550
600 1543.2 0.02364 0.26747 617.1 1167.7 0.8134 1.3330
620 1786.9 0.02466 0.22081 646.9 1153.2 0.8403 1.3092
640 2059.9 0.02595 0.18021 679.1 1133.7 0.8686 1.2821
660 2065.7 0.02768 0.14431 714.9 1107.0 0.8995 1.2498
680 2708.6 0.03037 0.11117 758.5 1068.5 0.9365 1.2086
700 3094.3 0.03662 0.07519 825.2 991.7 0.9924 1.1359
702 3135.5 0.03824 0.06997 835.0 979.7 1.0006 1.1210
704 3177.2 0.04108 0.06300 854.2 956.2 1.0169 1.1046
705.47 3208.2 0.05078 0.05078 906.0 906.0 1.0612 1.0612

Data in the steam tables abstracted by permission from "Thermodynamic Properties of Steam" by J.H. Keenan and F.G. Keyes, published by John Wiley & Sons,
Inc. 1936

24-40
 FIG. 24-37 (Cont’d)
Saturated Steam: Pressure Table

Volume, Enthalpy, Entropy,

Pressure, Temp., cu ft/lb Btu/lb Btu/(lb • °F)
psia °F
Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor
0.10 35.02 0.016020 2945.5 3.03 1076.8 0.0061 2.1766
0.20 53.16 0.016025 1526.3 21.22 1084.7 0.0422 2.1060
0.30 64.48 0.016040 1039.7 32.54 1089.7 0.0641 2.0809
0.40 72.87 0.016056 792.1 40.92 1093.3 0.0799 2.0562
0.60 85.22 0.016085 540.1 53.25 1098.7 0.1028 2.0215
0.80 94.38 0.016112 411.69 62.39 1102.6 0.1195 1.9970
1.0 101.74 0.016136 333.60 69.73 1105.8 0.1326 1.9781
2.0 126.07 0.016230 173.76 94.03 1116.2 0.1750 1.9200
3.0 141.47 0.016300 118.73 109.42 1122.6 0.2009 1.8864
4.0 152.96 0.016358 90.64 120.92 1127.3 0.2199 1.5626
6 170.05 0.016451 61.984 138.03 1134.2 0.2174 1.8294
8 182.80 0.016527 47.345 150.87 1139.3 0.2676 1.8060
10 193.21 0.016592 38.420 161.26 1143.3 0.2836 1.7879
20 227.96 0.016834 20.087 196.27 1156.3 0.3358 1.7320
30 250.34 0.017009 13.744 218.9 1164.1 0.3682 1.6995
40 267.25 0.017151 10.4965 236.1 1169.8 0.3921 1.6765
50 281.02 0.017274 8.5140 250.2 1174.1 0.4112 1.6586
60 292.71 0.017383 7.1736 262.2 1177.6 0.4273 1.6440
70 302.93 0.017482 6.2050 272.7 1180.6 0.4411 1.6316
80 312.04 0.017573 5.4711 282.1 1183.1 0.4534 1.6208
90 320.28 0.017659 4.8953 290.7 1185.3 0.4643 1.6113
100 327.82 0.017740 4.4310 298.5 1187.2 0.4743 1.6027
150 358.43 0.01809 3.0139 330.6 1194.1 0.5141 1.5695
200 381.80 0.01839 2.2873 355.5 1198.3 0.5438 1.5454
250 400.97 0.01865 1.84317 376.1 1201.1 0.5679 1.5264
300 417.35 0.01889 1.54274 394.0 1202.9 0.5882 1.5105
350 431.73 0.01912 1.32554 409.8 1204.0 0.6059 1.4968
400 444.60 0.01934 1.16095 424.2 1204.6 0.6217 1.4847
450 456.28 0.01954 1.03179 437.3 1204.8 0.6360 1.4738
500 467.01 0.01975 0.92762 449.5 1204.7 0.6490 1.4639
600 486.20 0.02013 0.76975 471.7 1203.7 0.6723 1.4461
700 503.08 0.02050 0.65556 491.6 1201.8 0.6928 1.4304
800 518.21 0.02087 0.56896 509.8 1199.4 0.7111 1.4163
900 531.95 0.02123 0.50091 526.7 1196.4 0.7279 1.4032
1000 544.58 0.02159 0.44596 542.6 1192.9 0.7434 1.3910
1200 567.19 0.02232 0.36245 571.9 1184.8 0.7714 1.3683
1400 587.07 0.02307 0.30178 598.8 1175.8 0.7966 1.3474
1600 604.87 0.02387 0.25545 624.2 1164.5 0.8199 1.3274
1800 621.02 0.02472 0.21861 648.5 1152.3 0.8417 1.3079
2000 635.80 0.02565 0.18831 672.1 1138.3 0.8625 1.2881
2200 649.45 0.02669 0.16272 695.5 1122.2 0.8828 1.2676
2400 662.11 0.02790 0.14076 719.0 1103.7 0.9031 1.2460
2600 673.91 0.02938 0.12110 744.5 1082.0 0.9247 1.2225
2800 684.96 0.03134 0.10305 770.7 1055.5 0.9468 1.1958
3000 695.33 0.03428 0.08500 801.8 1020.3 0.9728 1.1619
3100 700.28 0.03681 0.07452 824.0 993.3 0.9914 1.1373
3200 705.08 0.04472 0.05663 875.5 931.6 1.0351 1.0832
3208.2 705.47 0.05078 0.05078 906.0 906.0 1.0612 1.0612

24-41
 FIG. 24-38
Properties of Superheated Steam
Abs. Press., Temperature, °F
P, psia
200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1400 1600
(Sat. Temp.)
v... 392.6 452.3 512.0 571.6 631.2 690.8 750.4 809.9 869.5 929.1 988.7 1107.8 1227.0
1
h... 1150.4 1195.8 1241.7 1288.3 1335.7 1383.8 1432.8 1482.7 1533.5 1585.2 1637.7 1745.7 1857.5
(101.74)
s... 2.0512 2.1153 2.1720 2.2233 2.2702 2.3137 2.3542 2.3923 2.4283 2.4625 2.4952 2.5566 2.6137
v... 78.16 90.25 102.26 114.22 126.16 138.10 150.03 161.95 173.87 185.79 197.71 221.6 245.4
5
h... 1148.8 1195.0 1241.2 1288.0 1335.4 1383.6 1432.7 1482.6 1533.4 1585.1 1637.7 1745.7 1857.4
(162.24)
s... 1.8718 1.9370 1.9942 2.0456 2.0927 2.1361 2.1767 2.2148 2.2509 2.2851 2.3178 2.3792 2.4363
v... 38.85 45.00 51.04 57.05 63.03 69.01 74.98 80.95 86.92 92.88 98.84 110.77 122.69
10
h... 1146.6 1193.9 1240.6 1287.5 1335.1 1383.4 1432.5 1482.4 1533.2 1585.0 1637.6 1745.6 1857.3
(193.21)
s... 1.7927 1.8595 1.9172 1.9689 2.0160 2.0596 2.1002 2.1383 2.1744 2.2086 2.2413 2.3028 2.3598
v... .... 30.53 34.68 38.78 42.86 46.94 51.00 55.07 59.13 63.19 67.25 75.37 83.48
14.696
h... .... 1192.8 1239.9 1287.1 1334.8 1383.2 1432.3 1482.3 1533.1 1584.8 1637.5 1745.5 1857.3
(212.00)
s... .... 1.8160 1.8743 1.9261 1.9734 2.0170 2.0576 2.0958 2.1319 2.1662 2.1989 2.2603 2.3174
v... .... 22.36 25.43 28.46 31.47 34.47 37.46 40.45 43.44 46.42 49.41 55.37 61.34
20
h... .... 1191.6 1239.2 1286.6 1334.4 1382.9 1432.1 1482.1 1533.0 1584.7 1637.4 1745.4 1857.2
(227.96)
s... .... 1.7808 1.8396 1.8918 1.9392 1.9829 2.0235 2.0618 2.0978 2.1321 2.1648 2.2263 2.2834
v... .... 11.040 12.628 14.168 15.688 17.198 18.702 20.20 21.70 23.20 24.69 27.68 30.66
40
h... .... 1186.8 1236.5 1284.8 1333.1 1381.9 1431.3 1481.4 1532.4 1584.3 1637.0 1745.1 1857.0
(267.25)
s... .... 1.6994 1.7608 1.8140 1.8619 1.9058 1.9467 1.9850 2.0212 2.0555 2.0883 2.1498 2.2069
v... .... 7.259 8.357 9.403 10.427 11.441 12.449 13.452 14.454 15.453 16.451 18.446 20.44
60
h... .... 1181.6 1233.6 1283.0 1331.8 1380.9 1430.5 1480.8 1531.9 1583.8 1636.6 1744.8 1856.7
(292.71)
s... .... 1.6492 1.7135 1.7678 1.8162 1.8605 1.9015 1.9400 1.9762 2.0106 2.0434 2.1049 2.1621
v... .... .... 6.220 7.020 7.797 8.562 9.322 10.077 10.830 11.582 12.332 13.830 15.325
80
h... .... .... 1230.7 1281.1 1330.5 1379.9 1429.7 1480.1 1531.3 1583.4 1636.2 1744.5 1856.5
(312.03)
s... .... .... 1.6791 1.7346 1.7836 1.8281 1.8694 1.9079 1.9442 1.9787 2.0115 2.0731 2.1303
v... .... .... 4.937 5.589 6.218 6.835 7.446 8.052 8.656 9.259 9.860 11.060 12.258
100
h... .... .... 1227.6 1279.1 1329.1 1378.9 1428.9 1479.5 1530.8 1582.9 1635.7 1744.2 1856.2
(327.81)
s... .... .... 1.6518 1.7085 1.7581 1.8029 1.8443 1.8829 1.9193 1.9538 1.9867 2.0484 2.1056
v... .... .... 4.081 4.636 5.165 5.683 6.195 6.702 7.207 7.710 8.212 9.214 10.213
120
h... .... .... 1224.4 1277.2 1327.7 1377.8 1428.1 1478.8 1530.2 1582.4 1635.3 1743.9 1856.0
(341.25)
s... .... .... 1.6287 1.6869 1.7370 1.7822 1.8237 1.8625 1.8990 1.9335 1.9664 2.0281 2.0854
v... .... .... 3.468 3.954 4.413 4.861 5.301 5.738 6.172 6.604 7.035 7.895 8.752
140
h... .... .... 1221.1 1275.2 1326.4 1376.8 1427.3 1478.2 1529.7 1581.9 1634.9 1743.5 1855.7
(353.02)
s... .... .... 1.6087 1.6683 1.7190 1.7645 1.8063 1.8451 1.8817 1.9163 1.9493 2.0110 2.0683
v... .... .... 3.008 3.443 3.849 4.244 4.631 5.015 5.396 5.775 6.152 6.906 7.656
160
h... .... .... 1217.6 1273.1 1325.0 1375.7 1426.4 1477.5 1529.1 1581.4 1634.5 1743.2 1855.5
(363.53)
s... .... .... 1.5908 1.6519 1.7033 1.7491 1.7911 1.8301 1.8667 1.9014 1.9344 1.9962 2.0535
v... .... .... 2.649 3.044 3.411 3.764 4.110 4.452 4.792 5.129 5.466 6.136 6.804
180
h... .... .... 1214.0 1271.0 1323.5 1374.7 1425.6 1476.8 1528.6 1581.0 1634.1 1742.9 1855.2
(373.06)
s... .... .... 1.5745 1.6373 1.6894 1.7355 1.7776 1.8167 1.8534 1.8882 1.9212 1.9831 2.0404
v... .... .... 2.361 2.726 3.060 3.380 3.693 4.002 4.309 4.613 4.917 5.521 6.123
200
h... .... .... 1210.3 1268.9 1322.1 1373.6 1424.8 1476.2 1528.0 1580.5 1633.7 1742.6 1855.0
(381.79)
s... .... .... 1.5594 1.6240 1.6767 1.7232 1.7655 1.8048 1.8415 1.8763 1.9094 1.9713 2.0287
v... .... .... 2.125 2.465 2.772 3.066 3.352 3.634 3.913 4.191 4.467 5.017 5.565
220
h... .... .... 1206.5 1266.7 1320.7 1372.6 1424.0 1475.5 1527.5 1580.0 1633.3 1742.3 1854.7
(389.86)
s... .... .... 1.5453 1.6117 1.6652 1.7120 1.7545 1.7939 1.8308 1.8656 1.8987 1.9607 2.0181
v... .... .... 1.9276 2.247 2.533 2.804 3.068 3.327 3.584 3.839 4.093 4.597 5.100
240
h... .... .... 1202.5 1264.5 1319.2 1371.5 1423.2 1474.8 1526.9 1579.6 1632.9 1742.0 1854.5
(397.37)
s... .... .... 1.5319 1.6003 1.6546 1.7017 1.7444 1.7839 1.8209 1.8558 1.8889 1.9510 2.0084
v... .... .... .... 2.063 2.330 2.582 2.827 3.067 3.305 3.541 3.776 4.242 4.707
260
h... .... .... .... 1262.3 1317.7 1370.4 1422.3 1474.2 1526.3 1579.1 1632.5 1741.7 1854.2
(404.42)
s... .... .... .... 1.5897 1.6447 1.6922 1.7352 1.7748 1.8118 1.8467 1.8799 1.9420 1.9995
v... .... .... .... 1.9047 2.156 2.392 2.621 2.845 3.066 3.286 3.504 3.938 4.370
280
h... .... .... .... 1260.0 1316.2 1369.4 1421.5 1473.5 1525.8 1578.6 1632.1 1741.4 1854.0
(411.05)
s... .... .... .... 1.5796 1.6354 1.6834 1.7265 1.7662 1.8033 1.8383 1.8716 1.9337 1.9912
v... .... .... .... 1.7675 2.005 2.227 2.442 2.652 2.859 3.065 3.269 3.674 4.078
300
h... .... .... .... 1257.6 1314.7 1368.3 1420.6 1472.8 1525.2 1578.1 1631.7 1741.0 1853.7
(417.33)
s... .... .... .... 1.5701 1.6268 1.6751 1.7184 1.7582 1.7954 1.8305 1.8638 1.9260 1.9835
v... .... .... .... 1.4923 1.7036 1.8980 2.084 2.266 2.445 2.622 2.798 3.147 3.493
350
h... .... .... .... 1251.5 1310.9 1365.5 1418.5 1471.1 1523.8 1577.0 1630.7 1740.3 1853.1
(431.72)
s... .... .... .... 1.5481 1.6070 1.6563 1.7002 1.7403 1.7777 1.8130 1.8463 1.9086 1.9663
v... .... .... .... 1.2851 1.4770 1.6508 1.8161 1.9767 2.134 2.290 2.445 2.751 3.055
400
h... .... .... .... 1245.1 1306.9 1362.7 1416.4 1469.4 1522.4 1575.8 1629.6 1739.5 1852.5
(444.59)
s... .... .... .... 1.5281 1.5894 1.6398 1.6842 1.7247 1.7623 1.7977 1.8311 1.8936 1.9513

24-42
 FIG. 24-38 (Cont’d)
Properties of Superheated Steam
Abs. Press., Temperature, °F
P, psia
500 550 600 620 640 660 680 700 800 900 1000 1200 1400 1600
(Sat. Temp.)
v... 1.1231 1.2155 1.3005 1.3332 1.3652 1.3967 1.4278 1.4584 1.6074 1.7516 1.8928 2.170 2.443 2.714
450
h... 1238.4 1272.0 1302.8 1314.6 1326.2 1337.5 1348.8 1359.9 1414.3 1467.7 1521.0 1628.6 1738.7 1851.9
(456.28)
s... 1.5095 1.5437 1.5735 1.5845 1.5951 1.6054 1.6153 1.6250 1.6699 1.7108 1.7486 1.8177 1.8803 1.9381
v... 0.9927 1.0800 1.1591 1.1893 1.2188 1.2478 1.2763 1.3044 1.4405 1.5715 1.6996 1.9504 2.197 2.442
500
h... 1231.3 1266.8 1298.6 1310.7 1322.6 1334.2 1345.7 1357.0 1412.1 1466.0 1519.6 1627.6 1737.9 1851.3
(467.01)
s... 1.4919 1.5280 1.5588 1.5701 1.5810 1.5915 1.6016 1.6115 1.6571 1.6982 1.7363 1.8056 1.8683 1.9262
v... 0.8852 0.9686 1.0431 1.0714 1.0989 1.1259 1.1523 1.1783 1.3038 1.4241 1.5414 1.7706 1.9957 2.219
550
h... 1223.7 1261.2 1294.3 1306.8 1318.9 1330.8 1342.5 1354.0 1409.9 1464.3 1518.2 1626.6 1737.1 1850.6
(476.94)
s... 1.4751 1.5131 1.5451 1.5568 1.5680 1.5787 1.5890 1.5991 1.6452 1.6868 1.7250 1.7946 1.8575 1.9155
v... 0.7947 0.8753 0.9463 0.9729 0.9988 1.0241 1.0489 1.0732 1.1899 1.3013 1.4096 1.6208 1.8279 2.033
600
h... 1215.7 1255.5 1289.9 1302.7 1315.2 1327.4 1339.3 1351.1 1407.7 1462.5 1516.7 1625.5 1736.3 1850.0
(486.21)
s... 1.4586 1.4990 1.5323 1.5443 1.5558 1.5667 1.5773 1.5875 1.6343 1.6762 1.7147 1.7846 1.8476 1.9056
v... .... 0.7277 0.7934 0.8177 0.8411 0.8639 0.8860 0.9077 1.0108 1.1082 1.2024 1.3853 1.5641 1.7405
700
h... .... 1243.2 1280.6 1294.3 1307.5 1320.3 1332.8 1345.0 1403.2 1459.0 1513.9 1623.5 1734.8 1848.8
(503.10)
s... .... 1.4722 1.5084 1.5212 1.5333 1.5449 1.5559 1.5665 1.6147 1.6573 1.6963 1.7666 1.8299 1.8881
v... .... 0.6154 0.6779 0.7006 0.7223 0.7433 0.7635 0.7833 0.8763 0.9633 1.0470 1.2088 1.3662 1.5214
800
h... .... 1229.8 1270.7 1285.4 1299.4 1312.9 1325.9 1338.6 1398.6 1455.4 1511.0 1621.4 1733.2 1847.5
(518.23)
s... .... 1.4467 1.4863 1.5000 1.5129 1.5250 1.5366 1.5476 1.5972 1.6407 1.6801 1.7510 1.8146 1.8729
v... .... 0.5264 0.5873 0.6089 0.6294 0.6491 0.6680 0.6863 0.7716 0.8506 0.9262 1.0714 1.2124 1.3509
900
h... .... 1215.0 1260.1 1275.9 1290.9 1305.1 1318.8 1332.1 1393.9 1451.8 1508.1 1619.3 1731.6 1846.3
(531.98)
s... .... 1.4216 1.4653 1.4800 1.4938 1.5066 1.5187 1.5303 1.5814 1.6257 1.6656 1.7371 1.8009 1.8595
v... .... 0.4533 0.5140 0.5350 0.5546 0.5733 0.5912 0.6084 0.6878 0.7604 0.8294 0.9615 1.0893 1.2146
1000
h... .... 1198.3 1248.8 1265.9 1281.9 1297.0 1311.4 1325.3 1389.2 1448.2 1505.1 1617.3 1730.0 1845.0
(544.61)
s... .... 1.3961 1.4450 1.4610 1.4757 1.4893 1.5021 1.5141 1.5670 1.6121 1.6525 1.7245 1.7886 1.8474
v... .... .... 0.4532 0.4738 0.4929 0.5110 0.5281 0.5445 0.6191 0.6866 0.7503 0.8716 0.9885 1.1031
1100
h... .... .... 1236.7 1255.3 1272.4 1288.5 1303.7 1318.3 1384.3 1444.5 1502.2 1615.2 1728.4 1843.8
(556.31)
s... .... .... 1.4251 1.4425 1.4583 1.4728 1.4862 1.4989 1.5535 1.5995 1.6405 1.7130 1.7775 1.8363
v... .... .... 0.4016 0.4222 0.4410 0.4586 0.4752 0.4909 0.5617 0.6250 0.6843 0.7967 0.9046 1.0101
1200
h... .... .... 1223.5 1243.9 1262.4 1279.6 1295.7 1311.0 1379.3 1440.7 1499.2 1613.1 1726.9 1842.5
(567.22)
s... .... .... 1.4052 1.4243 1.4413 1.4568 1.4710 1.4843 1.5409 1.5879 1.6293 1.7025 1.7672 1.8263
v... .... .... 0.3174 0.3390 0.3580 0.3753 0.3912 0.4062 0.4714 0.5281 0.5805 0.6789 0.7727 0.8640
1400
h... .... .... 1193.0 1218.4 1240.4 1260.3 1278.5 1295.5 1369.1 1433.1 1493.2 1608.9 1723.7 1840.0
(587.10)
s... .... .... 1.3639 1.3877 1.4079 1.4258 1.4419 1.4567 1.5177 1.5666 1.6093 1.6836 1.7489 1.8083
v... .... .... .... 0.2733 0.2936 0.3112 0.3271 0.3417 0.4034 0.4553 0.5027 0.5906 0.6738 0.7545
1600
h... .... .... .... 1187.8 1215.2 1238.7 1259.6 1278.7 1358.4 1425.3 1487.0 1604.6 1720.5 1837.5
(604.90)
s... .... .... .... 1.3489 1.3741 1.3952 1.4137 1.4303 1.4964 1.5476 1.5914 1.6669 1.7328 1.7926
v... .... .... .... .... 0.2407 0.2597 0.2760 0.2907 0.3502 0.3986 0.4421 0.5218 0.5968 0.6693
1800
h... .... .... .... .... 1185.1 1214.0 1238.5 1260.3 1347.2 1417.4 1480.8 1600.4 1717.3 1835.0
(621.03)
s... .... .... .... .... 1.3377 1.3638 1.3855 1.4044 1.4765 1.5301 1.5752 1.6520 1.7185 1.7786
v... .... .... .... .... 0.1936 0.2161 0.2337 0.2489 0.3074 0.3532 0.3935 0.4668 0.5352 0.6011
2000
h... .... .... .... .... 1145.6 1184.9 1214.8 1240.0 1335.5 1409.2 1474.5 1596.1 1714.1 1832.5
(635.82)
s... .... .... .... .... 1.2945 1.3300 1.3564 1.3783 1.4576 1.5139 1.5603 1.6384 1.7055 1.7660
v... .... .... .... .... .... .... 0.1484 0.1686 0.2294 0.2710 0.3061 0.3678 0.4244 0.4784
2500
h... .... .... .... .... .... .... 1132.3 1176.8 1303.6 1387.8 1458.4 1585.3 1706.1 1826.2
(668.13)
s... .... .... .... .... .... .... 1.2687 1.3073 1.4127 1.4772 1.5273 1.6088 1.6775 1.7389
v... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... 0.0984 0.1760 0.2159 0.2476 0.3018 0.3505 0.3966
3000
h... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... 1060.7 1267.2 1365.0 1441.8 1574.3 1698.0 1819.9
(695.36)
s... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... 1.1966 1.3690 1.4439 1.4984 1.5837 1.6540 1.7163
v... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... 0.1583 0.1981 0.2288 0.2806 0.3267 0.3703
3206.2
h... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... 1250.5 1355.2 1434.7 1569.8 1694.6 1817.2
(705.40)
s... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... 1.3508 1.4309 1.4874 1.5742 1.6452 1.7080
v... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... 0.0306 0.1364 0.1762 0.2058 0.2546 0.2977 0.3381
3500 h... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... 780.5 1224.9 1340.7 1424.5 1563.3 1689.8 1813.6
s... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... 0.9515 1.3241 1.4127 1.4723 1.5615 1.6336 1.6968
v... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... 0.0287 0.1052 0.1462 0.1743 0.2192 0.2581 0.2943
4000 h... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... 763.8 1174.8 1314.4 1406.8 1552.1 1681.7 1807.2
s... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... 0.9347 1.2757 1.3827 1.4482 1.5417 1.6154 1.6795
v... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... 0.0276 0.0798 0.1226 0.1500 0.1917 0.2273 0.2602
4500 h... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... 753.5 1113.9 1286.5 1388.4 1540.8 1673.5 1800.9
s... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... 0.9235 1.2204 1.3529 1.4253 1.5235 1.5990 1.6640
v... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... 0.0268 0.0593 0.1036 0.1303 0.1696 0.2027 0.2329
5000 h... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... 746.4 1047.1 1256.5 1369.5 1529.5 1665.3 1794.5
s... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... 0.9152 1.1622 1.3231 1.4034 1.5066 1.5839 1.6499
v... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... 0.0262 0.0463 0.0880 0.1143 0.1516 0.1825 0.2106
5500 h... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... 741.3 985.0 1224.1 1349.3 1518.2 1657.0 1788.1
s... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... 0.9090 1.1093 1.2930 1.3821 1.4908 1.5699 1.6369

24-43
NOTES:

24-44