COUNTERS AND TIME
DELAYS
LECTURE 3
Dronacharya Group of Institutions
COUNTER AND TIME DELAYS
• A counter is designed simply by loading appropriate
number into one of the registers and using INR or
DNR instructions.
• Loop is established to update the count.
• Each count is checked to determine whether it has
reached final number ;if not, the loop is repeated.
TIME DELAY
Procedure used to design a specific delay.
A register is loaded with a number , depending on the
time delay required and then the register is
decremented until it reaches zero by setting up a loop
with conditional jump instruction.
Time delay using
One register:
LABEL OPCODE OPERAND COMMENTS T
STATES
MVI C,FFH ;Load register C 7
LOOP: DCR C ;Decrement C 4
JNZ LOOP ;Jump back to 10/7
decrement C
Clock frequency of the system = 2 MHz
Clock period= 1/T= 0.5 μs
Time to execute MVI = 7 T states * 0.5= 3.5 μs
Time Delay in Loop TL= T*Loop T states * N10
= 0.5 * 14* 255
= 1785 μs = 1.8 ms
N10 = Equivalent decimal number of hexadecimal count loaded in the
delay register
TLA= Time to execute loop instructions
=TL –(3T states* clock period)=1785-1.5=1783.5 μs
TIME DELAY USING A REGISTER PAIR
Label Opcode Operand Comments T states
LXI B,2384H Load BC with 16-bit count 10
LOOP: DCX B Decrement BC by 1 6
MOV A,C Place contents of C in A 4
ORA B OR B with C to set Zero flag 4
JNZ LOOP if result not equal to 0 , 10/7
jump back to loop
Time Delay in Loop TL= T*Loop T states * N10
= 0.5 * 24* 9092
= 109 ms
Time Delay using a LOOP within a LOOP
MVI B,38H 7T Delay in Loop T L1=1783.5 μs
LOOP2: MVI C,FFH 7T Delay in Loop TL2= (0.5*21+TL1)*56
LOOP1: DCR C 4T =100.46ms
JNZ LOOP1 10/7 T
DCR B 4T
JNZ LOOP 2 10/7T
Flowchart
for time
delay with
two loops
Flowchart of a counter with time delay
ILLUSTRATIVE PROGRAM: HEXADECIMAL
COUNTER
Write a Program to count continuously from FFH to 00H using
register C with delay count 8CH between each count and
display the number at one of the output ports.
MVI B,00H
NEXT: DCR B
MVI C,8CH
DELAY: DCR C
JNZ DELAY
MOV A,B
OUT PORT#
JMP NEXT
ILLUSTRATIVE PROGRAM: ZERO TO NINE
(MODULO TEN) COUNTER
Start
START: MVI B,00H
MOV A,B Initialize counter
DSPLAY: OUT PORT #
LXI H,16-bit Display Output
LOOP: DCX H
MOV A,L Load Delay register
ORA H
Decrement Delay register
JNZ LOOP
INR B Is Delay register=0?
MOV A,B
CPI 0AH Next Count
JNZ DSPLAY
Is count =0AH?
JZ START
If yes, Initialize counter
If no, Display Output
ILLUSTRATIVE PROGRAM:
GENERATING PULSE WAVEFORMS
•Generates a continuous
square wave with the period
of 500 Micro Sec. Assume
the system clock period is
325ns, and use bit D0
output the square wave.
•Delay outside loop: T0=46
T states * 325=14.95 micro
sec.
•Loop delay: TL=4.5 micro
sec
•Total Td=To+TL
Count=34 H
DEBUGGING COUNTER AND
TIME DELAY PROGRAMS
It is designed to count
from 100(base 10) to 0
in Hex continuously
with a 1 second delay
between each count.
The delay is set up
using two loops. The
inner loop is executed to
provide approximately
100ms delay and is
repeated 10 times, using
outer loop to provide a
total delay of 1 second.
The clock period of
system is 330ns.
