AL AKHAWAYN UNIVERSITY IN IFRANE

SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

FOOTSTEPS: RENEWED TILES

BY: Fatima Zahra Bouzidy

SUPERVISED BY: Dr. Bouchaib Falah

Contents
Steeple analysis ............................................................................................................................................. 6
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 7
Types of renewable energies .................................................................................................................... 7
Renewable Energies in term of costs ........................................................................................................ 9
Human Locomotion and Energy released ............................................................................................... 10
FootStep ...................................................................................................................................................... 13
Piezoelectric ............................................................................................................................................ 14
The configuration of the tiles.................................................................................................................. 16
Conventional Charge Output Devices ..................................................................................................... 18
Low Impedance Quartz Power Devices .................................................................................................. 21
DTC in ICP Power tiles ............................................................................................................................. 26
Long Duration Events and DTC ............................................................................................................... 31
Calibration of Power Devices .................................................................................................................. 39
Business analysis ......................................................................................................................................... 40
Competitor analysis ................................................................................................................................ 40
Our Suggested design ................................................................................................................................. 41
Recycled aluminum ............................................................................................................................. 42
Piezoelectric systems .......................................................................................................................... 43
Galvanized Steel .................................................................................................................................. 44
Energy Gain and emplacement suggestion ............................................................................................ 45
Monetary gain ......................................................................................................................................... 46
Comparison of both projects outcomes ............................................................................................. 47
Code for energy auditing ............................................................................................................................ 48
Solidworks: floor design .............................................................................................................................. 52
Sketch...................................................................................................................................................... 52
Technical drawing ................................................................................................................................... 53
Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................... 54
References .................................................................................................................................................. 55

1
List of Tables

Table 1: Cost of Production for the Different Field of Renewable energies

Table 2: Cost for Pavegen

Table 3 : Primer cost estimation of the floor

Table 4: energy collected

Table 5: Electricity billing

Table 6: Summarizing table for the Gains

List of Figures

Figure1: summary of motion energy

Figure2: global view of the system

Figure 3: Tension and compression of impact 208

Figure 4: Schematic of charging mode

Figure 5: charging system

Figure 6: ICP systematic model

Figure 7: system of ICP Device System

Figure 8: ICP Device transfer characteristics

Figure 9: Response step function

Figure 10: Edge loading vs. center loading

Figure 11: Power ring and crystals

Figure 12: Positive Polarity with zero AC output

Figure 13: Aluminum Floor

Figure 14: Piezoelectric sensor
Figure 15: Galvanized Steel

2
Figure 16: Java code
Figure 17: interface trial
Figure18: SolidWorks design

3
4
5
Steeple analysis
STEEPLE analysis consists of evaluating the seven factors that makes a project successful for a company,
STEEPLE analysis is composed of Societal, technological, environmental, ethical, political, legal and
economic measures.

Societal

• The population is growing increasingly and the demand for electricity is increasing as well.
Collecting energy from human locomotion will be adaptable to such societal needs.

Technology

• Piezoelectric tiles/floors will help in developing technology inside the country.

Environment

• Piezoelectric tiles have no harm on the environment.

Ethical

• Natural source of collecting energy and do not harm the nature.

Political

• The needs for electricity are growing and they won't be enough for the next generations and
collecting energy from human daily motion ensure present and future human needs for
electricity.

Legal

• Renewed tiles has no harm to human nor to nature, so could it be useful to everybody.

Economical

• Piezoelectric tiles/ floors is saving energy for later usage and in parallel it is making important
savings.

6
Introduction
The sun, water, wind, wood and other plant products are all natural resources capable of generating

energy through technics developed by men. Their relative low impact on the environment makes

them energies of the future that help humanity to face the problem of the management of the waste

of the nuclear energy and the emissions of greenhouse gases. Renewable energies also represent

an opportunity for more than two billions isolated people to finally reach electricity. These assets,

together with increasingly efficient technologies, favor the development of renewable energies,

but still very unevenly depending on the type of resources considered. With energy consumption

increasing, it seems unlikely that renewable energy will replace other energy resources in the near

future. It is therefore important that each one of us closely monitors his/her own energy

consumption.

Types of renewable energies

It is an old principle like the windmills. The wind rotates the blades, which are themselves coupled

to a rotor and a generator. When the wind is strong enough (15 km / h minimum), the blades rotate

and drive the generator that generates electricity. This is the same principle as our good bike

dynamo.

7
Hydraulic energy

Its principle resembles to the wind turbine. Simply, it is not the wind but the mechanical energy of

the water that drives the wheel of a turbine which in turn drives an alternator. The latter transforms

mechanical energy into electrical energy. The available power depends on two factors: the height

of the waterfall and the flow of water.

Solar energy

There are two types of solar energy: photovoltaic and solar thermal.

Described by the French physicist Antoine Becquerel (the grandfather of the discoverer of

radioactivity), the photovoltaic effect is simple in principle. The solar panels consist of

photovoltaic made of silicon, a semiconductor material that hosts electrons. Excited by the sun's

rays, electrons move and produce electricity.

The biomass energy

This generic term means, in fact, any material of organic origin. Therefore, energy uses of biomass

cover a large number of techniques. Overall, biomass can be used in three different ways: burning,

rotting or chemically transforming it.

Geothermal energy

In some rocks and at certain depths where energy flows, in the form of steam and warm waters.

These waters taken from their source or recovered when they emerge from the geysers, are

collected and distributed to supply district heating networks. However, under certain conditions,

other usages are also possible.

8
Renewable Energies in term of costs

All kinds of renewable energies are using advanced technologies that cost a lot of money. In other

words, the funding of such projects can accede the amount of cost savings from those systems and

so, the government and the private entities need to put much money to produce little. However, it

is still a positive thing to be able to collect power from natural sources. In the other hand, some

technologies use natural sources like wood and this is itself damaging the nature. The following

table gives an overview about costs of production of one Megawatt per hour for the different fields

of renewable energies

Table 1: Costs of Production for the Different Field of Renewable energies

9
Human Locomotion and Energy released

The human body is always in motion, and therefore motion resulted from motion is released.

Walking and running are the two main activities that generate much energy in the human body.

While walking, the angle between Calves and thighs is not considerable, which means the leg

make a little bending and the elasticity energy in negligible. However, by stepping only once, the

gravity center takes the height of the person and then inclines which result in potential energy.

While these ups and downs, the center of gravity decreases and acquires speed, therefore a

discrepancy of the kinetic energy in mirror of the potential energy.

We can no longer ignore the existence of elastic energy through the race because of the leg

deferment. A phase of flight happens. Unlike when walking, the center of gravity increases more.

Speed is acquired during the descent. The potential and kinetic energies evolve in a mirror similarly

to walking. However, with values greater than the walking due to the appearance of a phase of

flight and the increase of the velocity.

10
Figure1: Summary of Motion Energy

11
Human Locomotion

The energy cost of locomotion is a noteworthy thing is human energy spending plans. For instance,

Passmore and Durnin (1995) computed that strolling represented 20% of the week after week

energy consumption of agent who strolled 9 hours every week, and 27% of the substantially more

noteworthy energy use of coal mineworker who strolled for 21 hours every week. The lifestyles of

these illustrations were obviously altogether different from these early people, however

locomotion should likewise be a noteworthy cost in the energy spending plans of seeker gatherer

populace. It appears to be likely that locomotion was essential likewise in the energy spending

plans of early people. It in this manner appears to be sensible to assume that human development

may have been firmly impacted by determination for structures and examples of development that

lessen the energy cost of locomotion. Advance, it appears that each of us has learned energy-

sparing practices and examples of development by experimentation. We don't generally carry on

in energy-sparing ways (in reality, a significant number of us purposely take work out), however

we have figured out how to spare energy when we wish to do as such. This capstone venture is

about the energy expenses of human strolling and running, about how our strides appear to be

adjusted to limit energy costs, and about how we ought to arrange excursions to keep costs as low

as could reasonably be expected. Also this capstone project mainly cares about the a technics that

translates human motion (walking and running) to an electrical energy.

12
FootStep

The objective of this project is about creating the electrical energy by utilizing the weight energy

or the human body mass, one can just stuns by knowing how much energy a man can have by

essentially strolling on the ground with an ordinary speed. As individuals' means (thousands upon

thousands a day) use and channel active energy excessively [1]. At whatever point a man strolls,

figures out how to lose energy towards the ground by method for impact, vibration, and sound and

soon, an aftereffect of the move of overabundance weight to the floor. That energy might be

utilized and changed over into electrical energy. The genuine electro-motor ground is truly a way

to deal with making electrical energy by utilizing the active energy of the individual who strolls

on the floor. The power ground dislike conventional floor. The energy delivered by this ground

will be condition agreeable without having exhaust cloud. Delivering this kind of energy will be

financially savvy moreover. The power ground does not require any fuel or maybe any kind of

energy asset, just making utilization of motor energy. Based upon your abundance weight from a

man proceeding onward the ground.

13
 Figure2: global view of the system[7]

Piezoelectric
Mechanical energy is a standout amongst the most pervasive energies that can be reused in our

environment. The wellsprings of mechanical energy can be a vibrating structure, a moving article,

and vibration instigated by streaming air or water. The energies related to incite vibrations or

development by stream of air and water everywhere scale are wind energy and hydroelectric

energy, separately, which are not inside the extent of this section of the project. Rather, the

mechanical energies here can be delegated purported ''low-level'' vibrations and developments.

14
Mechanical waste energies for the most part can be collected by utilizing vibration-to power

transformation. The most recognized normal for this sort of waste energy harvesting is at first

distinguished for low power eras. In this way, one of the focused on applications is to power little

electronic gadgets. In any case, late advancement demonstrates that it can likewise be utilized for

substantial scale applications. Vibration-to-power transformation can be acknowledged through

three essential components, including electromagnetic, electrostatic, and piezoelectric

transductions.

Among the three systems, piezoelectric transduction has gotten the best consideration. This is on

account of piezoelectric materials have bigger power densities and higher attainability for viable

applications than the materials utilized as a part of the other two systems. For instance, voltage

yields in electromagnetic energy harvesting are normally low and accordingly should be

intensified to a level adequately high to charge stockpiling gadgets. Conversely, nonetheless,

piezoelectric energy harvesters yield voltages that can be utilized specifically. In electrostatic

energy harvesting, the materials ought to be liable to an outer connected voltage to trigger the

relative vibratory movement of the capacitor components, which yields elective electrical streams.

Such outer connected voltages are required in piezoelectric energy harvesting. Another favorable

position over electromagnetic gadgets is that piezoelectric harvesting gadgets can be manufactured

at both full scale and smaller scale, because of the entrenched testimony systems for thick-movies

and thin-movies piezoelectric.

15
The configuration of the tiles

Quartz Power Devices are prescribed for dynamic power functions. They are not utilized as 'load

cells' for motionless (static) functions. Quick reaction, roughness, solidness equivalent to strong

steel, stretched out extents and the capacity to likewise gauge semi-static powers are standard

elements related with PCB quartz power devices.

The accompanying data introduces a portion of the plan and working attributes of PCB power

devices to help you better see how they work, which thusly, will "help you improve dynamic

estimations".

Figure 2, shows the cross-area of a run of the mill quartz power device. This specific device is a

General Purpose 208 Series pressure/strain show with inherent gadgets.

16
 Figure 3: Tension and compression of impact 208[3]

At the point when the force is pertained to this device, the quartz crystalline creates an electrostatic

charge corresponding to the inlet power. This yield is gathered on the cathodes that are between

the crystalline and is then either steered straightforwardly to an outer charge amplifier or changed

over to a low impedance voltage motion inside the device. Both these methods of operation will

be analyzed in the accompanying segments.

17
 Conventional Charge Output Devices

A charging method of piezoelectric power device, when under stress, produces a huge electrostatic

charge from the crystalline. This big impedance charge should be traced through a unique "low

commotion" link to impedance changing over the amplifier, for example, a research facility charge

enhancer or source adherent for recording purposes. Association from the device specifically to a

readout device, for example, an oscilloscope is feasible for high recurrence frequency sign, yet is

not appropriate for most quantitative power estimations.

The essential capacity of the charge amp or voltage amp is to change over the high impedance

charge yield to a usable low impedance voltage motion for recording purposes. Research facility

charge amps gives added flexibility to flag standardization, extension and separation. PCB's

"electrostatic" charge enhancers have extra information conformities for semi static estimations,

static adjustment and float free element operation.

Quartz accusing mode power devices of fallen separators can be utilized at working heats up to

204°C or 400°F.

While considering the utilization of the systems’ charge mode, recall that the yield from the

crystalline is an immaculate electrostatic charge. The interior segments of the power device and

the outer electrical connector keep up a high (ordinarily 10el3 ohm) protection resistance so that

the electrostatic charge created by the gems does not "release away". Thus, any connectors, links

or intensifiers utilized should likewise have a high protection imperviousness to keep up flag

18
trustworthiness. Natural contaminants, for example, dampness, soil or oil all added to lessened

protection, bringing about flag float and conflicting outcomes.

Utilization of uncommon "low clamor" link is required with charge mode power devices. Standard,

two-wire or coaxial link when flexed create an electrostatic charge between the conveyors. This is

alluded to as "triboelectric clamor" and can't be recognized from the device's precious stone

electrostatic yield. "Low clamor" links have an exceptional graphite grease between the dielectric

shields which limits the triboelectric impact.

Figures 3 and 4 demonstrate a normal charge amp framework schematic including: device, low

commotion, charge intensifier and the cable.

19
Figure 4: Schematic of charging mode[3]

20
 Figure 5: charging system

Low Impedance Quartz Power Devices

ICP® power devices join an inherent MOSFET microelectronic enhancer to change over the high

impedance charge yield into a low impedance voltage motion for recording. ICP devices, powered

from a different steady current source, work over long customary coaxial or strip link without flag

corruption. The low impedance voltage flag is not influenced by triboelectric link clamor or

contaminants.

21
 Figure 6: ICP systematic model

Power to work ICP devices is by and large as a minimal effort, 24-27 VDC, 2-20 mA steady current

supply. Figure 5 schematically represents an ordinary ICP device framework. PCB offers various

AC or battery-powered, single or multi-channel power/flag conditioners, with or without pick up

abilities for use with power devices. (See Related Products Section of this inventory for accessible

models.) Moreover, numerous information procurement frameworks now fuse steady current

power for specifically powering ICP devices. Since static adjustment or semi static here and now

reaction enduring up to few moments is frequently required, PCB makes flag conditioners that

gives DC coupling.

22
 Figure 7: System of ICP Device System[3]

Notwithstanding the simplicity of the operation, ICP power devices offer noteworthy points of

interest over charge mode sorts. Due to the low impedance yield and strong state, hermetic

development, ICP power devices are appropriate for ceaseless, unattended power observing in

unforgiving industrial facility situations. Additionally, ICP device cost-per-station is significantly

lower, since they work through standard, minimal effort coaxial link, and don't require costly

charge enhancers.

23
Polarity
The outlet voltage polarity of the lCP power devices is certain for pressure and negative for strain

power estimations. The PCB charge mode power devices’ polarity is recently inverse: negative for

pressure and positive for strain. This is on the grounds that charge yield devices are normally

utilized with outside charge enhancers that show a transforming trademark. Accordingly, the

subsequent framework yield polarity of the charge enhancer framework is certain for pressure and

negative for strain; same with respect to an ICP device framework. (Turn around polarity devices

are likewise accessible.)

Why Only Dynamic Power Can Be Measured With Piezoelectric Power Devices?

The piezoelectric crystals power device produce an electrostatic charge just when power is

connected to or expelled from them. Be that as it may, despite the fact that the electrical protection

resistance is very expansive. By the end, the electrostatic charge will break to zero through the

most minimal resistant way. As a result, on the off chance that you apply a static power to a

piezoelectric power device, the electrostatic charge yield at first produced will inevitably spill back

to zero.

The rate at which the charge spills back to zero is subject to the most reduced protection resistance

way in the device, link and the electrical resistance/capacitance of the intensifier utilized.

In a charge mode power device, the spillage rate is normally settled by estimations of capacitance

and resistance in the low commotion link and outer charge or source adherent speaker utilized.

In a powering device with implicit ICP gadgets, the resistance and capacitance of the inherent ICP

hardware regularly decides the spillage rate.

24
At the point when a fast element power is connected to a piezoelectric power device, the

electrostatic charge is created rapidly and, with a sufficient release time consistent, does not spill

back to zero. Be that as it may, there is a time when a moderate speed dynamic power ends up

noticeably semi static and the spillage is speedier than the rate of the evolved power. Where is the

time when the power is too moderate for the piezoelectric power device to make the estimation?

See the following segment on Discharge Time Constant for the appropriate response.

DTC Charge Mode System

While the system is in charge mode, the devices don't comprise in-built amps, in this way, the

DTC is normally controlled by the settings on an outside charge amp. An input resistor cooperating

with a capacitor on the operational intensifier decides the time steady. PCB Series 460 Charge

Amplifiers includes short, medium and long time consistent change from which DTC is chosen. It

is expected that the electrical protection resistance of the power device and link interfacing with

the charge speaker are bigger than that of the input resistor in the charge intensifier; generally,

float will happen. Hence, to guarantee this, the power device association point and link must be

kept perfect and dry.

Low Frequency Response of ICP Systems

With ICP devices, there are two components which must be considered when making low

recurrence dimensions. These are:

1.) The release time consistent normal for the power device.

2.) The release time consistent of the AC coupling circuit utilized as a part of the flag conditioner.

(In the event that DC coupling is utilized, just the over (1) should be considered.)

25
It is imperative to comprehend both components to guarantee precise low recurrence dimensions

for the client.

DTC in ICP Power tiles

The segments in the ICP devices inner amp settles the DTC. Particulars for the ICP power devices

appeared in this list of the DTC for each power device.

When testing with ICP devices, there are two time constants that must be considered for low

recurrence assurance, one being that of the device which is a settled esteem, and the other that of

the coupling electrical circuit utilized as a part of the flag conditioner.

At the point when an ICP device is subjected to a stage work input, an amount of charge, Δq, is

created relative to the mechanical info. As per the law of electrostatics, yield voltage is ΔV = Δq/C

where C is the aggregate capacitance of the detecting component, intensifier, and going capacitor.

The MOSFET intensifier to decide last device affectability then intensifies this voltage. After the

underlying stride input, the charge flag rots as indicated by the condition q = Qe-t/RC where:

the graphical representation of this equation in Fig. 7 below:

26
 Figure 8: DTC Curve standardized[3]

The result of C and R signifies to the DTC (in seconds) of the device. Device time constants differ

from only some seconds to >2000 seconds for normal devices. Modifying the resistor esteem, R,

in the devices built-in microelectronic amp, can provide exceptional time constants.

27
Most display tools have a huge input impedance >1 Mega-ohm. For these kinds of systems, the

device DTC, as discussed in previous sections, becomes an important value, also can be utilized

as a discharge signal rate. Be that as it may, for signs coupled to a minimum impedance outlet

devices, larger <1 Mega-ohm, it is important to know the time constant of our system. This will

be clarified in the next part.

Signal Conditioner & Readout Time Constants:

The outer power supply utilized with an ICP power device may likewise have a DTC related with

it. In various ICP signal suppliers, which include inner cradle enhancers or pick up amps, the time

is settled by different inside parts and might be shorter, or more, than the device DTC. The

capacitive outputs are not constant when it comes to the DTC. For this situation, a capacitor used

to separate the coupling an ICP power device predisposition voltage acts with the information

impedance of the readout device to make some other time consistent.

Check the details of the indicator of the conditioner to decide whether it has a settled inside DTC,

which sets the low recurrence reaction, or in the event that has a capacitive-coupled yield. In the

event that the yield is capacitive-coupled, the time consistent, when nourished into the contribution

of the readout can be computed as takes after:

DTC = Estimation of power supply coupling capacitor * Input impedance of readout

28
Take note of that the income of some ICP conditioners highlight (capacitive-coupled power) a

shunt resistor that supersedes the impacts of the info resistance of the readout device in the event

that it is 1 Mega-ohm or more noteworthy.

In the information device about AC coupling is likewise an extra kind of DTC. Check details for

the power conditioners and readout instrument to make sure they are reasonable for your specific

element estimation. In the event that you have more than one DTC in the framework, a period

steady, that is altogether shorter than the others will typically command. Assurance of the

framework DTC for wavering and transient information sources can be ascertained from these

conditions:

29
The TCr, or readout release time steady, is ascertained from the result of the ICP power source

coupling capacitor and the information input impedance, in seconds. To maintain a strategic

distance from potential issues, it is prescribed to keep the coupling time steady no less than 10

times lengthier than the device time consistent. The release time steady of the ICP device decides

the low recurrence reaction of the framework. It is similar to a first request high pass RC channel.

The hypothetical lower frequencies corner (fc) is represented in Fig. 8 underneath, and can be

computed from the accompanying connections:

Figure 8:ICP Device transfer characteristics

30
 Long Duration Events and DTC
It is frequently coveted to gauge an info beat enduring a limited seconds in term. This is

particularly valid with power device applications where static adjustment or semi static estimations

happen. (Before doing trial of this nature, it is critical to DC couple the whole checking system to

anticipate quick signals. PCB 484 Series conditioners have AC/DC method of operation and are

intended for such applications.)

The general dependable guideline for such estimations is that the yield of the lost signal and time

slipped by over the initial 10% of DTC that have a coordinated relationship. On the off chance that

a device has a 500 per second DTC, over the initial 50 seconds, 10% of the first signal for the input

will have rotted. For 1% exactness, information ought to be taken in the initial 1% of the DTC. In

the event that 8% exactness is worthy, the estimation ought to be taken inside 8% of the DTC.

Figure 9 graphically exhibits this occasion.

31
 Figure 9: Response step function[3]

Left unaltered, the signal received will normally rot toward zero. This will take roughly 5 DTC.

You will see that after the first step drive signal is expelled, the yield signal plunges beneath the

pattern reference point (t0+.01 TC). This negative esteem is an indistinguishable incentive from

rotted from the first motivation. Promote perception will uncover that the signal collected, left

unaffected, will rot upwards toward zero until the equilibrium part in the framework is watched.

32
 Installation:

Legitimate installation of devices is basic for defining element estimations. Albeit rough PCB

quartz power devices are pardoning to some extends, but certain fundamental methods ought to be

taken after.

As most PCB power devices are intended with quartz pressure plates to quantify powers connected

in a hub heading, adjusting the device and contact surfaces to avert edge stacking or twisting

minutes in the device will create better element estimations.

Having parallelism between the device and test structure contact surfaces limits twisting minutes

and edge stacking. Evenness of surfaces will likewise influence the nature of the estimation.

Utilizing a thin layer of oil on mounting surfaces amid establishment, makes better contact

amongst device and rising surface.

The increasing surfaces on PCB power devices are lapped amid their fabrication to guarantee that

they are parallel, plate, and horizontal. Ring-styled power devices are provided with antifriction

washers to limit shear stacking of the device surface while torqueing between the two surfaces.

Stacking to the whole power device-detecting surface is likewise essential for good estimations.

Be that as it may, this can be troublesome if the surface being carried into contact with the device

dos not have a similar rise surface. For this situation, a middle of the road bended surface ran

reduces edge stacking influences. (See Figure 10)

33
 Figure 10: Edge loading vs. center loading[3]

CB Series 208 power devices are provided with a raised bended effect top to help spread the

powers over the whole surface of the power device.

34
One other issue when mounting power devices is attempting to limit pointless mechanical high

recurrence stun stacking of the devices. The high recurrence substance of direct metal-to-metal

effects can frequently make brief term, high "g" over-burdens in structures and devices. This issue

can be limited by using a thin damping layer of a gentler material on the interface surface between

the structure and device being affected. (It ought to be considered in advance whether the slight

damping of the high recurrence stun is basic to the power estimation prerequisites.) The effect

surface on Series 200 and the effect tops on Series 208 Power Devices are provided by thin layers

that are affecting the material negatively.

Preloading Power Rings

PCB ring style power devices are introduced between two sections of a test structure with a

flexible beryllium copper jolt or stud. This stud holds the structure together and applies preload to

the power ring. In this kind of establishment, some portion of the power between the two structures

is shunted through the mounting stud. This might be up to 5% for the beryllium copper stud

provided with the instrument and up to half for steel studs. On the off chance that a stud other than

beryllium copper is utilized, it is vital that ring devices be aligned in a preloaded state to guarantee

exact readings and linearity all through the whole working scope of the device.

35
 Figure 11: Power Ring and Crystals

PCB in-house alignment methodology requires the establishment of a power ring with BeCu stud

in arrangement with a NIST traceable demonstrating ring. A preload of 20% (full scale working

scope of the power ring) however at the very least 10 lbs, it is connected preceding recording of

estimation information. Permit the static part of the flag to release before alignment.

Typical Piezoelectric System Output

The normal yield for piezoelectric devices is that of an AC coupled framework, where redundant

signs will rot until there appears an equivalent region above and underneath the first pattern. As

size levels of the checked occasion vacillate, the yield will stay balanced out around the gauge

with the positive and negative territories of the bend staying break even with. Figure 11

demonstrates an AC flag taking after this bend. (Yield from devices working in DC mode taking

after this same example yet over a developed time period related with device time steady values.)

36
Illustration: Assuming a 0 to 4 volt yield flag is created from an AC coupled power application

with a one moment relentless state beat rate and one moment between heartbeats. The recurrence

stays consistent yet the flag rapidly rots adversely until the flag bases on the first standard (where

range A = territory B). Top to top yield continues as before.

Repetitive Pulse Applications

In many power checking applications it is wanted to screen a progression of zero-to-top

monotonous heartbeats that may happen inside a brief timeframe interim of each other. This yield

flag is frequently alluded to as a "heartbeat prepare". As has been beforehand talked about, the AC

coupled yield motion from piezoelectric devices will rot towards a balance state, making it

resemble the positive power is diminishing and hard to precisely screen a constant zero-to-crest

yield flag, for example, related with stamping or pill squeeze applications. With the utilization of

uncommon ICP flag molding gear it winds up plainly conceivable to position a yield flag positive

going over a ground based zero. Working with a float free AC current, the Model PCB 484B02

gives the consistent current voltage excitation to ICP power devices and has a zero based cinching

circuit that electronically resets zero to each pulse. As illustrated in Figure 11, this exceptional

hardware keeps the yield from floating adversely giving a persistent positive signal.

37
Figure12: Positive Polarity with zero AC output [3]

38
Calibration of Power Devices

PCB gives NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) traceable adjustment and testing

administrations for all power devices. Alignment methodology takes after acknowledged rules as

suggested by ANSI (American National Standards Institute) and ISA (instrument Society of

America). Alignment of power devices at PCB is as per ISA-37-10 and consents to MIL-STD-

45662A. These gauges give the foundation and administrate the finished alignment frameworks,

in this manner the controlling of the precision of a device's particulars is by controlling, measuring

and testing hardware exactness. Each exclusively aligned power device is provided with a NIST

traceable endorsement showing adjusted affectability. Deciding the affectability of devices with

working extents from 5 000 to 100 000 lbs (22,24 to 444,8 kN) is performed by putting the power

device in a water driven press stand. In arrangement with the device is a Morehouse demonstrating

ring reference power standard chose for the working scope of the device. Reference demonstrating

rings are adjusted and guaranteed at regular intervals to check aligned esteem. A downsized test

stand is utilized for lower ran devices. Little, high affectability models are aligned by applying a

known lightweight mass, letting the flag zero, and afterward rapidly evacuating the mass. Yield

recorded is the affectability of the device. Charge mode and longer time steady devices are adjusted

by statically applying a known power and recording yield information. In every adjustment

technique, information focuses are plotted at 20% interims of the device's working extent. Each

point speaks to the normal of three separate estimations taken at that range. These arrived when

the midpoint of focuses are graphically plotted and the best straight line through zero is drawn.

Ought the adjustment to focuses to fall outside the predefined linearity as given in distributed

details, the unit comes up short alignment and rejected.

39
Business analysis
Competitor analysis
Pavegen is our only market competitor. Pavegen Company has proved lately, that they are

on the track to generate energy from human steps on ground using piezoelectric materials. In fact,

while people are stepping on the ground they are losing some energy, and the idea here, is to benefit

from that lost energy and make it useful. The Pavegen Company are declaring that the tiles they

will be using in the ground are made from recyclable materials with a percentage of 90%, the

dimensions of each tile is: 0.6 m x 0.45 m. Moreover, the tiles were costing for about $4000 in the

year of 2011, $200 two years after, and the price fail down to 70 dollars per tile. We are going to

do a full analysis of energy and cost to generate energy from footsteps, even though we cannot

have an exact estimation of life expectancy of each tile, we will calculate an estimated amount of

profit. Pavegen is our first competitor, where, as stated before, they produce tiles with piezoelectric

configuration and sell them. The price for those tiles (0.6m*0.45m) was reduced nowadays to $76

(761.56 MAD) and since the floor (4m*2m) is composed of 15 tiles the $ 1140 (11423.37 MAD).

Since the manufacturer is in London and the electricity price (Kwh) is low (2.844 pence). The

following table summarizes Pavegen’s income. Where our assumption of people who will walk

every day on the floor is 35000 on Time Square in New York City.

Energy gathered (one piezoelectric system) 7 Watts

Total energy in one step 28 Watts

Cost of one step 0.00144 MAD

Total energy in Time Square/ day 98 KWatt

Total gain in Time square / day 50.4 MAD

Total energy in one year 352800 Kwatt

40
Total Gain in one year 18144 MAD

Price of the tiles

Year Tile Floor

2011 40.000 MAD 600.000 MAD

2013 2.000 MAD 30.000 MAD

2015 1.000 MAD 15000 MAD

2017 760 MAD 11.400 MAD

Time Duration of 2017: 11400 MAD / (50.4 MAD*30 Days) = 7.5 Months (7 Months and 15 days)

Table 2: Cost for Pavegen

➢ This result means that Pavegen is going to recover its expenses after 7 months and half.
However in the next part we will try to minimize the cost of the floor and maximize the benefits.

Our Suggested design

In this part, we tried to come up with a new design for the floor, in which we minimize the cost of material

and also increase the gain.

o Our design consists of a triangle shape for each tile. Only the essential tile is composed of 3

piezoelectric systematic pieces.

o The floor is 4m*2m

o Composed mainly of three elements :

▪ Recycled aluminum

▪ Piezoelectric system

▪ Galvanized Steel

41
Recycled aluminum
We want to minimize the price, and for this we will use recycled aluminum sheets. Aluminum sheets will

serve as the basic floor in which the piezoelectric systems are connected. Aluminum sheet will resist to

pressure and will not be damage even the mass is high.

Figure 13: Aluminum Floor

In the market, providers only sell 2m*1m for 400 MAD

Our need requires 4 sheets of recycled aluminum and it will cost us 1600 MAD

42
Piezoelectric systems
In the previous sections we’ve been talking about the piezoelectric system, and now we will use it in our

floor. The piezoelectric pieces will be used as joints this time. The triangular shape will take on

piezoelectric piece in each corner and starting this idea we will gather the triple amount of electricity

that a piezoelectric system release into the battery.

Figure 14: Piezoelectric sensor

43
Number of pieces needed 13 Pieces
Price of one piece 158.6 MAD
Shipping price for each piece 21.2 MAD
Total Price 2337.4 MAD

Table3: Pricing piezoelectric Sensors

Galvanized Steel
Galvanized steel will be used to protect the system from the floor. Steel is galvanized when a coat of zinc

is applied over it. This coat of zinc is used to protect our system from natural damages so that our

piezoelectric pieces won’t need maintenance until 2 years. The sheet are deformable but not breakable.

Figure 15: Galvanized Steel

(2m*1m) sheets cost 155 MAD

(4m*2m) sheets cost 620 MAD

44
This table summarize to us the cost discussed above

Recycled aluminum 1600 MAD

Piezoelectric systematic pieces 2337.4 MAD

Galvanized steel sheets 620 MAD

Total Cost for (4m*2m) Floor 4577.4 MAD

Table 3 : Primer cost estimation of the floor

Energy Gain and emplacement suggestion

• Each piezoelectric sensor generates 7 Watts once we step on it, and as each tile is placed

between 3 piezoelectric sensors, the energy collected from one step is 21 Watts.

• We suggest to put such a technology in the entrance of MOROCCO MALL as it receives much

visitors each day.

• By investigating about the number of people that enter the MALL, HuffPost Maroc reported that

18 Million people entered MOROCCO MALL last year which give us and approximation of 49315

Person.

• The piezoelectric floor is to be fixed between the security hole

• People would walk over the 4m length and by walking on it they step an average of 5 Steps.

One piezoelectric sensor 7 Watts

One tile 21 Watts

Number of people walking 49315 steps

Number of steps/ one person 3 steps

Total steps 147945 step

Total energy 310.6 Kwatt

Table 4: energy collected

45
Monetary gain
Converting energy gain to a monetary gain needed the following that form the ONEE. The National Office

of Electricity and drinkable water (ONEE) of Morocco has defined different tariffs for electricity

consumption depending on the usage and masse of the consumer.

For domestically usage:

The total tariff (in Dirhams) of consumption is calculated used system of installments with VAT included

(14%):

Installment of consumption/month Watt price

0 à 100 kWh 0,0009010

101 à 150 kWh 0,0010732

151 à 200 kWh 0,0010732

201 à 300 kWh 0,0011676

301 à 500 kWh 0,0013817

> à 500 kWh 0,0015958

Massive accounts:
Fixed tariff of a Watt per year 0,49409

Tariffs per months

Peaking hours 0,0013645

Full hours 0,0009736

Breaking hours 0,0007131

Table 5: Electricity billing

46
 • Since we are targeting MOROCCO MALL as a consumer for our product, we will use Peaking hours

tariff and which is 0.0013645 MAD.

From this our monetary gain will be:

Monetary gain = Energy Gain*Price of one watt

517800 Watts*0.0013645=432.92 MAD/day

➢ For our daily gain we will collect a monetary value of 706.54 MAD

Expenses Recovery Duration

Time Duration: 4577.5 MAD / (432.92MAD) = 10 Days (approximately one week and half)

Comparison of both projects outcomes

Pavegen Company Capstone Project estimation

Price of the floor (15 tiles) Price of the floor (15 tiles)

11423.37 MAD 4577.4 MAD

Energy gathered in one day Energy gathered in one day

98000 Watts 310600 Watts

Monetary Gain per day Monetary Gain per day

50.4 MAD/ day 432.92 MAD/day

Time duration for expenses recovery Time Duration for expenses recovery
7 Months and 15 days 10 Days

Conclusion: more time, lower gain Conclusion: Less time, bigger gain

Table 6: Summarizing table for the Gains

47
 Code for energy auditing
• The following Java Code is designed with NetBean to be used as an automated interface to calculate the Energy

collected and the monetary gain.

• The code “Footsteps RenewedTiles” Contains equations that we used previously in the financial part in order to

calculate our gains for our assumptions

48
49
Figure 16: Java code

50
✓ In the first trial we assumed that 1000 people entered the MALL and stepped 3 times on the floor. We collected 63

Kwatts and we obtained 10.5 MAD

Figure 17: interface trial

✓ From the beginning we assumed that the average people entering MOROCCO MALL each day is 49315 people and

when calculating manually, we’ve got the same result as the Java interface.

This code is to calculate the total gains for each installed floor, where it can be used to calculate the energy audit for

the floors and if the result is not neutral, the maintenance is needed.

51
Solidworks: floor design
Sketch

52
Technical drawing

53
Conclusion

Today’s demands of electricity is becoming too high due to the growth of population. All sorts of

renewable engineering technologies are trying to extract energy from natural sources. However, as we

stated at the beginning, this capstone project does not harm any natural source, in contrast energy is

collected from the human locomotion and translated into electricity stored in batteries to later uses.

This project should be wisely implemented in places like gymnasiums, markets, dance floors and most

frequented streets.

54
References

[1]. Applications of Ferroelectrics, 2004. ISAF-04. 2004 14th IEEE International Symposium on Digital
Object Identifier: 10.1109/ISAF.2004 .1418347 .Publication Year: 2004

[2]. Gautschi, G (2002). Piezoelectric Sensorics: Force, Strain, Pressure, Acceleration and Acoustic
Emission Sensors, Materials and Amplifiers

[3] "Introduction to Dynamic Pressure Sensors." Introduction to Piezoelectric Pressure Sensors. N.p., n.d.
Web. 26 Apr. 2017.

[4] S.S.Taliyan, B.B. Biswas, R.K. Patil and G. P. Srivastava, Reactor Control Division, Electronics &
Instrumentation Group And T.K. Basu IPR, Gandhinagar

[5] Center for Intelligent Material Systems and Structures Virginiav Polytechnic Institute and State
University.

[6] Meiling Zhu, Member, IEEE, Emma Worthington, and Ashutosh Tiwari, Member, IEEE.

[7] Design Study of Piezoelectric Energy- Harvesting Devices for Generation of Higher Electrical Power
Using a Coupled-Piezoelectric-Circuit Finite Element Method IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonic’s,
Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control, vol. 57, no. 2, February 2010.

[8] Estimation of Electric Charge Output for Piezoelectric EnergyHarvesting,LA-UR-04-2449, Strain

Journal, 40(2), 49-58, 2004;Henry A. Sodano, Daniel J. Inman, Gyuhae Park. Electricity from Footsteps

[9] S.R. Anton, H.A. Sodano, A review of power harvesting using piezoelectric materials (2003–2006).
Smart Mater. Struct. 16, R1–R21 (2007)

[10] Laurence Kemball-Cook, Pavegen webpage.

[11] www.Aliexpress.com/piezoelectric-sensors

[12]

55