HBRC Journal (2015) 11, 285–298

Housing and Building National Research Center

HBRC Journal

http://ees.elsevier.com/hbrcj

Influence of mixed land-use on realizing

the social capital
Noha Ahmed Nabil, Gehan Elsayed Abd Eldayem *

Architecture, Helwan University, Egypt

Received 1 October 2013; revised 26 February 2014; accepted 7 March 2014

KEYWORDS Abstract Mixed land-use is one of the raised issues that still constitutes a controversial matter for
Mixed land-use; many researchers, whether those advocating the use of it or opposing the idea of its existence.
Social capital; Hence, this research discusses the concept of mixed land-use and the positives and negatives (Pros
Accessibility; & Cons) that can be realized regarding one of the new conceptions, represented in social capital.
Diversity; This concept is considered relatively recent and one of the most important resources for the achieve-
Structural social capital; ment of sustainable development.
Cognitive social capital This research paper aims at considering the influence of mixed land-use on realizing the social
capital via studding the mutual relationship between the two variables in more than one zone in
the Greater Cairo Region.
This research paper handles the topic in terms of three themes. The first theme handles the mixed
land-use in terms of the concept, historical development, positives and negatives and reaching to its
measurable variables. Whereas the second theme deals with the social capital in terms of its con-
cepts, forms, types and its measurable indices. And the third theme deals with the selection of six
study areas in the Greater Cairo Region and the measurement of each index of mixed land-use
and social capital in these zones for reaching to the mutual relationship between the two variables.
Whereas the search has proved the presence of a direct relationship between them; the more the
ratio of mixed land-use, the more the social capital.
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Center.

Introduction

The mixed land-use has many concepts, but such concepts are
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +20 1111942852.
joining in showing the human’s direct attention and activities
E-mail addresses: dr_nohanabil@yahoo.com (N.A. Nabil), gehan_
elsayed@yahoo.com (G.E.A. Eldayem).
and the extent of his interaction with the surroundings. It is
Peer review under responsibility of Housing and Building National
defined as: ‘‘Activities undertaken by the inhabitants on a cer-
Research Center. tain area of land utilizing his natural resources via exploiting
the best human potentials’’. It is also defined as: ‘‘The man’s
needs of land for living on it, using it for the different life pur-
poses and increasing housing on it’’, or it is ‘‘Means followed
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hbrcj.2014.03.009
286 N.A. Nabil, G.E.A. Eldayem

by a group of inhabitants for the purpose of getting their  From (700 B.C. to 1900 A.D.), the Roman cities were the
necessary needs’’ [1]. beginning of emergence of mixed use. The non-residential
As regards to the mixed land-use, it refers to the mixture of use has become widespread on the horizontal and vertical
many types of buildings that have different uses in the layout axes spreading through the residential zones and then the
itself. For example, there may be a mixture of residential build- idea evolved in the cities of middle ages. Whereas many cit-
ings located nearby the office buildings, shops, cinemas, ies have depended on their planning on the mixed use idea
schools, coffee shops, parks and transport stations [2]. and the convergence of a group of services with each other.
Whereas some describes it as a heterogynous pattern of Designing the commercial shops of retail sale beneath the
land use in geographically specified zones and usually involves homes in addition to the idea of agency is one of the most
the use of residential and the commercial, institutional, indus- examples indicating such matter. This matter is obviously
trial, entertaining and agricultural uses [3]. shown in the ancient Islamic cities; the home was mostly
The mixed land-use is divided into three types; horizontal located at a near distance from the services, retail trade
or vertical, or both as shown in Fig. 1. and public transport. Due to the lack and absence of car
The term mixed land-use, in this paper, refers to the mix- ownership at that time, resorting to the mixed use idea
ture of different uses in the same geographical space, which was necessary for achieving alternative forms of transport
resembles mixed-use development as long as it involves the with the emergence of Industrial Revolution (1750–1850),
homes and the other activities necessary to the daily life (such the problems of mixed use have started to appear.
as purchasing grocery) or small craft industries or administra-  From (1910 to 1900), post the Second World War and with
tive offices, medical clinics and the other uses undertaken by an the great increase in owning cars, a collective emigration
individual within a short distance on foot. This research dis- started from the centralized cities to the suburbs looking
cusses to which extent non-residential uses are allowed for for life in the new cities. The idea of using segregation
coexistence with residential uses, in addition to the positives was adopted due to the negatives that resulted from mixed
of such mixture and its effect on individuals’ social life. use, therefore, increased dependence on cars emerged. This
pattern of development has created different challenges
Literature review caused conflict in opinions accepting or rejecting the mixed
uses. Whereas the mixed uses were canceled from all new
Historical development of mixed use idea [4] plans of cities due to its negatives.
 From (1960 to early 1970), the mixed use started to emerge
again as a performance activating the great urban zones, in
There are many questions causing controversy between many
addition to the major projects with mixed use and mixed-
of researchers. Whereas some of them advocate and promote
use development.
the mixed use idea, and the others prompt to use segregation
 In the late seventies and until the end of eighties (1970–
due to many negatives that resulted from mixed use.
1980), the return was made to the mixed-use as one of
Hence, we shall review the historical development of mixed
rehabilitation tolls of deteriorated zones.
use idea with the aim of recognizing its current situation, which
 From (1990–2000), the mixture of uses was confirmed as one
can be summarized in the following points:
of the contemporary planning principles, in addition to con-
sidering it as a basic element in designing the sustainable res-
 From (3500 B.C. to 1000 B.C.), the ancient civilizations
idential neighborhood and smart growth principles [5].
emerged (cities of Mesopotamia – ancient Egyptian cities
– ancient Greek cities). These cities depended on using seg-
From the foregoing, we extract that, at the present time,
regation, whereas the services were concentrated around the
there is a call to return to the mixed use as a basic element
religious element and then the zones were allocated to
of the sustainable planning and smart growth (Fig. 2).
residence.

Fig. 1 Mixed use patterns. Source: Author through: www.dca.state.ga.us – Mixed use district model land use management code.
Influence of mixed land-use on realizing the social capital 287

Pros and Cons of mixed-land use planning Mixed-land use measurement indices

The mixed-land use can realize many pros (economic and Mixed-land use is measured by a great number of indices. We
social). The proximity of commercial uses from residential have chosen the most important indices and most correlated to
zone mostly results in increasing the lands and building value the social capital:the number of land uses – Mix Actual [9] –
in those zones [6] and, consequently, increasing local tax reve- LU_Mix – A diversity index [9] – Building mix – Accessibility
nues. Whereas these zones were able to attract more popula- to commercial – Accessibility to kindergartens and elementary
tions, this matter leads to an increase in the economic schools – Accessibility to secondary school – Accessibility to
activity as a result of the increase in the population number parks – Average length of streets – Width of the widest street
in the zone of shopping daily. Therefore, some believes that in study sample – Width of the narrowest street in study sam-
it is an excellent way for activating and motivating the zones ple – transition way for different uses.
suffering from deterioration in economic status [7], in addition These indices were chosen and the focus was made on them
to promoting the pedestrian movement and bicycles consid- due to its close correlation and direct influence on realizing the
ered by many people a growing social phenomenon comes social capital. The number of land uses and diversity index has
under the urban planning policies and considerations [8] been chosen for measuring the extent of realization of different
(Fig. 3). The following (Table 1) demonstrates the Pros and uses, the accessibility to educational, commercial and service
Cons of land-use idea: index was chosen because of its influence on the social relation-
It’s worth mentioning that walking phenomenon is an ships. Whereas the walking phenomenon and using bicycles
essential element of transportation means inside the city, the assist in the social communication and realizing the conver-
most facility and speed inside provinces and districts, the gence between the community’s different segments and differ-
deepest socially and human interaction and the clearest envi- ent transportation road indices were chosen because of its
ronmentally absolutely via activating the opportunities, influence on the populations, especially if there are Pedestrian
pros assisting in the widespread of this phenomenon on one sidewalks and other pathways for bicycles, the matter which
hand, and reducing the many obstacles and cons on the other assists in increasing the social networks and relationship
hand. formation (Fig. 4).

Fig. 2 Historical development of mixed use idea. Source: Researcher.

288 N.A. Nabil, G.E.A. Eldayem

Fig. 3 Influence of mixed use on the daily life. Source: http://www.plan4sustainabletravel.org/key_themes/mix_of_uses/.

Conceptual framework: what is social capital? reciprocal, trusting and equal relationships between citizens
are the signs of strong social capital [13].
The social capital of a society includes the institutions, the Our understanding is that these are most common in com-
relationships, the attitudes and values that govern interactions munities where economic capacities and resources (economic
among people and contribute to economic and social develop- capital) are also more equally shared. Therefore in the context
ment. The notion that social relations, networks, norms, and of this Policy Briefing a ‘social capital approach’ means [14]:
values matter in the functioning and development of society
has long been present in the economics, sociology, anthropol-  Commitment to using social capital as a way of reducing
ogy, and political science literature. Only in the past 10 years health inequities, based on the assumption that improved
or so, however, has the idea of social capital been put forth social capital in a community can help improve access to
as a unifying concept embodying these multidisciplinary views. economic resources and opportunities.
Many writers have attempted to define social capital rigorously  Community social capital building is not about reducing the
and to identify conceptually sound and practically useful amount of spending or responsibility by the state but rather
bounds of the concept [10]. requires investment and support from state agencies, with
the expectation of longer term cost savings and improved
Definition of social capital population health outcomes.
 Community social capital building will be most effective
Social capital can be defined simply as an instantiated set of
when the broader public policy environment reflects a com-
informal values or norms shared among members of a group
mitment to social equity and the redistribution of economic
that permits them to cooperate with one another. If members
resources [11].
of the group expect that others will behave reliably and hon-
estly, then they will trust one another [11].
The social capital, as the social sciences, is distinguished by
Social capital is networks together with shared norms, val-
the non-existence of a determined definition. This concept has
ues and understandings that facilitate cooperation within or
been subject to many definitions issued by the regional and
among groups.
international organizations and a number of experts, through
Social capital has been defined by the Harvard University’s
which this concept has evolved. In the beginning of its emer-
Robert Putnam as the working product of interpersonal net-
gence, it meant the voluntary work and community engage-
works, contacts, knowledge and related human resources.
ment in development [12]. Then, it has evolved to include the
Taken together these are valuable assets that individuals and
rules and manner according to which populations deal and
groups can use to address a wide range of needs and interests,
customs, values and mutual trust among them which can be
acting as a counterweight to the negative effects of Globaliza-
considered the most important social resource of the sustain-
tion and uneven access to new information and communica-
able development resources. This topic shall be discussed in
tions technology [12].
the context of this research.
Based on this research we developed the following defini-
tion of social capital:
Social capital refers to the connections, trust and reciproc- The forms of social capital
ity between individuals and within communities, and the Whether at the micro, or macro level, social capital exerts its
resources that can arise from these connections. These include influence on development as a result of the interactions
employment or educational opportunities for individuals, and between two distinct types of social capital - structural and
cohesion and a sense of safety in communities. cognitive. Structural social capital facilitates information shar-
Robust social networks, strong community-based ing, and collective action and decision-making through estab-
resources, and a strong society-wide commitment to respectful, lished roles, social networks and other social structures
 Influence of mixed land-use on realizing the social capital
Table 1 Pros and Cons of mixed land-use.
Environmental Urban Social Economic
Pros  Reducing the dependence on cars,  Activating the deteriorated zones  Prompting the pedestrian movement  Availability of the greater amount of
reducing road crowd and reducing through mixing the residential uses, and bicycles considered by many peo- supply before inhabitants helps them
air pollution accordingly public institutions and commercial ple a growing social phenomenon to chose without hardship or exertion
activities comes under the urban planning poli-  The plan encourages the mixed land-
 Increasing the area available for devel- cies and considerations. This phenom- use for creating job opportunities near
opment and securing more of housing enon is missed in many cities due to its to homes reducing the energy wasted
opportunities and options role in increasing contact and conver- in daily moving between the home
 Enhancing the zone identity and gence of the city’s people and, conse- and work and for increasing the social
strengthening its advantagesThe pro- quently, creating the social links and interaction between populations,
ject is multi-use and can increase the relationshipsAchieving the security which this research seeks to verify
density of land use, in addition to due to securing the permanent move-  Raising the value of residence located
integration ment in the zone at the center of mixed use due to its
proximity of the different activities
(commercial, entertaining, ...etc)
Cons  Uses lead to pollution (environment,  Dispersion of small industrial and  High rate of crowd  Specialization in commerce threatens
noise,...) inside the urban block commercial uses on main roads, the  Increase in population density the ability to supply goods and raw
 Overlapping of industrial, commercial matter which brings heavy truck traf-  High rate of violence and crime materials, the matter which affects
and residential zones, the matter fic into the residential zones  Lack of residential zones’ privacy the commerce level
which leads to a source of air pollution  The road width is not suitable for the
inside the urban mass type of land uses existent on it, volume
of movement and the resulted traffic
flow
 Non-availability of parking areas
Source: Author.

289
290 N.A. Nabil, G.E.A. Eldayem

Fig. 4 Social capital measurement indices. Source: Author.

supplemented by rules, procedures, and precedents. As such, it (d) Information and CommunicationAccessibility to infor-
is a relatively objective and externally observable construct. mation is a central element in assisting communities to
Cognitive social capital refers to shared norms, values, trust, have a strong voice in matters affecting their living stan-
attitudes, and beliefs. It is therefore a more subjective and dard. This dimension addresses the means through
intangible concept [15]. which any individual can access information related to
The two forms of social capital can be, but are not necessar- his life circumstances.
ily, complementary. Cooperation between neighbors can be (e) Social Cohesion and InclusionCommunities are distin-
based on a personal cognitive bond that may not be reflected guished by the inclusion of many cleavages and dispari-
in a formal structural arrangement. Similarly, the existence ties that can lead to struggle. This dimension includes
of a community association does not necessarily testify to determining the nature of these differences, disparities
strong personal connections among its members, either and cleavages and mechanisms that can dominate it [18].
because participation in its activities is not voluntary or (f) Empowerment and Political ActionThis dimension
because its existence has outlasted the external factor that refers to empower people to the extent at which they
led to its creation. Social interaction can become capital can dominate and control processes that can directly
through the persistence of its effects, which can be ensured influence their living standard.
at both the cognitive and structural level [16].
Five mechanisms for how social capital affects outcomes
Dimensions of social capital concept Five mechanisms for how social capital affects outcomes
Via a number of studies and field researches, scholars have are [19]:
determined three principal dimensions for realizing the social
capital represented in the following [17]:  Improve society’s ability to monitor the performance of gov-
ernment, either because government officials are more
(a) Groups and NetworksThis dimension is the common embedded in the social network or because monitoring
one and addresses the extent of an individual’s engage- the public provision of services is a public good;
ment in different forms of social organizations and  Increase in possibilities for co-operative action in solving
informal networks. problems with a local common property element;
(b) Trust and SolidarityThis dimension includes the com-  Facilitate the diffusion of innovations by increasing inter-
munity individuals’ social trust limits and degrees and linkages among individuals;
the stability and variation of this trust across time,  Reduce information imperfections and expand the range of
whether among individuals inside the urban cluster or enforcement mechanisms, thereby increasing transactions
among the populations and local bodies. in output, credit, land and labor markets;
(c) Collective Action and CooperationThis dimension  Increase informal insurance (or informal safety nets)
explores the ability of individuals to work with others between households, thereby allowing households to pursue
in their communities via the joint projects and the possi- higher returns, but more risky, activities and production
bility of investing their cooperation. techniques.
Influence of mixed land-use on realizing the social capital 291

Fig. 5 Study zone selection. Source: Author through Google earth 2013.

Table 2 Measurement of mixed land-use indices.

Variables Methods of measuring variables
Diversity X1 the number of land uses Number of land uses
X2 Mix_Actual (m2) of commercial, industrial, and public land uses in the
neighborhood
divided by the number of housing units; the higher the
ratio, the greater the land use mix.
PS
 i¼1 ðpi Þ lnðpi Þ
X3 LU_Mix – A diversity index H1 ¼ LnðsÞ
where H1 = diversity, pi = proportions of each of the five
land use types such as, Industrial, Public and Commercial
uses, and s = the number of land uses
The higher the value, the more even the distribution of
land uses
X4 Building mix Number of building types
Accessibility X5 Accessibility to commercial Median distance to the nearest commercial use; the shorter
the distance, the greater the accessibility
X6 Accessibility to kindergartens and Median distance to the nearest kindergartens and
elementary schools elementary schools the shorter the distance, the greater the
accessibility
X7 Accessibility to secondary school Median distance to the nearest secondary school the
shorter the distance, the greater the accessibility
X8 Accessibility to parks Median distance to the nearest park; the shorter the
distance, the greater the accessibility
X9 Average length of streets Measuring
X10 Width of the widest street in the study sample Measuring
X11 Width of the narrowest street the in study sample Measuring
X12 transition way for different uses By public transport = 1
By car = 2
By bike = 3
On foot = 4
Source. Author through [9,10].
292 N.A. Nabil, G.E.A. Eldayem

Social capital measurement indices  Ability to collective action.

The broad empirical uses of social capital concept and its  The existence of a strong information network of the dis-
applications have resulted in an obvious variation and broad trict or zone.
multiplicity of its measurement indices. This matter is attrib-  The existence of representatives from the local bodies in the
uted to many reasons, including the difference of social capital zone.
application levels (at the individual level, at the group level and  The extent of trust available among the populations.
at the community level), the variation of communities and cul-  The extent of trust available among the populations and the
tures in which this concept is used and the multiplicity theoret- government.
ical visions and procedural concepts related to the dealing with  The existence of groups operates for a common goal of the
this concept. The researcher can display here the most impor- zone.
tant social capital measurement indices as contained in the  The availability of laws monitoring the government
research heritage as follows: performance.
 The extent of security and good monitoring available in the
 Networks and Social Relationships: It is established by indi- zone.
viduals with the aim of achieving certain goals, such as syn-  The number of religious institutions in the zone.
dicates, parties, public utility associations, categorical
societies and the other relationships and networks establish- Material and method
ing a civil life. In this context, ‘‘Putnam’’ has referred to that
the volume and extent of participation in this social and Study zone selection
national unions and societies determine the volume of social
capital in the community. Whereas these unions and societies
support and enrich the collective standards and social trust. Study zones were selected as follows:
 Values System: Trust, transparency, tolerance toward others,
desire to cooperate with them, rationality and the other values 1. The study zones represent the Greater Cairo Region in
of modernity are at the top of this system. Regarding the trust, terms of the spatial distribution of the three governorates.
some experts confirm that the welfare of any community and 2. The areas of study zones are equivalent to the area of a
its ability to competition depend on a cultural feature repre- neighborhood or shiakha.
sented in the level of trust inside this community and it is link- 3. The study zones vary in terms of the date of establishment
ing to his social capital balance. Some argue that the trust is and the development of the urban mass.
what is expected from the other members within a group with 4. The study zones are diverse in terms of land use distribution
cooperative, straightforward and organized behavior which where in some cases there are many educational or com-
depends on common customs, therefore, the social capital is mercial services, in other cases the uses are diverse in a
an ability that resulted from the prevalence of trust and its Homogenous pattern and in other cases the residential
related values inside the community or in parts of it [20]. use is greatly dominating other land uses.
5. The study zones are diverse in terms of the economic level,
The researcher has counted the social capital measurement social and the disparate relationships for forming the final
indices in the following: results, backgrounds and social relationships and networks
(Fig. 5).
 Availability of informal and formal existing social
networks.
 The number of civil society organizations operating in the Steps study practical
zone.
 The number of members of civil society organizations After selecting the study zones, these zones are analyzed
operating in the zone. through the following:

Table 3 Social capital measurement indices.

No. Social capital measurement indices Variables Social capital measurement indices
1 Networks and social relationships Y1 Availability of informal and formal existing social networks
2 Y2 The number of civil society organizations operating in the zone
3 Y3 The number of members of civil society organizations operating in the zone
4 Y4 Ability to collective action
5 Y5 The existence of a strong information network of the district or zone
6 Y6 The existence of representatives from the local bodies in the zone
7 Value system Y7 The extent of trust available among the populations (community cohesion)
8 Y8 The extent of trust available among the populations and the government
9 Y9 The existence of groups operates for a common goal of the zone
10 Y10 The availability of laws monitoring the government performance
11 Y11 The extent of security and good monitoring available in the zone
12 Y12 The number of religious institutions in the zone
Source: Researcher.
Influence of mixed land-use on realizing the social capital 293

Table 4 Comparison between case studies.

Land use map Land use budget variables

Source: Researcher.

 Measuring the mixed land-use in the six zones, analyzing  Measuring the social capital indices in the six zones via
each zone in terms of the indices and then comparing it with questionnaire forms for each model separately and then
the other zones in terms of realizing the ratios of mixed comparing the results of the six zones in terms of realizing
land-use; the social capital;
 Measuring the mix actual ratios of the uses of the lands  The researcher made a questionnaire form for measuring
located at the six zones and then measuring the diversity the social capital indices in the six zones. He depended in
in land use ratios to each other through (Table. 2); the questionnaire forms on submitting a number of
294 N.A. Nabil, G.E.A. Eldayem

questions for measuring 12 variables with the purpose of The form depends on asking a number of questions in
studying the availability of social capital in the study zones; order to measure the twelve variables of the study .That is to
theses indices are shown in Table. 3. discuss the availability of social capital in the study districts
through filling 30 questionnaire forms in each of the study
The researcher has made a questionnaire form for measur- zone. The spatial domains are: The six study districts, i.e.
ing social capital indices in the six study zones; it is to be Shoubra, Almataria, Imbaba, Heliopolis, Nazlet El Samman,
applied to the population of the study districts, taking into and Maadi.
account the diversity of the population in terms of gender, The questions asked were directly related to measure
age, education and income. The questionnaire aims at: variables about the degree of interaction in the districts
regarding the direct relations among the population, or
o Measuring the twelve variables that measure the extent of through civil society organizations available in the study dis-
social capital existence. trict as well as the extent of confidence and safety in these
o Defining the districts which have more social capital. districts.

Table 5 Comparison between case studies.

Land use map Land use budget variables

Source: Researcher.
Influence of mixed land-use on realizing the social capital 295

 Conducting a bivariate analysis for each zone in terms of and differences between the different uses in the study districts.
realizing the mixed land-use and social capital and compar- Table 6 shows the results of the questionnaire after extracting
ing it to the ratios realized in the other zones. the data from the form and measuring social capital variables.
 Analyzing and discussing the results and deliverables of the Such results reflect the differences in social capital indicators in
bivariate analysis. the six districts.
Through analyzing the relationship between the values of
the social capital indicators and the mixed land use indicators
Results & discussion and identifying the coefficient and the trend, the results were as
follows Table 7.
After measuring all variables related to mixed land-use and
social capital, Tables 4 and 5 show the different proportion  There is a strong direct relation between the number of land
of the mixed land-uses in the six districts as well as illustrate uses and the social capital with a coefficient of 0.73, the
the measured values These values show the differences between more the number of uses increases and diversifies in a zone,
study area as the mixed land-uses increase in Almataria, to the the more the social capital increases The number usage con-
contrary of Heliopolis Area. Fig. 6 indicates the relationship tributes to create many informal social relations and values

Fig. 6 The relationship between the proportions of different land areas of study. Source: Researcher.
296 N.A. Nabil, G.E.A. Eldayem

Table 6 Measurement of the social capital indices.

Case study Variables Value Case study Variables Value Case study Variables Value
Almataria (Shagaretmariam) Y1 1 Maadi (Maadi Al Sarayat Y1 2 Imbaba (Gaziratlmbaba) Y1 1
Al gharbia)
Y2 2 Y2 1 Y2 2
Y3 1 Y3 1 Y3 1
Y4 2 Y4 2 Y4 1
Y5 1 Y5 1 Y5 1
Y6 2 Y6 2 Y6 2
Y7 3 Y7 1 Y7 3
Y8 1 Y8 2 Y8 2
Y9 1 Y9 2 Y9 1
Y10 1 Y10 1 Y10 1
Y11 3 Y11 2 Y11 2
Y12 3 Y12 1 Y12 2
Total 21 Total 18 Total 19
Masrelgadeda (elmatar) Y1 1 Alharem (nazlet el samman) Y1 0 Shoubra (Teraboulkia) Y1 1
Y2 2 Y2 1 Y2 2
Y3 1 Y3 1 Y3 1
Y4 1 Y4 2 Y4 2
Y5 1 Y5 1 Y5 1
Y6 2 Y6 2 Y6 2
Y7 1 Y7 2 Y7 3
Y8 2 Y8 1 Y8 1
Y9 1 Y9 1 Y9 1
Y10 1 Y10 1 Y10 1
Y11 1 Y11 1 Y11 2
Y12 1 Y12 2 Y12 1
Total 15 Total 16 Total 18
Strong 3 middle 2 weak 1
Source: Researcher.

as well as the common customs between the people which the walking distance to the commercial services, the more
lead to the increase in social interaction and the realization the population becomes auto-dependent to buy their needs.
of the social capital accordingly. This result also applies to Lack of walking to the services leads to shortage of social
building mix with difference of coefficient strength as the interaction between people and ultimately a decrease in
land uses number for the study area as whole is strengthens social capital level.
than that in building mix.  This relation differs in the educational services and public
 By discussing the actual mix of uses and its relation with the parks as they do not appear on this planning level. Such ser-
social capital, we notice the strong direct relation with a vices disappear from some study areas, which applies to the
coefficient of 0.92 between actual mix and social capital accessibility of all purposes as commercial and educational.
where the increase in the actual mix leads to the increase As regards the accessibility to the public parks and due to
in the teamwork spirit and cooperation, it also adds to the fact that such parks disappear from some districts, the
the social combination and consolidation which helps to relation disappeared as shown in the figure and this contra-
assure the social capital in the selected study zone. dicts the theoretical aspect.
 By discussing the diversity in land uses, it is quite evident  The average length of the road network indicated a strong
from the figure that there is a reverse relation between such reverse relation with a coefficient of 0.81. The more the
diversity and social capital. The values of diversity in uses road length increases, the more the population becomes
increase as it approaches zero and decrease and vanish as dependent on using means of transport which decreases
it gets away from zero which proves that the actual relation the social interaction between individuals and therefore
is direct due to the existence of the negative symbol at the leading to the decrease in the social capital level. Accord-
beginning of the equation. The diversity in land uses sup- ingly, this is reflected on the used means of transport in
ports to create strong social networks whether formal or the district as the more the walking increases, the more
informal as well as it helps to provide security, close moni- the social capital level increases and more social relations
toring in the district, and development of team work spirit are created in this district.
which increase the realization of social capital.
 As regards the relation between the accessibility to services To sum up, there is a strong relation between mixed uses
which is based on the availability of the different uses in the and social capital level. The most related indicators to mixed
district and its relation with the social capital, a reverse rela- uses and social capital, are represented in:
tion is clear between the walking distance of the commercial
services and the social capital. The less the distance is, the  Number of Land Uses
easier the reach will be as shown in the diagram. The more  Mix Actual
Influence of mixed land-use on realizing the social capital 297

Table 7 Relationship between the social capital and the measured variables of mixed land use.

Relationship between the social capital Relationship between the social capital and
and The number of land uses Mix Actual
Positive Positive
relationship relationship
strong. strong.
correlation correlation
coefficient of coefficient of
0.73 0.92

Relationship between the social capital Relationship between the social capital and
and diversity Building mix
Inverse Positive
relationship relationship
strong. weak .
correlation correlation
coefficient of coefficient of
0.95 0.30

Relationship between the social capital Relationship between the social capital and
and Accessibility to commercial Accessibility to school
Inverse Inverse
relationship relationship
Medium. strong.
correlation correlation
coefficient of coefficient of
0.4 0.6

Relationship between the social capital Relationship between the social capital and
and Accessibility to park Average length of streets
Inverse Inverse
relationship relationship
weak. strong.
correlation correlation
coefficient of coefficient of
0.30 0.81

Relationship between the social capital and Relationship between the social capital and
Accessibility to Average Width of the street Accessibility to transition way for different
uses
Positive Positive
relationship relationship
correlation correlation
coefficient of coefficient of
0.35 0.61

Source: Researcher.

 LU_Mix – A diversity index Conclusions

 Building mix
The research concluded that there is a direct relation between
Then follows the accessibility to the different uses which
mixed land uses and social capital. The research portrayed this
plays an important role in raising the social capital level.
relation as follows:
298 N.A. Nabil, G.E.A. Eldayem

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