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What Are System Program?: Explain Drop, Balr, BR, Start, Using, End, DS, DC, Equ

System programming involves designing programs that allow hardware and software interaction for effective application execution. Key elements include assemblers, loaders, linkers, and compilers. Assemblers convert assembly to machine code. Loaders ensure necessary programs and libraries load during startup. Linkers link object modules into a single file. Compilers process programming languages into machine code. Macro-processors define reusable code blocks with macro names. Two assembly passes are required - pass 1 defines symbols and literals, pass 2 generates object code by looking up symbols. Macros represent complex operations as single statements to reduce repetition.

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4K views3 pages

What Are System Program?: Explain Drop, Balr, BR, Start, Using, End, DS, DC, Equ

System programming involves designing programs that allow hardware and software interaction for effective application execution. Key elements include assemblers, loaders, linkers, and compilers. Assemblers convert assembly to machine code. Loaders ensure necessary programs and libraries load during startup. Linkers link object modules into a single file. Compilers process programming languages into machine code. Macro-processors define reusable code blocks with macro names. Two assembly passes are required - pass 1 defines symbols and literals, pass 2 generates object code by looking up symbols. Macros represent complex operations as single statements to reduce repetition.

Uploaded by

Somil Bichpuriya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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What are System Program?

System programming involves designing and writing computer programs that allow the computer
hardware to interface with the programmer and the user, leading to the effective execution of
application software on the computer system. Elements of system program are: -
1) Assembler: An assembler is a program that converts assembly language into machine code. It
takes the basic command that can be recognized by a specific type of processor.
2) Loader: A loader is a major component of an OS that ensures all necessary program and libraries
are loaded which are essential during the startup phase of running od program. It places the
libraries & program into the main memory.
3) Linker: Linker is a program into a system which helps to link the object modules of program into
a single object file. It performs the process of linking.
4) Compiler: A compiler is a special program that processes statement written in particular
programming languages & turns them into machine language “code” that a computer processor
uses. The life that is created contains what are called the source statement.
5) Macro-processor: Macro-processor is a program that let you define the code that is reused
many time giving it a specific Macro name & reuse code by just writing the macro name only.

Difference Between Machine-op and Pseudo-op


Pseudo Operation Machine Operation
1) It is an assembly language instruction 1) It is machine language instruction
2) Easy to understand y user 2) Easy to understand by machine
3) It is near to the simple English language. 3) It is in the form of 0’s and 1’s
4) Operate with base register & its content 4) should be produced with a load register with
difference next operation.
5) eg: - Using instruction 5) Eg: -BR instruction

Explain DROP, BALR, BR, START, USING, END, DS, DC, EQU.
USING: - Indicates to the assembler which general register to be used base and what will be its content.
DROP: -Indicates to the assembler which general register cannot be used as a base.
BALR: - It is an instruction to the computer to load register with next address and branch to the address
in the second field.
Start: - It tells the assembler where the beginning of the program is & allow the user to give a name to
the program.
END: - It tells the assembler that the last card off the program has been reached.
DC: - It is used to declare or define the value.
DS: - Used to store value at specified address.
EQU: - Allows program to define a variable.

Why 2 Pass are required for designing of assembler?


It generates instructions by evaluating the mnemonics (symbols) in operation field and find the value of
symbol and literals to produce machine code. Now, if assembler do all this work in one scan then it is
called single pass assembler, otherwise if it does in multiple scans then called multiple pass assembler.
Here assembler divide these tasks in two passes:
 PASS1
The purpose of pass1 is to define symbols and literals . following are the steps included in pass1.
1. determine length of machine imstruction .it is known as MOTGET1.
2. Keep track of location counter .
3. rememeber values of symbols until pass2. it is known as STSTO.
4. process some pseudo ops like EQU, DS . it is known as POTGET!.
5. remember literals . it is known as LITSTO(literal store).
 PASS 2
The purpose of pass2 is to generate object program. Following are steps included in pass2.
1. look up value of symbols . it is known as STGET(single table get).
2. Generate instructions . it is known as MOTGET.
3. Generate data for DS(define storage), DC(define constant) and literals.
4. Process of pseudo ops .it is known as POTGET2.
How Macro are defined?
A macro (which stands for "macroinstruction") is a programmable pattern which translates a certain
sequence of input into a preset sequence of output. Macros can be used to make tasks less repetitive by
representing a complicated sequence of keystrokes, mouse movements, commands, or other types of
input.
Ex: -
# define square(x) (x*x)
int num=square(5) or
num=square((5)*(5))

Function: Macro are used to make a sequence of computing instruction available to the programmer as
a single program statement, making the programming task less tedious and less error pron.

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