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7. Permutation and Combination
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UNIT - 7: PERMUTATION AND COMBINATION [JEE ~ MAIN CRASH COURSE]
Factorial Notation
‘The product of first natural numbers is denoted by nt
and is read as “factorial n”. Thus
2-3-dee (n= en
s(n 1) (n=2) 3-21
n~Wl-n=n-(n—Dt
Similarly, (2-1)! =(n-1)-(n-2)!
(n=!
Sn (n= 1)-(n=2)!
=ne(n= 1) (n-2)-(n-3)!
‘Thus al
and so on.
‘© If n and r are positive integers, then
2b 2B et
12-3r
BEB Ber = Dre Dr +2)
‘I 123--@=1-r
S041) 042) @- Den
Enea) (9-2) r+)
(n=D-n
Exponent of Prime inn!
Let p be a given prime and n any positive integer,
then maximum power of p present in nl is
Talal = | foc wher
Ae] [2] were £4 denotes ie greaest
bl bel bp
integer function
The above formula does not work for composite
unter. Por example if peieeDe Gg marily
jower of 6 prom 221 Distt Mewer ie
[2] 4 [3] = 5, a5 5 is the number of integral
6]'lé
multiples of 6 in 1,2, ... 32; and 6 can be obtained on
multiplying 2 by 3 also, Hence forthe required number,
we find the maximum powers of 2 and 3 (say r and s)
present in 324; Using the above formula r = 31 and
5 = 14, Hence 2 and 3 will be combined (to form 6) 14
times, Thus maximum power of 6 present is 32! i 14.
Fundamental Principle of Counting
Multiplication rule If a work A can be done in m
ways and another work B can be done in n ways and
C is a work which is done only when both A and B
are done,
Addition rule If a work A can be done in m ways
and another work B can be done in n ways and C is a
work which is done only when either A or B is done, then
number of ways of doing the work C is (m +n).
Permutation
Each of the different arrangements which can be made by
taking some or all of a number of given things or objects
ata time is called a permutation. In permutation order of
appearance of things is taken into account
"P,= number of permutations of r things out of m
different things.
= numbers of ways of filling up r vacant places with
‘different things (in each place exactly one abject
is pu (n>)
= numbers of ways of filling up n vacant places with
‘iflerent things. in ech place exactly one object
is put) (@>)
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For example, the following six arrangements can be
made with three distinct objects taking two at a time ab,
ba, be, cb, ac, ca. Bach of these arrangements is called
permutation.
Different cases of permutations
+ The number of permutations of m different things
on
‘The number of permutations of 1 different things
taken all ata time = ml
The number of permutations of things taken all at
a time when p of them are similar and are of one
type, q of them are similar and are of second type,
7 of them are similar and are of third type and rest
pair
The number of permutations of n different things
taken r at a time when each thing can be repeated
times: n’
taken r at a time: "P,
are all different:
Permutations under restrictions
When particular objects are never together
(gap method)
Mlustration: Find the number of ways five girls and five
boys can be arranged in row if no two boys are together.
Sol In the question there is no any condition for arranging
the girls. Now five girls can be arranged in 5! ways,
XGXGXGXGXGX
When girls are arranged, six gaps are generated as
shown in diagram with"
Now boys must occupy the places with “x” marked so
that no two boys are together.
Now five boys can be arranged in these six gaps in °P,
ways. Hence, total number of arrangement is 5! P;
When particular objects are always together
Mlustration: Find the number of ways in which six boys
and six girls be seated in a row so that all the girls sit
together and all the boys sit together.
Canaan) Coa
Considering boys and girls as (wo units, there
permutations = 2! 6! -6!=2- (61).
Circular permutations
© The total number of circular arrangements of
persons is ™ = (n ~ 1)
# The total number of different arrangements of n
dire basin ides Hen
Combination
Each of the different groups or selections which can be
made by taking some or all of a number of given things or
objects ata time is called a combination, In combination,
order of appearance of things is not taken into account.
srent cases of combinations (selections)
Case
[Number of combinations of n die
lent things taking rat atime (r-2) points in each of two parallel
lines. Every point on one line is joined to every
point on the other line by a line segment drawn,
Within the lines. The number of points (between
the lines) in which these segments intersect is
() *C,=26"C, +2 (0) "C,=2-"C,
"GQ X"C: (€) none of these
Consider the five points comprising the vertices of
‘a square and the intersection point of is diagonals.
How many triangles can be formed using these
points?
@4 66 ©8 @10
‘The greatest possible number of points of
intersection of eight straight lines and four circles
(32 (b) 6) 76 (@) 104
‘There are four parcels and five post-offices. In
hhow many dfferemt ways the registration of parcel
‘ean be made
@2%0 WH OS ws-#
The number of ways of distributing eight identical
balls in three distinct boxes s0 that none of the
boxes is empty is
@s 2
@ *e;
‘The number of ways in which nine students can
be equally distributed among three sections is
91
©s
6
(@) none of these
38,
‘There are three men and seven women taking a
dance class. Number of different ways in which
‘each man be paired with a woman partner, and the
four remaining women be paired into two pairs
each of two, is
(a) 105 (b) 315 (©) 630 @) 450
‘The number of groups that can be made from five
different green balls, four different blue balls, and
three different red balls, if at least one green and
fone blue ball is to be included
(a) 3700 (©) 3720
(©) 4340 (@) none of these
The number of ways in which 35 apples can be
distributed among three boys so that each can have
any number of apples, is
(@) 1332 (b) 666
(©) 333 (a) none of these
|. Total number of five-digit numbers having all
different digits and divisible by 4 that can be
formed using the digits (1, 3,2, 6, 8, 9) is equal
(@) 192) 32 (©) 1152 @) 384
{A parallelogram is cut by two Sets of m lines
parallel to its sides, The numberof parallelogramns
thus formed is
@ C(O)? wm ertey
wcrey (@ none of these
Number of divisors of = 38808 (except 1 and
n) is
@D He ©R Ww”
‘The number of ways of dividing 52 cards amongst
four players $0 that three players have 17 cards
ceach and the fourth player just one card is
) 2 ) s2
amy "
32!
© (@) none of these
m
Ten persons, amongst whom are A, B, and C to
speak at a function, The number of ways in which
it can be done if A wants to speak before B and
B wanls to speak before C is
o> (o) 317!
6
(95-7! (2) none of these
1. The number of positive integral solutions of abe
=30is
(a) 30
©8
() 27
(@) none of these UNIT - 7: PERMUTATION AND COMBINATION |JEE - MAIN 2019 CRASH COURSE]
47, Number of ways in which a lawn-tennis mixed
double be made from seven married couples if no
husband and wife play in the same set is
(@ 240 () 420
© 720 (@) none of these
|. Number of selections of six different letters that
can be made from the words “SUMAN” and
“DIVYA” so that each selection contains three
letters from each word, is
(@) 64) BG) 100 (a) 106
49.
‘There are four balls of different colors and four
boxes of colors same as those of the balls. The
number of ways in which the balls, one in each
box, could be placed such that a ball does not go
to box of its own color is
@s 7
©® (@) none of these
‘The exponent of 3 in 100! is
@3 4 ©4852
SOLUTIONS
Cus Css = Cas
S-3r=r43ar=3
Qn)! nt
2) (Gn _}p =;
” E oP Regt
= QnQn 1 = 9n(n = 1) en =5
= ricon —1y(m—2}(m +
=ayritn— Don — 29m +1)
= Lem +1) minim —2 =3. Cy
In 142843! + 4L45! 4 nl, values St, 6
n! ate divisiblé by 5. Hence we have to find
the remainder when I! +21 + 3! +4! = 33 is
divided by 5 which is 3,
Distinct n-digit numbers which ean. be formed
using digits 2, 5, and 8 are 3”.
‘We have to find m so that 3° > 900
So the least value of n is 7.
‘The man can go in five ways and he can return
in 5 ways. Hence, total number of ways are five
x5=25,
740)
94a)
‘The number of possible outcomes with 2 on at
least one die = (The total number of outcomes)
= (The number of outcomes in which 2 does not
‘appear on any die) = 6* — S*= 1296 - 625 =
67
Required sum =
108.
{If we fix 3 of the unit place, other three digits can
be arranged in 3! ways similarly for 4, 5, 6.)
Take AE as one letter
‘Then five letters can be arranged in
ways.
+445 46)= 6x18 =
. 120
10.4) 12345678
‘Two women cin choose two chairs out of 1, 2,
3, 4, in *C; ways, and can arrange themselves
in 2! ways. Three men can choose 3 chairs out
of 6 remaining chairs °C, ways and can arrange
themselves in 3! ways
‘Therefore, total number of possible arrangements
Cy x 21x 8C,x 31 = 4Py x Py
1140) X — X — X - X =X. The four digits 3, 3, 5, 5, can
ved om
‘The five digits 2, 2, 8, 8, 8 can be arranged at (X)
ways
3
lace in > =10 ways
pl os ys
Total number of arrangements = 6 x 10 = 60 ways
12,(¢) The letters of word COCHIN in alphabetic order
are C, C, H, 1, N, 0.
Fixing first letter C and keeping C at second place,
rest four can be arranged in 4! ways.
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Similarly the words starting with CH, Cl, CN
are 4! in each case. Then fixing first two letters
as CO next four places when filled in alphabetic
order give the word COCHIN
Numbers of words coming before COCHIN
are
4x 4)=4x24 = 96
13,(¢) Total — when number 7 is not there
=9-9-8-7-8-857-6
8(81 — 48) = 1848
14,(€) The first 24 = 4! words begin with A, the next 24
begin with E, and the next 24 begin with H. So
the 86th begins with Mf and it is the 86 — 72. =
4th such word. The first 6 words that begin with
-M begin with MA and the next 6 begin with ME.
So the desired word begins with MH and itis the
second such word. The first word that begins with
‘MI is MHAES, the second is MHASE. Thus E
is the leter we seek,
15(a)s Asie U+
‘The pointed places to be filled by MXMM.
Hence eed mambo of ways 314
{Since three vowels can be arranged in 3! ways
also}
16.(b) The four odd digits 1, 3, 3, 1 can be arranged in
the four odd places in —*" 6 ways and three
even digits 2, 4, 2 can be arranged in the three
even places in 31-3 ways. Hence the required
2
number of ways = 6 3 = 18.
17a) Total number of ways. of arranging the letters
of the word BANANA is S160, number
‘of words in which two N's come together is
oy
3
Hence the required number = 60 ~ 20 = 40
18.) First we seat six boys which can be done in
G61 ways. Once they have been seated, the two
brothers can be made to occupy seats in between
or in extreme (ie., on dot place)
XB, X By X By X By X ByX Box in "Py ways
+ Required number of ways = 7P, x 6! ways
19,4) Ea ofthe tee persons can leave te if atone
ofthe ten oor (oer than 2nd rey and ene
at which thy ete the Hi. Since the eave he
fin a dita nary
. Number of ways = "P, = 10 x 9 x 8 = 720
20.4) Six men can die ata ound bln St way. Now
isso ne nx yeesl nme ecra ecg ee
‘These can be occupied by five women in °Ps, i.e.
ae
Total number of way = 61x 5!
21a Regie numberof ways = Hes te tt
{Since clockwise and anticlockwise are same in
case of ring)
22.0) Sie ttl number &f ways in which boys can
cman) ny Powe RST = and he fe
tik con bes setrigly nt eye
Hence required number of ay are #13!
‘23.(c) First we seat seven women, which can be done
by (7 - 1)! | ways
Inany sch anangement seen men canbe seated
in seven places marked x in ’P, ! ways:
7 Roqued number of aye = 6! 7
Fig.
2Asa) The possibilities are:
From frst five Remaining questions
4 6
3 3
Required umber of choices
SC x 865 450s °C,
a5x I+ 1x
8x7, 8X7x6
2x1 3x2x1
= 140 + 56 = 196
25,(¢) Number of ways in which & voter can vote
196, +c, + C, + C,
0+ 45 + 120 + 210 = 385
264¢) First omit two particular persons. Remaining eight
persons may be four in each boat. This can be
=5% UNIT - 7: PERMUTATION AND COMBINATION |JEE - MAIN 2019 CRASH COURSE]
done in 'C, ways. The two particular persons may
be placed in two ways one in each boat
Total number of ways = 2% °C,
2744) Required numberof tikes = 2 "Cy = ASE
28(c) Let there are n candidates then
"C+ Cy +o °C, = 254 = 2
> Pa%anz8.
29,(¢) Four letters can be selected in the following ways
(@—Alldifferent, ic. C. 0. R. G.
ii) Two like and two different
(ii) Three like and one different, i., three O
and I from R, G, and C.
The number of ways in () is “C,
The number of ways in i) is 1
‘The number of ways in (i) is 1 x °C,
‘Therefore, required number of ways = 1 +343
304(b) The otal number of two factor products = ™°C,,
‘The number of mumbers from 1 t0 200 which are
‘not multiples of 5 is 160. Therefore, total number
of two-factor products which are not multiple of
5 is Cp
Hence the required number of factors
=O, = ¢, = 7180.
31a) A selection of three balls so as to include atleast
‘one black ball, can be made in the following three
mutually exclusive ways:
@ One black ball and two others
330) «8G, = 3x 152 45
(Gi) Two black balls and one other
= 7G, «°C, =3x6=18
(Gi) Three black balls and no other = °C, = 1
Total numbers Of ways = 45. + 18 + 1 = 64
32.) Every section of two points on one Fine and two
points on the other gives us a imaginary point
Hence required number of ways ="C, x "C;,
33,€) To form a triangle, three points out of five can be
chosen in °C; = 10 ways. But of these, the three
points lying on the two diagonals willbe collinear
So 10 ~2 = 8 triangles can be formed)
34,4) The required number of points
=O x14 4C, x2 + EC x 4Cy) x2
= 28+ 12432x2= 104
35,(¢) Required number of ways are 54. {Since each
parcel can be registered in five ways.)
36(b) Number of ways in which eight identical balls
ccan be distributed imo three identical boxes so
that none of the boxes in empty.
7x6 Ly
Ie,
1x2
=";
a)
37.(b) Required number of ways = —2— ="
(b) Req w= Ta Gy
2810 10-2 ee wom an eee in’
ways and canbe paired with tree men in 3 ways
Remaining four women can be grouped into two
coupes in tt
‘Total = ’C, - 3!» 3 = 630
3840) At east one green ball canbe selected out of Five
green balls in 2° - 1, ie., in 31 ways. Similarly,
a east one ble ball can be selected from four
blue balls in 2*—1 = 15 ways. And at least one
ted or noted can Bo select in (v1)! ways.
Hence required number of ways = 31 15 x 8 =
3720
404b) The required number = ***-'c,
666.
41a) A number is divisible by 4 if the last two digits
are divisible by 4
‘Thus las t8o digits canbe 12, 16,28, 32, 36,68,
92,96.
Thus 10s wo places can be filled in eight way.
The remaining thee places can be filled with
remaining four digits in 4C, - 3! ways.
‘Total number of such numbers = 8 - ('C; - 3!) =
192
42(€) Each set is having m+ 2 parallel lines and each
parallelogram is formed by choosing two straight
lines fom the fist set and two straight lines
from the second set, Two straight lines ftom the
first set can be chosen in" * *C, ways and two
Straightline from the second set canbe chosen in
2 ways.
Hence the oa numberof parallelogram formed
wig este
43.0) Sine 38808 = 8 x 4851
= 89539 = 89K 7KTXIT
2x 3x In
So, numberof divisors = 3 +1) 2+) @+1)
aspen
"Cy =
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‘This includes two divisors 1 and 38808. Hence,
the required number of divisors = 72 - 2 = 70.
44,(a) For the first set number of ways “C,;. Now out
of 35 cards left 17 cards can be put for second
in ¥C,, ways similarly for 3rd in '8C,,' One
card for the last set can be put in only one way.
‘Therefore, the required number of ways for the
proper distribution
3st 18! 32!
xt
ra amy
45a) For A, B, C to speak in order of alphabets, 3
places out of 10 may be chosen first in 1 + °C, =
3 ways.
‘The remaining 7 persons can speak in 7! ways.
Hence, the number of ways in which all the 10
persons can speak is 19¢,.71=10!, 101
6
46.(b) We have 30 = 2x 3. 5. So, 2 can be assigned
to either a or b or ¢, i, 2 can be assigned in 3
‘ways, Similarly, each of 3 and $ can be assigned
in 3 ways, Thus, the number of solutions are 3 x
3x3=27.
47.40) We frst select three men out of seven in 7C, ways.
Now, we exclude the wives of these two selected
men and so select two ladies from the remaining
five ladies in °C, ways.
Let, B be two men and X,Y be the ladies playing
in one set, then we can have
(@ A and X plying against B and ¥.
(i) A and ¥ playing against B and X.
Bite air Wille)
eM
unpopulated
wasteland.’
‘Then total number of ways = "Cy °C; +2 = 21
x 10x 2= 420
48.(a) “SUMAN” “DIVYA”
‘A excluded from SUMAN = *C, - C= 40
+A included in SUMAN = ‘C, «Cy = 24
49,(e) Since number of derangements in such a problems
is given by
mf
‘Therefore, number of derangements are
50(6) Let Ein) denote the exponent of 3 in mn. The
‘greatest integer less than 100 divisible by 3 is
99.
We have
EQOON = E{L «2-344 + 99 - 100)
= FG -6-9 -- 99)
AIG: 13 2-3)
= 334 E+ 2.36033)
Now E(1 2.3.» 33)
= 83-69-33)
= AG DB 218-3)
= M+ E0-2-3 1)
and E(L + 2-3 + 11) = B36 +9)
= AG NG -28-3)
34E0-2-3) 234154
‘Thus £(100!) = 33 + 11 +4 = 48
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