BIOTECHNOLOGY
- Application of technology to improve a biological organism
- Modify the biological function by adding genes from another organism
GOALS
- Understand more about the process of inheritance
- To provide better understanding and treatment of various diseases, genetic disorders
- To generate economic benefits, improvement of plants, animals for agriculture and efficient
production
Epigenetics- Environment of gene exchange
APPLICATIONS
- Virus-resistance
- Diagnostics for genetic disorders
- Therapy
- Vaccines
- recombinant: two genes together
- Bioremediation
- HUMULIN for Diabetes (Human Insulin)
I. BIOTECH LABORATORY
Cell Culture - Technique of growing cells in a lab under controlled conditions (ex. in vitro)
In vitro - Working in a controlled environment outside a living environment
Bioreactors - Large culturing containers
Gene Therapy - Attempt to replace “defective” gene with “normal” gene
Tissue Engineering - Designing and growing tissues for use in regenerative medicine
TPA (Tissue Plasminogen Activator) - Blood clot dissolving enzyme used immediately after a heart
attack/stroke
Microbial Applications - Bacteria and yeast are the most frequently used microbes
Agricultural Application
- Weather resistance
- Higher yielding crops
- More vitamins
(ex. Bt Corn)
Animal Application
- Animals can be used as bioreactors
Molecular Pharming - Use of GM plants and animals as a source of pharmaceutical products
Forensic Application
- DNA Fingerprinting
- Identifying Human remains
- Paternity test
- Endangered species (reduces poaching)
Medical Application
- Gene therapy
- Stem cell
Environmental Application
- The major environmental use is for bioremediation
Pseudomonas - Oil-degrading bacteria to clean up oil spill
Bioremediation - Use of biotech to process or degrade a variety of natural ????
Aquatic Application
- Aquaculture is a common aquatic application of biotech
- Process of raising fish or shellfish in controlled conditions for food sources
- GM salmon first animal approved by the FDA
————PAGE W/ ILLUSTRATIONS CHECK NOTEBOOK
Gene Therapy
● Application of genetic engineering to transportation of genes into human cells in order to cure
disease or genetic defects
● Gene therapy and stem cells
DNA and Genetics
● 23 pairs of Chromosome
○ 23 from dad; 23 from mom
● All genes have DNA; but all DNA is not genes
● Genes make proteins
2 types of proteins
● Structural
● Functional (hemoglobin/enzymes)
CENTRAL DOGMA
Helicase splits the DNA > RNA > mRNA > Protein synthesis in Ribosomes
Transcription - DNA makes mRNA
Translation - Making proteins
RNA - Ribonucleic Acid
3 types of RNA (Single-stranded)
mRNA - Messenger
tRNA - Transfer
rRNA - Ribosomal
Structural Protein - Amino Acid
Functional - Messenger Transfer Ribosomal
Genetic Code - Sequence of bases in DNA forms Genetic Code
Codon - 3 kemerut na amino acid
- The different Amino Acids and the order in which they are joined up determines the sort of
protein being produced
- RNA is single-stranded
- RNA has no thymine, it has URACIL
- Triplet code in the mRNA forms specific amino acids
- AUG (Methionine) is the start codon
- The first amino acid
UAA STOP CODONS
UAG
AGA Was
MUTATION
- Happens naturally
- Change in the DNA
- Changes in the mRNA
- May change trait and protein
- Causes of mutation
- Inherited
- Acquired
- Environmental Damage
- Mistakes when DNA is copied
Induced Mutations - Due to either natural of artificial agents (UV, chemical mutagens)
Somatic Mutations - Occur in any cell in the body, not transmitted to the next gene
Germ-line Mutations - Occur in Gametes
Autosomal Mutations - Occur in Autosomes
X-linked Mutations - Occur on the X-gene chromosomes
Variations in Chromosome Number
Haploid - 1 set of 23 Chromosomes
Diploid - 2 sets = 46 Chromosomes
Trisomi of Chromosome 21 = Down syndrome
Turners Synrome = 44 Chromosomes + XO\
Human Genome Project
- Identify sequence of bases on all 23 human chromosomes
- Identify genes with those sequences
- Locate the position of the genes in the chromosomes
Precision Medicine - Catering to Individual need ???? ****
GENETIC ENGINEERING
- Transgenic organism are organism where foreign genes have been inserted
- Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)
- Recombinant DNA Technololgy
Bt - Bacillus Thuriginesis (ex. Bt Corn)
Process of Transgenic plants
1. Agrobacterium - Infects plants with a disease to infect plants with germs
2. Particle gun - Shoots small bullets
Agrobacterium Tumefaciens - Genetic Engineer (ex. TI Plasmid)
Transgenic Animals
1. DNA Microinjection - inject in a fertilized OVA
2. Embryonic Stem Cell-mediated gene Transfer
3. Retrovirus-mediated gene transfer
ex.
1. Dolly the Sheep - Nuclear Transfer
2. Glo Fish - First GM Animal to be sold as pets
Risks of Transgenesis
- Allergens
- Health Risks
- Loss of Biodiversity
Economic Benefits - GM seeds are patented
STEM CELL
- Raw materials which all of body’s mature cells are made of
- Regenerates/Replaces cell tissue
Types of Stem Cell
1. Embryonic - Capable of developing into all cell types in the body
2. Adult Stem Cell - Less versatile
Sources of Embryonic Stem Cells
- Excess fertilized eggs from IVF clinics
- Therapeutic cloning (through somatic cell nuclear transfer)
Regenerative Medicine
- Enucleated donor oocyte
- Immunologically Compatible Transplant
CLONING (ex. Mira the goat)
1. Reproductive - Good breeds, extra body parts
2. Therapeutic - Supplement, disintegrating clone but keeping stem cells
Totipotent - Capable of growing origin to all the cell types in the organism ?? ano
- ex. Fertilized egg developing into a whole organism
Gene Therapy
● Treatment or cure for mutated genes
● 2 types
○ Somatic Gene Therapy = 1 generation only
○ Germ-line therapy = buong angkan
4 Approaches
1. Normal gene added to compensate for shit gene
2. Abnormal gene removed; New Gene added
3. Abnormal Gene repaired through SGM (I forgot what SGM is I just wrote it down)
4. Di ko na alam
Reverse Transcriptase = RNA -> DNA
4 Different Viruses
● Adenovirus
● Adeno-Associated Virus
● Retrovirus
● Herpes Simplex Virus
Retrovirus
● Integrates to human genome through Integrase
Adenovirus
● Respiratory, intestinal, eye infections
Ex vivo gene therapy = idk
FERMENTATION
Alcohol Fermentation = Ethyl Aclohol + CO2
Lactic Acid Fermentation: Produces Lactic Acid
Anaerobic Respiration = no oxygen
