PROJECT FILE- PHYSICS

2019-2020
SUBMITTED TO- SUBMITTED BY-
Mr. sukhraj sir- ishan singh
_______________
External-
________________

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I would like to express my special gratitude to
my physics teacher “Mr. SUKHRAJ SIR” for
their able guidance and support in completion of
my project.
I will also like
to extend my gratitude to principal “Fr.SELVUM
MUTHUSWAMY” and vice principal “SR.PREETI”
for providing me all the facilities that were
required.

DATE: ISHAN
SINGH
12th ‘A’
 ST. ARNOLD SCHOOL
DEPARTMENT OF
PHYSICS
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that ISHAN SINGH , a student of
class 12-A has completed the research on below
mentioned topic under the guidance of Mr.
SUKHRAJ[subject teacher] during the year 2019-
2020 in partial fulfillment of physics practical
examination conducted by CBSE,New Delhi.

_________________
_____________________
signature of examiner signature
of physics teacher

INDEX
1. AIMOF PROJECT
2. INTRODUCTION
3. HISTORY OF TRANSFORMERS
4. THEORY
5. APPARATUS REQUIRED
6. PROCEDURE FOLLOWED
7. USES OF TRANSFORMER
8. CONCLUSION
9. PRECAUTIONS
10. SOURCES OF ERROR
11. BIBLIOGRAPHY
 AIM OF THE
PROJECT:
To investigate the relation between the ratio
of:
1. Input and output voltage
2. Number of turnings of primary and
secondary coils of

The self made transformer.

 INTRODUCTION
The transformer is a device used to convert low
alternating voltage to high alternating voltage or
vice-versa.
The
transformer is based on the principle of mutual
induction. According to this principle, the amount
of magnetic flux linked, with a coil changing an
E.M.F. in the neighboring coil.
Transformer is an electrical
device which is used for changing A.C voltages. A
transformer is widely used device in both high and
low current circuits. As such transformers are built
in an amazing strength of sizes. In electronic,
measurement and control circuits, transformer size
may be so small that it weights only few ten grams
whereas in high voltage circuits it can weigh
around hundred tones.
 In a transformer the electrical energy
transfer from one circuit to another circuit takes
place without the use of moving parts.
A transformer which increases the voltages
is called the STEP UP transformer. A transformer
which decreases the voltages is called STEP
DOWN transformer.

HISTORY
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION, the principle
of the operation of transformer, was discovered
independently by MICHAEL FARADAY in 1831,
JOSEPH HENRY in 1832, and others. The
relationship between EMF and magnetic flux is an
equation now known as Faraday’s law of
Induction:
Where |E| is the magnitude of the EMF in Volts
and ø is the magnetic flux through the circuits in
WEBERS (wb).
Faraday performed early experiments on
induction between coils of wires, including winding
a pair of coils around an iron ring, thus the first
toroidal closed-core transformer. However he
applied individual pulses of current to his
transformer, and never discovered the
relation between turns ratio and EMF in the
windings.

INDUCTION COILS:
The first type of transformer to see wide use was
the “induction coil” invented by Rev. NICOLAS
CALLAN of MAYNOOTH COLLEGE,
Ireland in 1836. He was the first researcher to
recognize that the more turns the secondary
winding than primary, the larger the induced EMF
would be. Induction coils evolved by the scientists
and inventors efforts to get higher voltage from
batteries. Since batteries produce DC current
rather than AC current, induction coils relied upon
vibrating electrical contact that regularly
interrupted the current in primary to create the flux
changes necessary for induction. Between the
1830’s and 1870’s, efforts to build better induction
coils, mostly by trial and error. Slowly revealed the
basic principles of transformer.
 THEORY
When an altering EMF is supplied to primary coil
p1 and p2 and alternating current starts falling in it.
The alternating current in a primary produces a
magnetic flux which induces altering voltage in
primary as well as in secondary. In a good
transformer total magnetic flux linked with
secondary is also linked with primary and then the
induced EMF in each turns of secondary is equal
to that of induced in each turns of primary. Thus if
Ep Es be instantaneous values of the EMF’s
induced in the primary and secondary and Np and
Ns be the total number of turns of primary and
secondary coils of transformer and
dø/dt is the rate of change of
magnetic flux at this instant , we have
Ep= -Np dø/dt
……1
And
 Es= -Ns dø/dt
……2
since the above relations are true at every instant
so by
dividing …1 and …2, we get
Ep/Es= -Ns/Np
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f. in
the primary coil p1, so the instantaneous current in
primary coils is due to the difference [E-Ep] in the
instantaneous value of applied and back e.m.f
Further if Rp is the resistance in primary coils is
given by
Ip= (E-Ep)/Rp
E-Ep = Ip Rp
Thus back e.m.f. = input e.m.f.
Hence equation..3 can be written as
 Es/Ep=Es/E=output emf
/input e.m.f.

=Ns /Np = k
Where `k` is the
constant, called
turns and
transformation
ratio.

TYPES OF
TRANSFORMERS
In a Step-Down
transformer

Since, Es < E
so, k<1
hence, Ns < Np
If Ip = value of primary current at the same
instant
And Is = value of secondary current at the same
instant, then,
The input power at the instant = Ep/Ip
And,
The output power at the instant = Es/Is
Then, input power = output power
Or Ep Ip = Es Is
Or Ep/Es = Is/Ip = k

ILLUSTRATION
 In a Step-up
Transformer

Since, Es > E
So, k>1
Hence Ns > Np
As k>1
So Ip > Is
i.e. current in secondary is weaker when voltage
of secondary is
higher.
Hence whatever we gain in voltage we lose it in
the current in the same ratio.
Similarly, it can be shown that in a step down
transformer as voltage increases and current
increases in te same ratios that of voltages.
Thus in step down transformer step up the current
and step up transformer step down the current.
ILLUSTRATION
APPARATUS REQUIRED
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

𝑑𝐼𝑝 𝑑𝐼𝑠 𝑑𝐼𝑝

Vp = IPR1+L - M M = Is R2+
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
LdIs
𝑑𝑡
The mutual inductance term in the
secondary represent the coupling from the
primary and acts as the voltage source that
The mutual inductance in the primary circuit drives the secondary circuits.
represent the load in the secondary. It has the
negative sign as it helps the source to produce
more current in response to increasing load in the
circuit.
 PROCEDURE FOLLOWED

1. Take many iron frames (all of same size

and shape), paint them properly.
2. Join them all together.
3. Wind the thin copper wire on the iron slab
so formed by joining many iron frames.
4. This constitutes the primary coil of the
system of many turns.
5. Wound the thin copper wire on the
opposite side of the frame, of relatively
lesser number of turns.
6. This constitutes the secondary coil of the
system.
7. It is a step down transformer.
8. Connect P1,P2 to AC main and measure
the input voltage and current using AC
voltmeter and ammeter respectively.
9. Similarly measure the output voltage
through S1 and S2 also.
 10. Now connect s1 and s2 to AC main and
measure the voltage and current again of
step up transformer.
11. Repeat all the steps for other self made
transformer by changing number of turns in
primary and secondary coils.

APPLICATIONS
1. In voltage regulator of television,
refrigerator, computer, air conditioner, etc,
2. A step down transformer is used for welding
purposes.
3. A step down transformer is used for
obtaining large current.
4. A step up transformer is used for X-RAYS,
NEON advertisement.
5. Transformers are used in voltage regulators
and stabilized power supplies.
6. Transformers are used for transfer of AC for
a long distance.
7. Small transformers are used in mobiles,
radios, telephones, loud speakers and electric

bells.

LOSS OF ENERGY IN
TRANSFORMERS
1. COPPER LOSS :
When current flow
through copper wire due to this heat energy is
produced i.e.
H = I2RT
To minimize this the bindings are done by the
wire of less resistance.
2. IRON LOSS:
A part of magnetic field is
utilized by the iron frame for its own
magnetization and have complete flux of primary
will not link to the secondary.
To minimize this iron with high
permeability and less hysteresis loop area.
3. HYSTERESIS LOSS:
A part of magnetic field
is converted to heat energy by the iron core
during magnetization and demagnetization.
This can be minimized by using iron.

4. EDDY LOSS:
When flux increases it induce the
current in the iron frame, and to minimize the
loss of eddy current iron frames are laminated.
5. HUMMING LOSS:
Transformer produces a
sound by the expansion and contraction by
the process of magnetization.
 To minimize this
transformers are kept in the oil paths.
A for long distance.
A STEP UP AND STEP DOWN Transformer
 CONCLUSION
1. The output voltage of the transformer across
the secondary coil depends upon the ratio of
number of turns with respect to the input
voltage.
2. The output voltage of the secondary coil
depends upon the ratio of number of coils
with respect to input voltage.
3. There is loss of power between input and
output coils of the transformers.
 PRECAUTIONS
1. Take yourself away from high voltage.
2. AC should remain constant while taking the
readings.

SOURCES OF
ERROR
1. Values of current may be changed during
the heating of the electric current.
2. Eddy current can change the readings.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. NCERT TEXTBOOK
2. LIBRARY BOOKS
3. WIKIPEDIA.