AMITY INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL,SECTOR 46, GURGAON

CLASS 10

CHAPTER 1: Resources and Development (MINIMUM LEARNING PROGRAMME)

Part 1
Resources are
 Everything available in our environment, which can be used to satisfy our needs.
 Technologically accessible, economically feasible, and culturally acceptable.
 Resources are the means available for the development of a country.
The interdependent relationship among nature, technology and institutions in the economic
development.
 Human beings interact with nature through technology and create institutions to accelerate
economic development.
 They transform material available in our environment in to resources by using technology
and use them.
 Human beings are the essential components of resources.
 Human beings interact with nature through technology and create institutions to accelerate
economic development.
 They transform materials available in our environment into resources by using technology
and use them.

Classification of Resources

1) On the basis of origin

Biotic resources Abiotic resources

These constitute those objects and products that Things which are composed of non-living
are obtained from Biosphere things are called abiotic resources
They go on responding or Regenerating till They are of both types- exhaustible and non –
favourable conditions are available in the exhaustible.
environment.
Examples: human beings, flora and fauna, Examples: rocks and metals
fisheries, livestock etc

2) On the basis of renewability

Renewable Resources Non-renewable Resources

The resources which can be renewed or These resources take millions of years in their
produced by physical , chemical or mechanical formation.
processes are known as renewable resources.
These resources can be used again and again. These resources cannot be reused.
These do not cause any pollution to the These pollute the environment
environment.
These are free gifts of nature. These are not free gifts of nature.
The renewable resource may further be divided The non renewable resource may further be
into continuous or flow divided into recyclable or non recyclable
Examples: Solar and wind energy, water ,forests Examples : Minerals and fossil fuels are
and wildlife etc. examples of such resources
 3) On the basis of ownership :-

a) Individual resources: Owned by individuals. E.g. plots, houses ,ponds, water in the well etc.
b) Community owned resources : There are resources which are accessible to all the members of
the community. e.g. grazing grounds , burial grounds, village ponds in villages public parks , picnic
spots, playgrounds in urban areas.
c) National resources :- Technically all the resources belong to the nation. All the minerals, water
resources, forests , wildlife, land with in the political boundaries and oceanic area upto 12 nautical
miles (19.2) coast .
d) International resources :- There are some international institutions which regulate some
resources. The ocean resources beyond 12 nautical miles (19.2) from the coast of the Exclusive
Economic Zone belong to open ocean and no individual country can utilise these without the
concurrence of international institutions. ) International [EEZ – Ocean up to 200 km]

4) On the basis of status of development:-

a) Potential Resources :-Resources which are found in a region , but have not been utilised
.these have not been developed properly. e.g. Wind and solar energy of Gujarat and Rajasthan.
b) Developed resources :-Resources which are surveyed and their quality and quantity are
known. Coal reserves of India are 2,47, 847million tonnes.
c) Stock :- Human beings do not have appropriate technology to access these resources but
have the potential to use in future. E.g. water is compound of two inflammable gasses: hydrogen
and oxygen. But we do not have energy to use them for this purpose .Hence ,it can be considered
as resources.
d) Reserves :- Are part of stock which can be used for meeting future requirements. E.g. water in
the dams is a reserve which can be used in future.

Development of resources

Sustainable economic development means development should take place without damaging
the environment and development in the present should not compromise with the needs of the
future generations.

UNCED is United Nations Conference on Environment and Development.

Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit was held in 1992 in Brazil. The summit was convened for addressing
urgent problems of environmental protection and socio-economic development.
Agenda 21was set to combat
1. environmental damage,
2. poverty,
3. Disease
Through global co-operation on common interests, mutual needs and shared responsibilities.
One major objective of Agenda 21 is that every local govt. Should draw its own Agenda 21.

Resource planning
Planning is important in a country like India . There are regions which are rich in certain resources
but are deficient in some others resources .e.g.
The state of Jharkhand , Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh are rich in minerals and coal
deposits.
Arunachal Pradesh has abundance of water resources but lacks in infrastructural development.
The state of Rajasthan is very well endowed with solar and wind energy but lacks in water
resources.
The cold desert of Ladakh is relatively isolated from the rest of the country. It has very rich cultural
heritage but it is deficient in water, infrastructure and some vital minerals.
There for balanced Resource planning at national , state, regional and local leval is required.

Resource planning in India

Resource planning is complex process which involves :
(i) Identification and inventory if resource across the regions of the country
(ii) Evolving a planning structure endowed with technology , skill and institutional setup for
implementing resource development.
(iii) Matching the resource development plan with overall national development.

Conservation of resources:- Resources are important for the developmental activity.

Need for Conservation:-

a) Resources are not found everywhere. They are unevenly distributed.
b) Resources are limited. Many of the resources are non-renewable.
c) Resources should be conserved for reducing all kinds of pollution.
d) Resources are also conserved for ‘sustainable development’.
e) Conservation is needed to protect natural heritage.
1. Irrational consumption
2. Over utilisation of resources
3. Socio-economic and environmental problems

Ways to conserve resources:-

1. Recycle
2. Reduce
3. Replenish
4. Renew
5. Respect

Views of Gandhi ji on resource conservations

“ There is enough for everybody’s need not for anybody’s greed”
He placed the greedy and selfish individuals and exploitative nature of modern technology as a
root cause for resource depletion at global level.
He was against mass production and wanted to replace it with the production by the masses.

Steps taken at international level to promote conservation of resources:

1. The club of Rome advocated resource conservation for the first time in 1968.
2. In 1974, Gandhian philosophy was presented by Schumacher in his book ”Small is Beautiful”
3. The seminal contribution by the Brundtland commission report in 1987 which was published
in a book entitled “Our Common Future”.
4. Another significant contribution was made at the Earth Summit at Rio De Janeiro , Brazil in 192

AMITY INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, SECTOR 46, GURGAON

 CLASS 10

CHAPTER 1: Resources and Development (MINIMUM LEARNING PROGRAMME)

PART- II

Land Resources:
Important land resource
We perform our economic activities on land and we use it in different ways.
It supports natural vegetation, wildlife, human life, economic activities, transport and
communication systems
Therefore, It is important to use the available land with careful planning.
India has land under three relief features

Mountain: 30% of the total surface area of the country is mountain

(1) Ensure perennial flow of rivers
(2) Provide facility for tourism and ecological aspects
Plateaus : About 27% of land area of the country is the plateau region
(1) It possesses rich reserves of mineral and fossil fuels
(2) Good forest cover
Plains: About 43% of land area is plain
(1) Provide facilities for agriculture
(2) Scope for the development of the industry

Land use pattern in India:

Total geographical area 3.28 million Sq. Kms. Data available only for 93 % of the total area.
Reason
(1) Land use reporting has not been done fully in north-east states accept Assam
(2) Some areas of J&K occupied by Pakistan and China have not been surveyed.
1. Forest (22.57%) :- It has to be 33% of the geographical area as per National Forest Policy
(1952). It is important
(a) To maintain the ecological balance
(b) To provide livelihood of millions of people who live in the forest
2. Land Not Available for Cultivation(8.61%): A part of land is termed as waste land and
land put to other non-agriculture uses
3. Barren and Waste Land (6.29%) : Waste land include rocky, arid, and desert areas
4. Land put to Non-Agricultural uses (7.92%) : Include settlements, roads, railways,
industries etc.
5. Other uncultivated Land :
6. Permanent Pastures and Grazing Lands (3.45%) : India has largest livestock population
in the world but only 3.46% of its geographical area is under pastures. In India nearly all the
pasture land is used to feed the cattle and other farm animals. Indian Farmer Have been
using farm waste as fodder for the cattle and other farm animals . In India some crops are
particularly grown to feed the cattle. Today India is the largest milk producing country of the
world.
7. Land under Miscellaneous Tree Crops (1.10%)
8. Cultruable Waste Land (Lest uncultivated for more than 5 agricultural years) (4.41%)
9. Fallow Land (3.37%): Land which is kept uncultivated for less than 5 years.
10. Current Fallow-7.03% (Left without cultivation for 1 or less than 1 agriculture year).
Current fallow land are either of poor quality or cost of cultivation of land is very high, hence
these lands are cultivated once or twice in about 2-3 years.
11. Other than current fallow land(3.82%)-Left uncultivated for the past 1 to 5 agricultural
years
12.
 Net Sown Area Gross Sown Area

(43.41%): Area sown once in an agricultural Some parts of net sown area is used more
year . It is over 80% of the total area in than one time in a single agricultural season.
Punjab and Haryana and less than 10% in When this land is added with net sown area.
Arunachal Pradesh,Mizoram, Manipur and it is called gross sown area or gross cropped
A&N islands. Net Sown Area area.
Net sown area is the actual land on which It is over 80% of the total area in Punjab and
agriculture is done. but does not include Haryana and less than 10% in Arunachal
fallow land. 43.41% Pradesh, Mizoram, Manipur and A&N
islands
The extent of net sown area depends upon The extant of gross sown area depends
the amount of rain fall received in an area upon the fertility of the soil and use of
modern technology in farming.
A certain crop is raised in a certain net sown Gross sown area includes intensive use of
area in a year. agricultural land for more one crop in a year

Land Degradation:
Continuous use of land over a long period of time without taking appropriate measures to
conserve ,it has resulted in land degradation
There are about 130 million hectares of degraded land in India.
(1) 28% belong to forest degraded area
(2) 56% of it water eroded area
(3) Rest is affected by saline and alkaline deposits

Causes of Land Degradation :

1. Deforestation: In States like Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa,

deforestation is main cause of land degradation
2. Over Grazing: In states like Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra, over
grazing is one of the main reasons of land degradation
3. Mining and Quarrying: After excavation, mining sites are abandoned leaving deep scars
and traces of over burdening. In States like Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh,
mining has cause severe land degradation.
4. Over Irrigation: In states of Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh, over irrigation is
responsible for land degradation due to water logging, leading to increase in salinity and
alkalinity in the soil.
5. Industrial Waste: Industrial waste have become a major source of land and water pollution
in many parts of the country.

Conservation of Land:
1. Afforestation
2. Proper Management of Pasture Land
3. Planting of Shelter Belts of Plants
4. Control on over grazing
5. Stabilisation of sand dunes
6. Proper management of waste land
7. Control of mining activity
8. Proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents and waste
 AMITY INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, SECTOR 46, GURGAON
CLASS 10
CHAPTER 1: Resources and Development (MINIMUM LEARNING PROGRAMME)

PART III

Soil, Its Formation & Factors Affecting Soil Formation

Meaning of Soil: It is an important renewable resource. It is upper part of the crust which is loose
and fragmented. It has air, water and minerals contents and it support growth of plants. Bacteria
and other small organisms are also found in the soil which makes it more fertile.

Formation of Soil: Soil is formed by weathering and erosion of rocks. Temperature and rainfall
breaks down the rock into smaller parts. After mixing of water and minerals in these sediments, it
acquires the form of soil. Following factors affect soil formation.

Factors Affecting Soil Formation

a) Parent Rocks: It determined the colour, texture and mineral contents in soil
b) Climate [Rainfall and Temperature]: It determines rate of weathering and erosion of rocks.
c) Topography [Slope]: On higher land thin layer of soil is found, while in the lower valley thick
deposition of alluvium is found.
d) Vegetation [Plants and Trees]: They add organic matter [Humus] to the soil.
e) Time: Older soils are generally more fertile than newer soil.

Types of soils
Alluvial Soil

 It is the most fertile and extensive soil in India.

 It is found in the river valleys of Ganga, Yamuna, Indus and Brahmaputra.
 This soil has been formed by deposition of sediments in the northern plain.
 This soil is found from Punjab up to Assam. It is also found along the coastal areas.
 Coarse soil near the mountain foothill is called duars, chos and tarai. In the plain area,
lower parts are called khadar and upper parts are called banger.
 This soil is ideal for the agriculture of rice, wheat, sugarcane, pulses and many other crops.

Black Soil

 This soil is formed by the weathering of lava rocks.

 It looks black due to presence of magnesium in it.
 It is found mainly in Maharastra, Gujarat and Karnataka [Deccan Trap].
 Black soil has high capacity to hold moisture. It become sticky when it is wet and develop
crack when it is dry.
 It is best for the cultivation of cotton. Hence, it is called as Black Cotton Soil. It is also
known as ‘Regur Soil’.
Red and Yellow soils

 Develops on crystalline igneous rocks.

 Orissa, Chhattisgarh, southern parts of the middle Ganga plain and the Western Ghats.
 Iron & its oxides
 It looks yellow when it occurs in a hydrated form.

Laterite soil

 Leaching is a process which takes place in high temperature and rainfall area. In this
process minerals of the soil are dissolved into the rainwater and they move down in the soil.
Laterite soil is formed by this process.
 Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh and in hilly areas of Orissa and Assam.
 Humus content is low.
 These are suitable for cultivation with adequate doses of manures and fertilizers.
 Tea & Coffee or Cheswnets
Arid soil
 Sandy in texture and saline in nature.
 Rajasthan and Gujarat.
 Soil lacks humus and moisture.The lower horizons of the soil are occupied by Kankar because
of the increasing calcium content downwards.
 Arid soils range from red to brown in colour.

Forest Soil

 highly acidic because of denudation

 found in hilly areas.
 The soil in the lower part is highly fertile.
Soil Erosion and Methods of Soil Conservation

Soil Erosion: Removal of top and fertile layer of soil by the agents like rainwater and wind is called
soil erosion. Soil erosion is a acute problem in India. Chambal river basin is so badly eroded that
this entire area is called as ‘Bad Land or Ravines’. There are three types of erosion, i.e.

a) Sheet Erosion,

b) Wind Erosion and

c) Gully Erosion [Most Dangerous].

Followings are the reasons for soil erosion.

Reason for Soil Erosion:

a) Deforestation – Cutting down of trees and forests

b) Torrential [heavy] rainfall
c) Overgrazing by cattle
d) Defective methods of agriculture [Ploughing land parallel to the slope]
e) Excessive use of chemical fertilizers and irrigation

Measurement to Check Soil Erosion:

b) Afforestation – Planting trees on degraded land

c) Plugging of gullies
d) Check on overgrazing by cattle
e) Scientific agriculture [Ploughing land at right angle of slope – Contour Ploughing]
f) Crop rotation
g) Terrace farming
h) Preparation of shelter belt
 MAJOR SOILS OF INDIA
Soil Types Formation Distribution Nutrients Other Characteristics Crops
Northern plain &
eastern coastal
The older alluvial soil
Found near the plains near the Potash, sugarcane, paddy,
Alluvial is known as Bangar
river or plains Mahanadi, the phosphoric acid wheat, maize, and
Soil and new alluvial soil
formed by rivers. Krishna, the and lime pulses
or Khadar.
Godavari and the
Kaveri rivers.
Calcium
carbonate,
magnesium,
Made of lava The Deccan trap Capacity to hold
Black Soil potash and Cotton
flows (basalt )region water
lime.Poor in
phosphoric
contents.
Orissa, Chhattisgarh,
Red and Develops on southern parts of It looks yellow when
Yellow crystalline igneous the middle Ganga Iron & its oxides it occurs in a
soils rocks. plain and the hydrated form.
Western Ghats.

Kerala, Karnataka, These are suitable for

Result of intense Tamil Nadu, Madhya cultivation with
Laterite Humus content is Tea & Coffee or
leaching due to Pradesh and in hilly adequate doses of
soil low. Cheswnets
heavy rain. areas of Orissa and manures and
Assam. fertilizers.

Soil lacks humus

and moisture.The
lower horizons of
Sandy in texture the soil are Arid soils range from
Rajasthan and
Arid soil and saline in occupied by red to brown in
Gujarat.
nature. Kankar because colour.
of the increasing
calcium content
downwards.
highly acidic The soil in the
Forest Soil because of found in hilly areas. lower part is
denudation highly fertile.