TEACHING MODULE:

STRUCTURAL
ANALYSIS
(SAB 4223)
BY
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR DR
JAMALUDIN MOHAMAD YATIM
Dept of Structure and Material
Faculty of Civil Engineering
 CHAPTER 1:

INTRODUCTION
 INTRODUCTION: Structure responses to loads
Transfer shear resistance due to lateral force, P:

P P

FRICTION KEYING
P P

-P -P 1
 Overturn resistance due to lateral force, P:

BENDING Compression
P (C)

Tension
(T) arm

-P
arm M = P(h) = T.(arm)

T C
Resisting force couple
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 The Concept of P-D :
P
Dead Non-linear
Load
P D

Linear-Elastic

Deflection (D) can become excessive,

particularly at the top, and must be restricted
in such a way that the horizontal displacement
-P of a building goes unnoticed to its inhabitants.
» A building must not only be strong enough to
T C avoid failure, but it must be also be “stiff”
enough to prevent excessive deflections
- Dead under horizontal load.
Load
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TERMINOLOGIES:

 Equilibrium forces, stability, static equilibrium

 Compatibility displacement, deformation
 Constitutive relations Force-Displacement
relationship (Structure), Stress-Strain relationship (member)
matrix expression
 Linearity principle of superposition
 Degree of indeterminacy (DOI) static indeterminacy,
no. of unknown forces/reactions (redundants)
 Degree of freedom (DOF) kinematic indeterminacy,
no. of unknown displacements

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EQUILIBRIUM

A structure is considered to be in equilibrium if, initially at

rest, it remains at rest when subjected to a system of
forces and couples (moments)

Two dimension, Three dimension,

 Fx  0 F x 0 M x 0
F  0
y F y 0 M y 0
M  0 z
F z 0 M z 0

The equilibrium equations must be satisfied for the entire

structure as well as for each of its members and joints.

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 COMPATIBILITY
The compatibility (continuity condition) relates the
deformations of a structure so that its various parts (members,
joints and supports) fit together without any gaps or overlaps.
 Hence, the deformed shape of the structure is continuous
and consistent with the support conditions.
 Deformation or displacement of a point at a certain direction
will create a proportional deformation or displacement at
another point with similar magnitude and direction.
Δ Δ Δ Δ
B C’ B C’
B’ C C
B’

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CONSTITUTIVE RELATIONS
External Force-Displacement Relationship: Structure
R2
Δ1
R1
Δ2 R = KΔ → K = Structural Stiffness
1 3 and,
Δ = K-1R → K-1 = Structural Flexibility
2
Structure

NOTES:

R = external forces
Δ = external displacements

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Internal Force-Displacement relationship (Stress-Strain): Members
F1 F3

δ1
3
1

F2 2 F2

δ2 δ3
F1 Members F3

F=kδ → k = member stiffness

δ=fF → f = member flexibility
NOTES:

F = internal forces
δ = internal displacements
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where, and,

F1
R1
R = F = F2
R2
F3

structure member

δ1
D1
D =
δ = δ2
D2
δ3

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 For the case of members in bending,
υ1 υ2
m1 2
m2

δ1 1 2

θ1 δ2

θ2

Internal force, Internal displacement,

U1 δ1

m1 θ1
F = δ =
U2 δ2

m2 θ2

*Displacement arrangement must corresponding to the force arrangement 10

LINEARITY

Linear analysis of structures is based on two fundamental

assumptions:
1) the structures are composed of linearly elastic material
2) the deformations of the structures are so small

So that, linear relationships between applied loads and the

resulting structural deformations can be obtained and the
principle of superposition can be used.

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 The principle of superposition states essentially that the combined
effect of several loads acting simultaneously on a structure equals
the algebraic sum of the effects of each load acting individually on
the structure.

Example 1:

F1 F2 F1 F2
A B

RA1 RB1 RA2 RB2

i.e., RA  RA1  RA 2
RB  RB1  RB 2 12
Example 2:

Combined

w kN/m w kN/m

Original System Fixed-end system Nodal Force System

(The end forces are in the same
magnitude but opposite direction
as in Fixed-end system)
The value of Fixed-end forces
unknown forces are are calculated
the sum of Fixed-End using the specified Displacement and internal forces
System and Nodal formula/ derivation are calculated by using the
Force System Flexibility or Stiffness Method

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DEGREE OF INDETERMINACY (DOI)

DOI is the number of unknown reactions and/or internal forces in excess of

equations of statics equilibrium plus equations of condition.

Also known as Degree of Static Indetermination

depend on support conditions, members and joints

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Depend on type of structures, DOI can be derived as,

 For Beams:
DOI = NUR – (NEQ + NEC)

where,
DOI = degree of indeterminacy
NUR = number of unknown reactions
NEQ = number of equations of statics equilibrium
NEC = number of equations of condition

Example:

Degree of Indeterminacy,
DOI = 4 – (3 + 0) = 1

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 For Trusses:
DOI = (NUM + NUR) – 2(NUJ)

where,
DOI = degree of indeterminacy
NUM = number of members
NUR = number of unknown reactions
NUJ = number of joints/connections

Example:
A
Degree of Indeterminacy,
E DOI = (9+4) – 2(5) = 13-10 = 3
D
Therefore, total no. of redundant, n = DOI = 3
Where, external redundant = r – 3 = 4-3 = 1
B C And, internal redundant = n – external redundant
= 3-1 = 2

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 For Frames:
DOI = (3(NUM) + NUR) – (3(NUJ) + NEC)

where,
DOI = degree of indeterminacy
NUM = number of members
NUR = number of unknown reactions
NUJ = number of joints/connections
NEC = number of equations of conditions

Example:

B C
Degree of Indeterminacy,
D
F DOI = [3(6)+7] – [3(7)+0] = 25-21 = 4
A
Therefore, total no. of redundant, n = DOI = 4
E G

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 DEGREE OF FREEDOM (DOF)
DOF is the independent joint displacements (translations and rotations) that are
necessary to specify the deformed shape of the structure when subjected to an
arbitrary loading.

Also known as Degree of Kinematics Indetermination

depend on deformation of member or node displacement

For any type of structures, DOF can be derived as,

DOF = NCJT (NJ) – NR

where,
DOF = degree of freedom
NCJT = number of degree of freedom of a free joint (or no. of structure
coordinate per joint)
NJ = number of joints
NR = number of joint displacements restrained by supports
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Example: BEAM

θ1 θ2 θ3

δ4 δ5

Considering axial effect,

NCJT = 3; NJ = 3; NR = 4
Degree of freedom = 3(3) – 4 = 5
If the axial effect is neglected,
Degree of freedom = 5-2 = 3

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In-class Exercises
Determine the DOI and DOF of the following structures:
B A
C A

E
B D

B C
A D
D (d) Truss
(a) Frame C

B C

D E
F
B
(c) Truss A C
A E G Pinned joint

(b) Frame (e) Beam

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