MEC 307
FLUID MACHINERY
Textbook: Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines
by Sukumar Pati
M. G. Hills
Mid Term Examination (MTE) Mar 03-11, 2013
End Term Examinations(ETE) May 01-28, 2013
Lecture 1
Introduction: Impulse
Momentum Principle
Introduction:
The most common practical engineering application of fluid
mechanics is the design of FLUID MACHINERY.
The types of fluid machinery are:
Machines which add energy to the fluid (the pump family),
Machines which extract energy (turbines).
TURBINES : Extract energy from the
fluid(liquid, steam or gas)
Historical Background
Water Wheels: Ancestor of the modern day turbines
Commonly used in Great Britain and the United States with the vertical wheel
rotating about a horizontal axle.
Undershot Water Wheel Overshot Water Wheel
Breastshot Water Wheel
Backshot Water Wheel
PUMPS: Supply energy to the fluid
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
HAND PUMP SUBMERSIBLE PUMP
Impulse Momentum Principle
When applied to a single body Newton's second law can be stated as:
“The sum of forces on the body equals the rate of change of momentum
of the body in the direction of the force.”
In equation form (F and V are in the same direction):
where m is the mass of the body and V is the velocity of the body and t is
the time.
This also means the impulse Fdt equals the change in momentum of the
body during the time dt.
When applied to control volume, through which the fluid is flowing, the
principle can be stated as:
“The sum of forces on the fluid equals the difference between the
momentum flowing in and momentum flowing out and the change in
momentum of the fluid inside the control volume, under steady flow condition
the last term vanishes.
So the forces in the fluid is given by:
In other words, the net force on the fluid mass is equal to the net rate of out
flow of momentum across the control surface.
The above equation can also be written as:
d(vV)out d(vV)in d(AxV)out d(AxV)in
F dt dt dt
dt
d((AV )x)out d((AV )x)in
dt dt
d(Qx )out d(Qx )in
dt dt
dx dx
(Q )out (Q )in
dt out dt out
(QV )out (QV )in
out Q out Vout in Q in Vin
2Q 2 V2 1Q 1 V1 for compressible fluid
for incompressible fluid
But,
F Fx î Fy ĵ Fzk̂
V u î vĵ wk̂
where u, v and w are the components of velocity in the x, y and z directions.
Using above relations we have:
Fx î Fy ĵ Fzk̂ Qu î vĵ wk̂
Comparing the two sides we have:
is the impulse momentum equation in scalar form.
When calculating the momentum flowing in or out, if the velocity over the
section is not uniform a correction has to applied.
The correction factor β is given by
where V is the average velocity.
Application of Impulse Momentum
Principle:
Forces Exerted on Pressure Conduits:
Consider the reducer section shown in figure below:
The free body diagram is given by:
Assuming ideal fluid flow,
ΣFx = P1A1 – P2A2 – Fx = ρQ (u2 – u1)
or the force on the fluid is given by:
Fx = P1A1 – P2A2 – ρQ (u2 – u1)
This force is the force exerted by the reducer on the fluid in the x direction.
This force acts towards the left as assumed in the figure.
Exercises
(1) A reducer in the horizontal plane has an inlet area of 0.02 m2 and the outlet
area is 0.01 m2. The velocity at the inlet is 4 m/s. The pressures are 40 KPa
at inlet and 10 KPa of outlet. Determine the force exerted by the reducer on
the fluid.
(2) A 45° bend in the horizontal plane is shown in figure. The inlet area is 1.2 m2
and the outlet area is 0.6 m2. The velocity of water at inlet is 12 m/s. The
pressures at inlet and outlet are 40 and 30 KPa respectively. Calculate the
magnitude and direction of the resultant force on the bend.
Solutions
(1) As the flow is in the horizontal plane body forces are neglected. The
free body diagram is as shown below:
Given: A1/A2 = 2, u2 = 2u1 = 8 m/s
Using equation:
Fx = P1A1 – P2A2 – ρQ (u2 – u1)
= 40 KPa * 0.02 m2 – 10 KPa * 0.01 m2 – 1000*0.02*4*(8-4)
= 40000 * 0.02 m2 – 10000 * 0.01 m2 – 1000*0.02*4*(8-4)
= 800 – 100 – 320 = 380 N
(2) The free body diagram is as shown below:
Given: A1 = 1.2 m2, A2 = 0.6 m2, V1 = 12 m/s , V2 = A1 V1 / A2 = 24 m/s
Using equations:
ΣFx = ρQ ∆u
Or, P1 A1 – P2 A2 cos 45o – Fx = ρQ (u2 – u1)
Or, P1 A1 – P2 A2 cos 45o – Fx = ρQ (V2 cos 45o – V1)
Or, 40000*1.2 – 30000*0.6 cos 45o – Fx = 1000*1.2*12 (24 cos 45o – 12)
Or, 48000– 18000cos 45o – Fx = 14400*4.97
= -36296 N towards – ve x-axis
ΣFy = ρQ ∆v
Fy = P2A2 sin θ + m V2 sin θ
= P2A2 sin 45o + ρQ V2 sin 45º
= 30 KPa *0.6 sin 45o + 1000*1.2*12* 24 sin 45º
= 30000 *0.6 sin 45o + 1000*1.2*12* 24 sin 45º
= 257104 N in downward direction
Resultant force on the bend: 259653.36 N
Direction: tan-1(257104/36296) = 81.96o with -ve x axis
Tutorial Questions:
End of Lecture 1
