1) Various intermolecular forces are present in strontium and ammonium chloride. Ammonium chloride forms dimers in the gas phase represented by a cross and dot diagram. The boiling points of Group V hydrides regularly increase due to increasing molecular weight and decreasing bond energies.
2) Lattice energy is the energy released when gaseous ions form an ionic crystal. Standard enthalpy of atomization is the enthalpy change when one mole of gaseous atoms forms gaseous ions.
3) Standard electrode potentials, salt bridges, and redox reactions in electrochemical cells are discussed.
1) Various intermolecular forces are present in strontium and ammonium chloride. Ammonium chloride forms dimers in the gas phase represented by a cross and dot diagram. The boiling points of Group V hydrides regularly increase due to increasing molecular weight and decreasing bond energies.
2) Lattice energy is the energy released when gaseous ions form an ionic crystal. Standard enthalpy of atomization is the enthalpy change when one mole of gaseous atoms forms gaseous ions.
3) Standard electrode potentials, salt bridges, and redox reactions in electrochemical cells are discussed.
1) Various intermolecular forces are present in strontium and ammonium chloride. Ammonium chloride forms dimers in the gas phase represented by a cross and dot diagram. The boiling points of Group V hydrides regularly increase due to increasing molecular weight and decreasing bond energies.
2) Lattice energy is the energy released when gaseous ions form an ionic crystal. Standard enthalpy of atomization is the enthalpy change when one mole of gaseous atoms forms gaseous ions.
3) Standard electrode potentials, salt bridges, and redox reactions in electrochemical cells are discussed.
1) Various intermolecular forces are present in strontium and ammonium chloride. Ammonium chloride forms dimers in the gas phase represented by a cross and dot diagram. The boiling points of Group V hydrides regularly increase due to increasing molecular weight and decreasing bond energies.
2) Lattice energy is the energy released when gaseous ions form an ionic crystal. Standard enthalpy of atomization is the enthalpy change when one mole of gaseous atoms forms gaseous ions.
3) Standard electrode potentials, salt bridges, and redox reactions in electrochemical cells are discussed.
JUNE 2012 SECTION A: PHYSICAL AND GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Answer only TWO questions in this section
1 This question concerns bonding, intermolecular forces and energetic,
a) Various forces of attraction are encountered in strongtium and ammonium
chloride, i) Identify the forces present in i) A: Strongtium B: Ammonium chloride (5 marks) b) Complete the table below by giving the shapes and bond angles of the species given.
Species Shape Bond angles
Cl20 AICS3 (2 marks)
C)Ammonia chloride (AlCl3) exist as a dimer Al2cl3 in a gas phase
i) What is a dimer? ii) Draw the cross and dot diagram of this dimer. (2 marks) d) The graph below shows the variation in boiling points of the hydrides of Group V elements. For more visit www.cgce-revision.com
i) Account for the regular increase in boiling points from PH3 toSbH3 . ii) Why is the boiling point of NH3 exceptionally high? . - ( 2 marks) e) With reference to specific examples, define: i) Lattice energy ii) Standard enthalpy of atomization. (4marks) f) The standard enthalpy change for the reaction between sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid can be determined experimentally. i) What is the name given to the enthalpy change in this type of reaction?' ii) In one such experiment 25cm3 each of solutions of sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid of concentration 1mol dm-3 were mixed. The temperature rose from 27°C to 34.5°C. Calculate the standard enthalpy change for the reaction in KJmol-1. (Assume that the specific heat capacity of the solution is 4.2KJkg-1K-1 and no heat is lost to the ' calorimeter.) (3 marks)
f) Given the following standard enthalpies.
H2(g) -> 2H(g), DH° =+436KJ
02(g) 20(g), DH° =+498KJ
DH°f(H20) = -285.8KJmol-1
Calculate the 0-H bond enthalpy in water. (2 marks)
(i) A. What standard reference electrode could be used to obtain the values in this table?
B. Under what conditions is the standard electrode used?
(ii) Under what four(4) conditions will the standard emf of the electrode IV be obtained?
(iii) A salt bridge is used when a ceil is set up to obtain an emf.
A. What is the function of a salt bridge?
B. What substance could be used as a salt bridge?
(iv) The electrodes III and IV are linked to form an electrochemical cell.
A. Which species is reduced?
B. Write the equation for the redox process .(8 marks)
(b) A 25.0cm3 sample of 0.1mo!dm-3 solution of ethanoic acid (Ka=1.8X10-3) was titrated with
0.1moldm-3 sodium hydroxide.
i)Calculate the pH of ethanoic acid.
ii)The table below gives the names, and the pH ranges of some acid/base indicators.
Name of indicator pH range
Bromophenol blue 2.8-4.6 Bromothymol blue 6.0-7.6 Phenolphthaiein 8.2-10.0
■ Which of the above indicators would you use for the titration in (b) above? Explain.(4 marks) (c) Rates of reactions are found to increase with temperature.
(i) in the space below, sketch a labeled diagram that shows the distribution of of molecular energies at two different temperatures.
(ii) State TWO theories that explain the effect of temperature increase on rates of reaction.
(iii) This part concerns a kinetic study on a reaction of your choice.
A. Reaction chosen.
B. State the property (parameter) that could be used for the kinetic study of the reaction.
C. Give the method that will be used to measure the chosen property, and the instruments/apparatus to be used. (8 marks) For more visit www.cgce-revision.com
(3) This question is on atomic structure; mole concept and phase equilibrium.
a) The isotopes of bromine have the following abundances 79Br=50.5%, 81Br=49.5%
(i) State one way in which isotopes are similar.
(ii) What instrument is used to detect isotopes in in the laboratory?
(Ill) Calculate the relative atomic mass of bromine from the data. (4 marks)
b) Write the electronic configuration of the element atomic number 12, and sketch a labeled energy level diagram of the electrons .
c) Some miscible liquids show negative deviation from Raoult’s Law and others show positive deviations i) State Raoult’s law. ii) Give two experimental evidence for negative deviation from Raoult’s law. (3 marks) d) An ethanol/water mixture forms an azeotropic mixture. i)Why is it not possible to obtain a pure sample of ethanol from the mixture by fractional distillation? ii) How will you obtain pure ethanol from the azeotropic mixture? (3 marks)
e) (i) Draw a well labeled diagram of the experimental set-up (apparatus) that would be used to determine the molar mass of a volatile substance such as liquid hexane. (ii) Using the ideal gas equation, derive the expression that could be used to obtain the molar mass of the liquid.
'J$Jn one such experiment carried out at a temperature of 470°C and a pressure of 100atmospheres, 4.3g of a volatile liquid produced 30.6cm3 of the gas.
Calculate the molar mass of the gas .(Molar gas constant, R=8.314JK-1 mol1, molar gas volume at stp=22400cm3,1 atmosphere=1.0X105Nm-2) (7 marks) For more visit www.cgce-revision.com
SECTION B: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
{Answer only TWO questions in this section)
4 The first of this question concerns Group VII (The halogens)
(a) (i) Give the colours and the physical state of the elements bromine and iodine.
(ii) From your knowledge of the halogens suggest the colour and physical state of astatine.(3mks)
(b) (i) The iodate/iodide reaction is used in the' laboratory for iodimetry Complete the equation for the reaction below.
IO3- + I- + H+ ---->
(ii) What indicator is used in the titration of aqueous iodine with aqueous thiosulphate?(2 marks)
(c) What is observed when chlorine water is added separately to solutions of sodium chloride and
(d) The hydrides of the halogens dissolve in water forming acidic solutions. Arrange the following
hydrides in order of decreasing strength : HF, HBr, HCI .(1 mark)
(e) State one problem caused by organo-haiogen compounds in society. (1 mark)
This part of the question concerns Group IV elements (carbon to lead)
(f) (i) Write:
A.The general outer shell electronic configuration of the elements.
B . The principal oxidation states of the elements in their chlorides.
(ii) What is the trend in stability of these oxidation states? (4 marks)
(g) (i) Using equations only, predict the reaction of silicon tetrachloride and carbon tetrachloride with water.
SiCl4: CCl4:
(ii) Account for the similarity or difference in their reactions with water, if any. (3 marks) For more visit www.cgce-revision.com
(h) State the type of bonding in:
(i) Lead(ll) oxide (ii) Carbon dioxide (2 marks)
(iii) state two ways in which carbon differs from the rest of the elements in the group.( 2 marks)
5. This question is on periodicity and s-block elements (Group I and II).
The elements in period 3(sodium to argon) of the Periodic Table shows periodic trends in their properties.
(a) What is meant by the term periodic strength? (1 mark)
(b) In the space below, sketch a graph of the variation of the variation of the first ionisation energy for - the elements sodium to argon.(2 marks)
(c) Two oxides of the elements X and y in period 3 have the formulae X2O and YO2. X2O and YO2 are very soluble in water producing solutions whose pH are more than 7 and less than 7 respectively.
(i) ldentify the Groups to Which X and Y belong.
(ii) Write the dot-and-cross diagrams of both oxides.
(iii) Give the formula of one other oxide of either X or Y and give its acid/base property.
(d) (i)ln the table below, give the formulae of the chlorides of the e!ements.( 5 marks)
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
(ii) How does he nature of the bonding in the chlorides vary from left to (4 marks) (b) right? (i) Write the electronic configurations of Na+ and Mg2+.
(ii) How are these ions similar?
(iii) Which of the two ions is bigger? Give a reason. (3 marks)
(c) The atomic radii of Li, Na and, K are respectively 0.157nm, 0.191 and 0.235nm. Give a reason for this trend. (1 mark)
(d) The melting points of Group II elements are generally higher than those of the Group I metals. Give a renson. (1 mark)
The hydroxides of Group I elements are mors soluble Tidn those of Group II elements. Why?(1mk)
(i) Lithium shows a diagonal relationship with magnesium.
(a) Why are the two elements diagonally related?
Give one reaction in which Li and Mg show this relationship.
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(d) state and explain the trend in
(i) solubility of Group !l (Group2) sulphates down the croup:
(ii) solubility of group II (Group2) hydroxides up the group.
(iii) thermal stability of Group II (Group?) carbonates. (3 marks')
(e) What would be observed if excess sodium hydroxide were added drop wise to aqueous solutions of
(i) magnesium chloride (ii) barium chloride (2 marks)
(f) Account for the observation in (f) giving any relevant ionic equations. (2 marks)
6 (a) From the compounds of the Group IV (Group 14) elements (C-Pb), choose an appropriate example for each of the following:
Type of compound Name or formula of example
(i) A strongly reducing oxide I (ii) A giant covalent oxide
(iii) A strongly reducing chloride
(iv). A covalent chloride which is not hydrolysed by water -
(b) Lead (IV) oxide reacts with hydrochloric acid according to the equation.^) Pb02 +4HCI -> PbCI2 +CI2 +2H20
Why is lead(IV) oxide oxidizing hydrochloric acid in this reaction? (1 mark)
(b) (i) Which are the two stable crystalline forms of carbon"
(ii) Which of the forms is a better conductor of electricity? L "'lain. (3 marks)
(c) Write an equation for the following reactions:
(i) Silicon dioxide reacting with sodium hydroxide
(ii) Lead monoxide reacting with nitric acid. (2 marks)
(d) Which Group IV Group(14) metal forms divalent ions that readily decolorize acidified potassium
manganate(VII)? (1 mark)
(e) Explain why carbon forms a wide range of hydrides while the other Group (IV) (Grcup14) For more visit www.cgce-revision.com
do so only to a limited extend. (1 mark)
(f) Which of the elements of period 3(Na-Ar) would exist as
(i) diatomic molecule at room temperature?
(ii) monoatomic molecule at room temperature? (2 marks)
(g) Explain the following in terms of structure and bonding.
