Planet Earth

Effects of Global Warming

Global warming is expected to have far-reaching, long-lasting and, in many cases, devastating consequences for
planet Earth.

Global warming, the gradual heating of Earth’s surface, oceans and atmosphere, is caused by human activity,
primarily the burning of fossil fuels that pump carbon dioxide (CO2), methane and other greenhouse gases into the
atmosphere.

Despite political controversy about climate change, a major report released Sept. 27, 2013, by the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) stated that scientists are more certain than ever of the link between human
activities and global warming. More than 197 international scientific organizations agree that global warming is real
and has been caused by human action.

Already, global warming is having a measurable effect on the planet.

“We can observe this happening in real time in many places. Ice is melting in both polar ice caps and mountain
glaciers. Lakes around the world, including Lake Superior, are warming rapidly — in some cases faster than the
surrounding environment. Animals are changing migration patterns and plants are changing the dates of activity,”
such as trees budding their leaves earlier in the spring and dropping them later in the fall, Josef Werne, a professor
of geology and environmental science at the University of Pittsburgh, told Live Science.

Increase in average temperatures and temperature extremes

One of the most immediate and obvious effects of global warming is the increase in temperatures around the world.
The average global temperature has increased by about 1.4 degrees Fahrenheit (0.8 degrees Celsius) over the past
100 years, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).

Since record keeping began in 1895, the hottest year on record worldwide was 2016, according to NOAA and
NASA data. That year Earth’s surface temperature was 1.78 degrees F (0.99 degrees C) warmer than the average
across the entire 20th century. Before 2016, 2015 was the warmest year on record, globally. And before 2015? Yep,
2014. In fact, 16 of the 17 warmest years on record have happened since 2001, according to NASA.

For the contiguous United States and Alaska, 2016 was the second-warmest year on record and the 20th consecutive
year that the annual average surface temperature exceeded the 122-year average since record keeping began,
according to NOAA.

Extreme weather events

Extreme weather is another effect of global warming. While experiencing some of the hottest summers on record,
much of the United States has also been experiencing colder-than-normal winters.

Changes in climate can cause the polar jet stream — the boundary between the cold North Pole air and the warm
equatorial air — to migrate south, bringing with it cold, Arctic air. This is why some states can have a sudden cold
snap or colder-than-normal winter, even during the long-term trend of global warming, Werne explained.

“Climate is, by definition, the long-term average of weather, over many years. One cold (or warm) year or season
has little to do with overall climate. It is when those cold (or warm) years become more and more regular that we
start to recognize it as a change in climate rather than simply an anomalous year of weather,” he said.

Global warming may also lead to extreme weather other than cold or heat extremes. For example, hurricane
formations will change. Though this is still a subject of active scientific research, current computer models of the
atmosphere indicate that hurricanes are more likely to become less frequent on a global basis, though the hurricanes
that do form may be more intense.
“And even if they become less frequent globally, hurricanes could still become more frequent in some particular
areas,” said atmospheric scientist Adam Sobel, author of “Storm Surge: Hurricane Sandy, Our Changing Climate,
and Extreme Weather of the Past and Future” (HarperWave, 2014). “Additionally, scientists are confident that
hurricanes will become more intense due to climate change.” This is because hurricanes get their energy from the
temperature difference between the warm tropical ocean and the cold upper atmosphere. Global warming increases
that temperature difference.

“Since the most damage by far comes from the most intense hurricanes — such as typhoon Haiyan in the
Philippines in 2013 — this means that hurricanes could become overall more destructive,” said Sobel, a Columbia
University professor in the departments of Earth and Environmental Sciences, and Applied Physics and Applied
Mathematics. (Hurricanes are called typhoons in the western North Pacific, and they’re called cyclones in the South
Pacific and Indian oceans.)

Lightening is another weather feature that is being affected by global warming. According to a 2014 study, a 50
percent increase in the number of lightning strikes within the United States is expected by 2100 if global
temperatures continue to rise. The researchers of the study found a 12 percent increase in lightning activity for
every 1.8 degree F (1 degree C) of warming in the atmosphere.

NOAA established the U.S. Climate Extremes Index (CEI) in 1996 to track extreme weather events. The number of
extreme weather events that are among the most unusual in the historical record, according to the CEI, has been
rising over the last four decades.

Scientists project that extreme weather events, such as heat waves, droughts, blizzards and rainstorms will continue
to occur more often and with greater intensity due to global warming, according to Climate Central. Climate models
forecast that global warming will cause climate patterns worldwide to experience significant changes. These changes
will likely include major shifts in wind patterns, annual precipitation and seasonal temperatures variations.

In addition, because high levels of greenhouse gases are likely to remain in the atmosphere for many years, these
changes are expected to last for several decades or longer, according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA). In the northeastern United States, for example, climate change is likely to bring increased annual rainfall,
while in the Pacific Northwest, summer rainfall is expected to decrease, the EPA said.

Ice melt

One of the primary manifestations of climate change so far is melt. North America, Europe and Asia have all seen a
trend toward less snow cover between 1960 and 2015, according to 2016 research published in the journal Current
Climate Change Reports. According to the National Snow and Ice Data Center, there is now 10 percent less
permafrost, or permanently frozen ground, in the Northern Hemisphere than there was in the early 1900s. The
thawing of permafrost can cause landslides and other sudden land collapses. It can also release long-buried
microbes, as in a 2016 case when a cache of buried reindeer carcasses thawed and caused an outbreak of anthrax.

One of the most dramatic effects of global warming is the reduction in Arctic sea ice. Sea ice hit record-low extents
in both the fall and winter of 2015 and 2016, meaning that at the time when the ice is supposed to be at its peak, it
was lagging. The melt means there is less thick sea ice that persists for multiple years. That means less heat is
reflected back into the atmosphere by the shiny surface of the ice and more is absorbed by the comparatively darker
ocean, creating a feedback loop that causes even more melt, according to NASA’s Operation IceBridge.

Glacial retreat, too, is an obvious effect of global warming. Only 25 glaciers bigger than 25 acres are now found in
Montana’s Glacier National Park, where about 150 glaciers were once found, according to the U.S. Geological
Survey. A similar trend is seen in glacial areas worldwide. According to a 2016 study in the journal Nature
Geoscience, there is a 99 percent likelihood that this rapid retreat is due to human-caused climate change. Some
glaciers retreated up to 15 times as much as they would have without global warming, those researchers found.
IceBridge project sciencist Michael Studinger calls this photo a textbook example of a receding glacier, one that’s
shrinking in size. The dark, arc-shaped piles are terminal and lateral moraines, jumbled rock piles left behind as the
glacier recedes. A small, frozen lake sits at the left-hand terminus of the glacier. Taken in Thomsen Land, northeast
Greenland.

Sea levels and ocean acidification

In general, as ice melts, sea levels rise. In 2014, the World Meteorological Organization reported that sea-level rise
accelerated 0.12 inches (3 millimeters) per year on average worldwide. This is around double the average annual rise
of 0.07 in. (1.6 mm) in the 20th century.

Melting polar ice in the Arctic and Antarctic regions, coupled with melting ice sheets and glaciers across Greenland,
North America, South America, Europe and Asia, are expected to raise sea levels significantly. And humans are
mostly to blame: In the IPCC report released on Sept. 27, 2013, climate scientists said they are at least 95 percent
certain that humans are to blame for warming oceans, rapidly melting ice and rising sea levels, changes that have
been observed since the 1950s.

Global sea levels have risen about 8 inches since 1870, according to the EPA, and the rate of increase is expected to
accelerate in the coming years. If current trends continue, many coastal areas, where roughly half of the Earth’s
human population lives, will be inundated.

Researchers project that by 2100, average sea levels will be 2.3 feet (.7 meters) higher in New York City, 2.9 feet
(0.88 m) higher at Hampton Roads, Virginia, and 3.5 feet (1.06 m) higher at Galveston, Texas, the EPA reports.
According to an IPCC report, if greenhouse gas emissions remain unchecked, global sea levels could rise by as
much as 3 feet (0.9 meters) by 2100. That estimate is an increase from the estimated 0.9 to 2.7 feet (0.3 to 0.8
meters) that was predicted in the 2007 IPCC report for future sea-level rise.

Sea level isn’t the only thing changing for the oceans due to global warming. As levels of CO2 increase, the oceans
absorb some of that gas, which increases the acidity of seawater. Werne explains it this way: “When you dissolved
CO2 in water, you get carbonic acid. This is the same exact thing that happens in cans of soda. When you pop the
top on a can of Dr Pepper, the pH is 2 — quite acidic.”

Since the Industrial Revolution began in the early 1700s, the acidity of the oceans has increased about 25 percent,
according to the EPA. “This is a problem in the oceans, in large part, because many marine organisms make shells
out of calcium carbonate (think corals, oysters), and their shells dissolve in acid solution,” said Werne. “So as we
add more and more CO2 to the ocean, it gets more and more acidic, dissolving more and more shells of sea
creatures. It goes without saying that this is not good for their health.”

If current ocean acidification trends continue, coral reefs are expected to become increasingly rare in areas where
they are now common, including most U.S. waters, the EPA reports. In 2016 and 2017, portions of the Great
Barrier Reef in Australia were hit with bleaching, a phenomenon in which coral eject their symbiotic algae.
Bleaching is a sign of stress from too-warm waters, unbalanced pH or pollution; coral can recover from bleaching,
but back-to-back episodes make recovery less likely.

Plants and animals

The effects of global warming on the Earth’s ecosystems are expected to be profound and widespread. Many
species of plants and animals are already moving their range northward or to higher altitudes as a result of warming
temperatures, according to a report from the National Academy of SciencesScience

“They are not just moving north, they are moving from the equator toward the poles. They are quite simply
following the range of comfortable temperatures, which is migrating to the poles as the global average temperature
warms,” Werne said. Ultimately, he said, this becomes a problem when the rate of climate change velocity (how fast
a region changes put into a spatial term) is faster than the rate that many organisms can migrate. Because of this,
many animals may not be able to compete in the new climate regime and may go extinct.

Additionally, migratory birds and insects are now arriving in their summer feeding and nesting grounds several days
or weeks earlier than they did in the 20th century, according to the EPA.

Warmer temperatures will also expand the range of many disease-causing pathogens that were once confined to
tropical and subtropical areas, killing off plant and animal species that formerly were protected from disease.

These and other effects of global warming, if left unchecked, will likely contribute to the disappearance of up to
one-half of Earth’s plants and one-third of animals from their current range by 2080, according to a 2013 report in
the journal Nature Climate Change.

Social effects

As dramatic as the effects of climate change are expected to be on the natural world, the projected changes to
human society may be even more devastating.

Agricultural systems will likely be dealt a crippling blow. Though growing seasons in some areas will expand, the
combined impacts of drought, severe weather, lack of accumulated snowmelt, greater number and diversity of pests,
lower groundwater tables and a loss of arable land could cause severe crop failures and livestock shortages
worldwide.

North Carolina State University also notes that carbon dioxide is affecting plant growth. Though CO2 can increase
the growth of plants, the plants may become less nutritious.

This loss of food security may, in turn, create havoc in international food markets and could spark famines, food
riots, political instability and civil unrest worldwide, according to a number of analyses from sources as diverse as
the U.S Department of Defense, the Center for American Progress and the Woodrow Wilson International Center
for Scholars.

In addition to less nutritious food, the effect of global warming on human health is also expected to be serious. The
American Medical Association has reported an increase in mosquito-borne diseases like malaria and dengue fever, as
well as a rise in cases of chronic conditions like asthma, most likely as a direct result of global warming. The 2016
outbreak of Zika virus, a mosquito-borne illness, highlighted the dangers of climate change. The disease causes
devastating birth defects in fetuses when pregnant women are infected, and climate change could make higher-
latitude areas habitable for the mosquitos that spread the disease, experts said. Longer, hotter summers could also
lead to the spread of tick-borne illness.

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