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International Journal of Green Pharmacy
(An official publication of TIFAC CORE in Green Pharmacy)
January-March 2008 Volume 2 Issue 1
Content
EDITORIAL
New year, new beginning
V. B. Gupta ................................................................................................................................................................................ 1
REVIEW ARTICLES
Herbal drugs in milieu of modern drugs
Nazma Inamdar, Shima Edalat, Vikram B. Kotwal, Sunita Pawar ............................................................................................. 2
Psidium guajava L: A review
J. V. Kamath, Nair Rahul, C. K. Ashok Kumar, S. Mohana Lakshmi ........................................................................................... 9
Aromatherapy: Short overview
Meenakshi Bharkatiya, Rajesh K. Nema, Kamal Singh Rathore, Sunita Panchawat................................................................. 13
Traditional herbal remedies from the Vindhaya region of Madhya Pradesh in the treatment of viral hepatitis
Sumeet Dwivedi, Satyaendra Shrivastava, Darshan Dubey ..................................................................................................... 17
RESEARCH ARTICLES
Comparative study on effect of natural and synthetic superdisintegrants in the formulation of fast
dissolving tablets
Santanu Chakraborty, Madhusmruti Khandai, Satya Prakash Singh, Niranjan Ch. Patra ........................................................... 22
Pharmacognostical studies of Neolamarckia cadamba (roxb.) Bosser leaf
Divyakant Patel, Vimal Kumar ................................................................................................................................................... 26
Antimicrobial activity of Capparis zeylanica Linn. roots
V. V. Chopade, A. N. Tankar, R.O. Ganjiwale, P. G. Yeole .......................................................................................................... 28
Free radical scavenging activity of aqueous extract of roots of Baliospermum montanum Muell-Arg
Prajakta V. Desai, Raju R. Wadekar, Girish H. Kedar, Kalpana S. Patil ....................................................................................... 31
Antimicrobial and antitumor activity of the fractionated extracts of Kalimusli (Curculigo orchioides)
Rajesh Singh, A.K. Gupta ......................................................................................................................................................... 34
Characterization and evaluation of natural copal gum-resin as film forming material
Milind J. Umekar, Pramod G. Yeole ......................................................................................................................................... 37
Anti-oxidant activity of ethyl acetate extract of Aquilaria agallocha on nitrite-induced methemoglobin formation
P. B. Miniyar, T. S. Chitre, S. S. Karve, H. J. Deuskar, K. S. Jain ................................................................................................. 43
Effect of Baliospermum montanum root extract on phagocytosis by human neutrophils
Raju Ratan Wadekar, Sagar Vijay Agrawal, Kunal Mahesh Tewari, Rohan Dilip Shinde, Shirin Mate, Kalpana Patil................ 46
Effects of ethanol extract of Pisonia aculeata Linn. on ehrlich ascites carcinoma tumor bearing mice
Raju Senthilkumar, Rangasamy Manivannan, Ayyasamy Balasubramaniam, Thangavel Sivakumar and
Balasubramanian Rajkapoor ..................................................................................................................................................... 50
Hemostatic activity of the leaves of Tridax procumbens Linn
Mayura A. Kale, Sadhana R. Shahi, Vijay G. Somani, Prashant B. Shamkuwar, A. S. Dhake.................................................... 54
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Psidium guajava L: A review
REVIEW ARTICLE
J. V. Kamath1, Nair Rahul1, C. K. Ashok Kumar2, S. Mohana Lakshmi2
1
Shree Devi College of Pharmacy, Airport Road, Kenjar, Mangalore - 574 142, Karnataka,
2
Sree Vidyaniketan College of Pharmacy, A. Rangampet, Chittor, Andhra Pradesh, India
Psidium guajava L, belonging to the Myrtacea family, has been reported to have anti-diarrheal, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, lipid
lowering, antibacterial and antioxidant activities. It contains important phytoconstituents such as tannins, triterpenes, flavonoid:
quercetin, pentacyclic triterpenoid:guajanoic acid, saponins, carotenoids, lectins, leucocyanidin, ellagic acid, amritoside, beta-sitosterol,
uvaol, oleanolic acid and ursolic acid. In view of the immense medicinal importance of the plant, this review is an effort to compile all
the information reported on its phytochemical and pharmacological activities. The present review is an attempt to generate interest
among the masses regarding its immense potential in preventing and treating several common diseases.
Key words: Psidium guajava L, Myrtaceae, quercetin, guajanoic acid
INTRODUCTION as douche for vaginal discharge and to tighten and tone up
vaginal walls after labor. Guava is cultivated throughout the
Psidium guajava L is a fruit-bearing tree commonly tropics. Commercially, the fruit is consumed raw or used
known as guava, which belongs to the family in making jams, jellies, pastes and juice. Guava leaves are
Myrtaceae. The French call it goyave or goyavier; official in Dutch Pharmacopoeia. Guavas are free from fat
the Dutch, guyaba, goeajaaba; the Surinamese, guave and cholesterol. They are also an excellent source of Þber,
or goejaba; and the Portuguese, goiaba or goaibeira. potassium and vitamin A.
Hawaiians call it guava or kuawa. In Guam, it is
abas. In Malaya, it is generally known either as Phytochemistry
guava or jambu batu (Morton, 1987).. Guava grows Guava is rich in tannins, phenols, triterpenes, ßavonoids,
nearly throughout India up to 1500 m in height essential oils, saponins, carotenoids, lectins, vitamins,
and is cultivated commercially in almost all states, Þbre and fatty acids. Guava fruit is higher in vitamin C
the total estimated area being 50,000 hectares. The than citrus fruits (80 mg of vitamin C in 100g of fruit) and
important guava-growing states in India are Uttar contains appreciable amounts of Vitamin A as well (Table 1).
Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Assam, West Bengal Guava fruits are also a good source of pectin (Sunttornusk
and Andhra Pradesh. Cultivated varieties grow L, 2005).
about 10 m in height and produce fruits within
4 years. Wild trees grow up to 20 m high and are The leaves of guava are rich in ßavonoids, particularly
well branched. The tree can be easily identiÞed by quercetin. It has demonstrated antibacterial and anti-
its distinctive thin, smooth, copper-colored bark diarrheal effects and is able to relax the intestinal smooth
that ßakes off, showing a greenish layer beneath.
Guava trees have spread widely throughout the Table 1: Food value of Psidium guajava fruit
tropics because they thrive in a variety of soils, Vitamin G4 36-50
propagate easily and bear fruits quickly. The fruits Calories 77-86 g
Moisture 2.8-5.5 g
are enjoyed by birds and monkeys, which disperse Crude fiber 0.9-1.0 g
guava seeds and cause spontaneous dumps of Protein 0.1-0.5 g
guava saplings to grow throughout the rainforest Fat 0.43-0.7 g
(Wealth of India, 2003). Ash 9.5-10 g
Carbohydrates 9.1-17 mg
Calcium 17.8-30 mg
The leaves and bark of guava tree have a long Phosphorus 0.30-0.70 mg
history of medicinal uses. In India, decoction of the Iron 200-400 I.U.
Carotene (vitamin A) 0.046 mg
leaves and bark of guava is used to cure diarrhea,
Thiamine 0.03-0.04 mg
dysentery, vomiting and sore throats, and to Riboflavin 0.6-1.068 mg
regulate menstrual cycles. The tribes of the Amazon Niacin 40 I.U.
use leaf decoction for mouth sores, bleeding gums, Vitamin B3 35 I.U.
For correspondence: J.V. Kamath, Shree Devi College of Pharmacy, Airport Road, Kenjar, Mangalore - 574 - 142, Karnataka, India.
E-mail: jvkam@rediffmail.com
Received: 08-09-2007; Accepted: 12-12-2007
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this journal Kamath, et al.: Psidium guajava L: A review
muscle and inhibit bowel contractions. Guava has (Abdelrahim et al., 2002). In several studies, guava showed
antioxidant properties attributed to polyphenols found signiÞcant antibacterial activity against common diarrhea-
in its leaves. The bark of guava tree contains considerable causing bacteria such as Staphylococcus, Shigella, Salmonella,
amounts of tannins (11-27%), and hence is used for tanning Bacillus, E. coli, Clostridium and Pseudomonas. A double-
and dyeing purposes. Leucocyanidin, luectic acid, ellagic blind clinical study of the effects of a Phytodrug (QG-5)
acid and amritoside have been isolated from the stem developed from guava leaf showed a decrease in duration
bark. Five constituents, including one new pentacyclic of abdominal pain, which is attributed to antispasmodic
triterpenoid:guajanoic acid and four known compounds- effect of quercetin present in leaf extract (Xavier Lozoya
beta-sitosterol, uvaol, oleanolic acid and ursolic acid, et al., 2002). Guava leaf extracts and fruit juice have also
have been recently isolated from the leaves of P. guajava been clinically studied for infantile diarrhea. In a clinical
(Begum et al., 2004). study with 62 infants with infantile rotaviral enteritis,
the recovery rate was 3 days (87.1%) in those treated
Biological Activity and Clinical Research with guava, and diarrhea ceased in a shorter period than
The long history of guava use has led modern-day controls. It was concluded in the study that guava has ‘good
researchers to study guava extracts (Table 2). Its traditional curative effect on infantile rotaviral enteritis’ (Wei et al.,
use against diarrhea, gastroenteritis and other digestive 2000). Lectin chemicals in guava were shown to bind to E.
complaints has been validated in numerous clinical coli (a common diarrhea-causing organism), preventing
studies. In a study including 17 Thai medicinal plants its adhesion to the intestinal wall and thus preventing
on anti-proliferative effects on human mouth epidermal infection and resulting diarrhea (Rodriguez et al., 2001).
carcinoma and murine leukemia cells using MIT assay, Guava leaf extract has also shown to have tranquilizing
guava leaf showed anti-proliferative activity, which was effect on intestinal smooth muscle, inhibit chemical
4.37 times more than vincristine (Manosroi et al., 2006). Bark processes found in diarrhea and aid in the re-absorption
and leaf extracts were shown to have in vitro toxic action of water in intestines. In other research, an alcoholic leaf
against numerous bacteria. Gallocatechin isolated from extract was reported to have a morphine-like effect, by
the methanol extract of guava leaf showed antimutagenic inhibiting the gastrointestinal release of chemicals in acute
activity against E. coli (Matsuo et al., 1996). Water and diarrheal disease. This morphine-like effect was thought
chloroform extracts of guava were effective in activating the to be related to a chemical, quercetin. The effective use of
mutagenecity of Salmonella typhimurium (Grover et al., 1993). guava in diarrhea, dysentery and gastroenteritis can also
The antimicrobial activities of P. guajava and leaf extracts, be related to guava’s documented antibacterial properties
determined by disk diffusion method (zone of inhibition), (Lozoya et al., 1995, 1990; Tona et al., 2000).
were compared to tea tree oil (TTO), doxycycline and
clindamycin antibiotics. It was shown that P. guajava leaf In a study carried out with leaf extract of the plant,
extracts might be beneÞcial in treating acne especially inhibition of gastrointestinal release of acetylcholine by
those that have anti-inßammatory activities (Qadan et al., quercetin present in extract was suggested as a possible
2005). The active ßavonoid compound - quercetin-3-O- mode of action in the treatment of acute diarrheal disease
alpha-l-arabinopyranoside (guaijaverin) - extracted from (Lutterodt, 1989, 1992; Lin et al, 2002). Guava fruit and leaf
leaves has high potential antiplaque activity by inhibiting showed antioxidant and free radical scavenging capacity
the growth of Streptococcus mutans (Limsong et al., 2004). (Hui-Yin Chen et al., 2007). Guava leaf extract showed
Guava leaf extract inhibited the growth of Streptococcus anticough activity by reducing the frequency of cough
aureus in a study carried out by disc diffusion method induced by capsaicin aerosol (Jaiarj et al., 1999). Leaf extract
Table 2: Worldwide ethnomedical uses of guava plant
Country Usage
Amazonia For diarrhea, dysentery, menstrual disorders, stomachache, vertigo
Brazil For anorexia, cholera, diarrhea, digestive problems, dysentery, gastric insufficiency, inflamed
mucous membranes, laryngitis, mouth (swelling), skin problems, sore throat, ulcers, vaginal discharge
Cuba For colds, dysentery, dyspepsia
Ghana Coughs, diarrhea, dysentery, toothache
Haiti For dysentery, diarrhea, epilepsy, itch, piles, scabies, skin sores, sore throat, stomachache, wounds
and as an antiseptic and astringent
India For anorexia, cerebral ailments, childbirth, chorea, convulsions, epilepsy, nephritis, jaundice
Malaya For dermatitis, diarrhea, epilepsy, hysteria, menstrual disorders
Mexico For deafness, diarrhea, itch, scabies, stomachache, swelling, ulcer, worms, wounds
Peru For conjunctivitis, cough, diarrhea, digestive problems, dysentery, edema, gout, hemorrhages, gastroenteritis,
gastritis, lung problems, PMS, shock, vaginal discharge, vertigo, vomiting, worms
Philippines For sores, wounds and as an astringent
Trinidad For bacterial infections, blood cleansing, diarrhea, dysentery
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this journal Kamath, et al.: Psidium guajava L: A review
of guava had ionotropic effect on guinea pig atrium (Conde CONCLUSION
Garcia et al., 2003).
Extensive literature survey revealed that guava, acclaimed
In a study of aqueous extract of P. guajava in acute as ‘poor man’s apple of the tropics’, has a long history of
experimental liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride, traditional use for a wide range of diseases. The fruit as
paracetamol and thioacetamide, it showed hepatoprotective well as its juice is freely consumed for its great taste and
activity. The effects observed were compared with a nutritional beneÞts. Much of the traditional uses have
known hepatoprotective agent, silymarin. Histological been validated by scientiÞc research. Toxicity studies in
examination of the liver tissues supported hepatoprotection mice and other animal models as well as controlled human
(Roy et al., 2006). studies show both leaf and fruit are safe without any side
effects. A number of chemicals isolated from plants like
During various episodes of screening of medicinal quercetin, guaijaverin, ßavonoids and galactose-speciÞc
plants, extract from P. guajava leaves exhibited signiÞcant lecithins have shown promising activity in many human
inhibitory effect on the protein tyrosine phosphatase1B trials. The plant has been extensively studied in terms of
(PTP1B). SigniÞcant blood glucose lowering effects of the pharmacological activity of its major components, and the
extract were observed after intraperitoneal injection of the results indicate potent anti-diarrheal, antihypertensive,
extract at a dose of 10 mg/kg in both 1- and 3-month-old hepatoprotective, antioxidant, antimicrobial, hypoglycemic
Lepr(db)/Lepr(db) mice (Oh et al., 2005). and antimutagenic activities. In recent years, emphasis
of research has been on utilizing traditional medicines
In a study undertaken to investigate the hypoglycemic and
that have a long and proven history of treating various
hypotensive effects of P. guajava leaf aqueous extract in rats,
ailments. In this regard, further studies need to be carried
it showed hypoglycemic activity. The hypoglycemic effect
out to explore P. guajava L for its potential in preventing
of plant extract was examined in normal and diabetic rats,
and treating diseases.
using streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes mellitus model
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