Solving Differential Equations (Sect. 7.4) : Today

Solving differential equations (Sect. 7.
4)
Today: Applications.
I Review: Overview of differential equations.
I Population growth.
I Radioactive decay.
I Newton’s Law of Cooling.
Previous class:
I Overview of differential equations.
I Exponential growth.
I Separable differential equations.
Review: Overview of differential equations.

Definition
A differential equation is an equation, where the unknown is a
function, and both the function and its derivative appear in the
equation.
Recall:
(a) All solutions y to the exponential growth equation
y 0 (x) = k y (x), with constant k, are given by the exponentials
y (x) = y0 e kx ,
where y (0) = y0 .
(b) All solutions y to the separable equation h(y ) y 0 (x) = g (x),
with functions h, g , are given in implicit form,
H(y ) = G (x) + c,
where H 0 = h and g 0 = g .
Example
0e 2x−y
Find all solutions y to the equation y (x) = x+y .
e
Solution: Rewrite the differential equation,
e 2x e −y 2x −y 1 1
y0 = x y
= e e x y
= e 2x e −x e −y e −y .
e e e e
0 −2y ex
y =e ex
= 2y ⇒ e 2y y 0 = e x .
e
Hence, the equation is separable. We integrate on both sides,

Z Z
e 2y (x) y 0 (x) dx = e x dx.

Example
0 e 2x−y
Find all solutions y to the equation y (x) = x+y .
e
Z Z
2y (x) 0
Solution: Recall: e y (x) dx = e x dx.
The usual substitution u = y (x), and then du = y 0 (x) dx,

Z Z
1 2u
e du = e x dx ⇒
2u
e = e x + c.
2
We now substitute back u = y (x),
e 2y (x) = 2 (e x + c) 2y (x) = ln 2 (e x + c)

⇒
1
ln 2 (e x + c) .

We conclude that y (x) = C
2
Solving differential equations (Sect. 7.4)
Population growth
Example
Assume the world population growth is described by
y (t) = y0 e k(t−t0 ) , with t measured in years.
(a) If in 1960 − 1961 the population increased by 2%, find k.
(b) If the population in t0 = 1960 was 3 billion people, find the
actual population predicted by the law above.
2

Solution: (a) y (1961) = 1 + y (1960),
100
102
y0 e k(1961−t0 ) = y0 e k(1960−t0 )
100
e k1961 e −kt0 = 1.02 e k1960 e −kt0 ⇒ e k(1961−1960) = 1.02.
e k = 1.02 ⇒ k = ln(1.02) ' 0.02. Hence y (t) = y0 e (0.02)(t−t0 ) .

Population growth
Example
Assume the world population growth is described by
y (t) = y0 e k(t−t0 ) , with t measured in years.
(a) If in 1960 − 1961 the population increased by 2%, find k.
(b) If the population in t0 = 1960 was 3 billion people, find the
actual population predicted by the law above.
Solution: Recall: y (t) = y0 e (0.02)(t−t0 ) .
(b) If y represents billions of people,
3 = y (t0 ) = y0 e (0.02)(t0 −t0 ) ⇒ y0 = 3 ⇒ y (t) = 3 e (0.02)(t−1960) .
We only need to evaluate y (2012) = 3 e (0.02)52 = 8.5 billions. C
Radioactive decay
Remarks:
I Some atoms can spontaneously break into smaller atoms.
I This process is called radioactive decay.
I It can be seen that the concentration y of a radioactive
substance in time t follows the law,
y 0 (t) = −k y (t), k > 0.
I We know the solution is

y (t) = y0 e −kt , y (0) = y0 .
y0
I The half-life of the material is the τ such that y (τ ) =
.
2
y0 1 ln(2)
= y0 e −kτ ⇒ − kτ = ln ⇒ τ= .
2 2 k
Radioactive decay
Example
The half-life of a radioactive material is τ = 5730 years. If a
material sample contains 14% of the original amount, find the date
the material sample was created.
Solution: Let us fix the time of the original amount at t = 0, and

denote the present time by t1 . Also denote y (t) the material
amount at time t.
14 14
y (t) = y0 e −kt ⇒ y0 e −kt1 = y (t1 ) = y (0) = y0 .
100 100
−kt1 14 14 1 100
y0 e = y0 ⇒ − kt1 = ln ⇒ t1 = ln .
100 100 k 14
Recall τ = ln(2)/k and τ = 5730 years. So 1/k = 5730/ ln(2),

100
We obtain t1 = [5730/ ln(2)] ln , hence t1 = 16, 253 years.C
14
Newton’s Law of Cooling.
Remarks:
I The temperature difference ∆T = T − T0 between the
temperature of an object, T , and the constant temperature of
the surrounding medium where it is placed, Ts , evolves in
time t following the equation
(∆T )0 = −k(∆T ), T (0) = T0 , k > 0.
I The solution is (∆T )(t) = (∆T )0 e −kt , that is,
(T − Ts )(t) = (T0 − Ts ) e −kt
T (t) = (T0 − Ts ) e −kt + Ts .

I The constant k depends on the material and the surroundings.
Newton’s Law of Cooling.
Example
A cup with water at 45 C is placed in the cooler held at 5 C. If
after 2 minutes the water temperature is 25 C, when will the water
temperature be 15 C? while
Solution: We know that T (t) = (T0 − Ts ) e −kt + Ts , and also

T0 = 45, Ts = 5, T (2) = 25.
Find t1 such that T (t1 ) = 15. First we find k,

T (t) = (45 − 5) e −kt + 5 ⇒ T (t) = 40 e −kt + 5.
1
20 = T (2) = 40 e −2k ⇒ ln(1/2) = −2k ⇒ k = ln(2).
2
√ √
−t ln( 2) −t1 ln( 2)
T (t) = 40 e + 5 ⇒ 10 = 40 e ⇒ t1 = 4. C

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Solving differential equations (Sect. 7.

Review: Overview of differential equations.

Hence, the equation is separable. We integrate on both sides,

Review: Overview of differential equations.

The usual substitution u = y (x), and then du = y 0 (x) dx,

We now substitute back u = y (x),

e k1961 e −kt0 = 1.02 e k1960 e −kt0 ⇒ e k(1961−1960) = 1.02.

e k = 1.02 ⇒ k = ln(1.02) ' 0.02. Hence y (t) = y0 e (0.02)(t−t0 ) .

Solution: Recall: y (t) = y0 e (0.02)(t−t0 ) .

(b) If y represents billions of people,

3 = y (t0 ) = y0 e (0.02)(t0 −t0 ) ⇒ y0 = 3 ⇒ y (t) = 3 e (0.02)(t−1960) .

We only need to evaluate y (2012) = 3 e (0.02)52 = 8.5 billions. C

Solving differential equations (Sect. 7.4)

I We know the solution is

Solution: Let us fix the time of the original amount at t = 0, and

Recall τ = ln(2)/k and τ = 5730 years. So 1/k = 5730/ ln(2),

Newton’s Law of Cooling.

(∆T )0 = −k(∆T ), T (0) = T0 , k > 0.

I The solution is (∆T )(t) = (∆T )0 e −kt , that is,

(T − Ts )(t) = (T0 − Ts ) e −kt

T (t) = (T0 − Ts ) e −kt + Ts .

Solution: We know that T (t) = (T0 − Ts ) e −kt + Ts , and also

Find t1 such that T (t1 ) = 15. First we find k,

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