Chapter four

4.0 Pile vertical load

Total service pile vertical load, P = PD +PL

Where

PD = Pile dead load = weight of the jetty + the weight of the four columns

PL= Pile live load = weight of the jetty

Estimated number of piles: n = PPc

Pile dead load: PD=1303.32KN + 29016.80KN = 30320.13KN

Pile live load: P L = 35125.13042KN

Total service pile vertical load, P = 30320.13KN + 35125.13KN = 65445.26KN

Table 4.0: Sea Bottom Survey Results

Penetration below sea Submerged unit Undrained shear Soil sensitivity

floor (m) weight (kn/m3) strength (kpa)
0 3.3 1 4.5
1 3.3 7 4.5
2 3.3 4 3.0
7 4.0 10 3.0
11 4.0 17 2.5
13 4.0 17 2.5
20 4.0 32 2.5
4.1 Skin Friction f

f= c
where:
 = a dimensionless factor
c = undrained shear strength of the soil at the point in question
The factor,  , can be computed by the equations

 = 0.5   1.0
0.5

Nevertheless, from the API standard for highly plastic clays such as found in the Niger Delta coastal

region. f may be equal to c for under-consolidated clays (clays with excess pore pressure undergoing

active consolidation), and consolidated clays. Therefore,  , can be taken as 1.0.

a=1

F= 1×c

F= c

4 .2 End Bearing: q

The end bearing, q = N c

Where N = 9
And c = undrained shear strength
Table 4.1 skin friction and end bearing capacity

Penetration Undrained a N Skin friction End bearing

below sea Shear strength F=a× 𝑐 capacity

floor c q=N× 𝑐

0 1 1 9 1 9

1 7 1 9 7 63

2 4 1 9 4 36

7 10 1 9 10 90

11 17 1 9 17 153

13 17 1 9 17 153

20 32 1 9 32 288

4.3 ULTIMATE SKIN FRICTION

The ultimate skin friction Qf = f x As =  x c x As

Where As = Surface area of shaft over embedded depth within clay giving support to the pile or

within an individual soil layer. As = 2πrh

4.4 ULTIMATE END BEARING CAPACITY Qp

Qp = q x Ap= N x c x Ap

Where Ap= Area of base of pile which is πr2

4.5 ULTIMATE END BEARING CAPACITY

The ultimate end bearing capacity Qp = q x Ap= N x c x Ap

Where Ap= Area of base of pile which is πr2

4.2 For a chosen pile diameter of 12inches (0.3048m). pile radius=0.1524m

Table 4.2 PILE SHAFT AREA AND PILE RADUIS AREA

Pile penetration below Pile radius Pile shaft area Area of pile radius

seafloor r 𝐴𝑆= 2𝜋𝑟ℎ 𝐴𝑝= 𝜋𝑟 2

0 0.1524 0 0.0730

1 0.1524 0.958 0.0730

2 0.1524 1.91536 0.0730

7 0.1524 6.70 0.0730

11 0.1524 10.534 0.0730

13 0.1524 12.44 0.0730

20 0.1524 19.1536 0.0730

Table 4.3 ultimate skin friction and ultimate end bearng capacity

Pile Undraine End Skin Pile shaft Area of Ultimate Ultimate skin

penetratio d shear bearing friction area pile end bearing friction

n below strength capacity 𝐴𝑆 radius capacity 𝑄𝑓 = 𝐴𝑆 × 𝑓

seafloor C q=N*c F = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ 𝐴𝑝= 𝜋𝑟 2 𝑄𝑝 =𝐴𝑃 × 𝑞

N=9

0 1 9 0 0 0.0730 0.657 0

1 7 63 07 0.958 0.0730 4.599 6.706

2 4 36 4 1.91536 0.0730 2.628 7.66

7 10 90 10 6.70 0.0730 6.57 67

11 17 153 17 10.534 0.0730 11.17 179.078

13 17 153 17 12.44 0.0730 11.17 211.48

20 32 288 32 19.1536 0.0730 21.024 612.915

57.82 1083.84

Ultimate bearing capacity f pile = 𝑸𝒅

𝑄𝑑 =𝑄𝑓 + 𝑄𝑝

𝑄𝑑 =1083.84 +57.82

=1141.658KN

𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 65445.26

N =Number of piles=P/𝑄𝑑 =pile𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 =1141.658
n = 57.3 piles = 60 piles

axial load per pile= P/n = 65445.26/60

= 1090.8KN.

4.5 for pile diameter = 24 inches (0.6096m,) radius= 0.3048m

table 4.4 pile shaft area and area of pile radius

Pile penetration below Pile radius Pile shaft area Area of pile radius

seafloor r 𝐴𝑆= 2𝜋𝑟ℎ 𝐴𝑝= 𝜋𝑟 2

0
0.3048 0 0.292

1 0.3048 0.292
1.9154

2 0.3048 0.292
3.8307

7 0.3048 0.292
13.408

11 0.3048 0.292
21.068

13 0.3048 0.292
24.8998

20 0.3048 0.292
38.3073
Table 4.4 ultimate skin friction and ultimate end bearing capacity.

Pile Undraine End Skin Pile shaft Area of Ultimate Ultimate skin

penetratio d shear bearing friction area pile end bearing friction

n below strength capacity 𝐴𝑆 radius capacity 𝑄𝑓 = 𝐴𝑆 × 𝑓

seafloor C q F = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ 𝐴𝑝= 𝜋𝑟 2 𝑄𝑝 =𝐴𝑃 × 𝑞

0 1 9 0 2.628 0
0 0.292

1 7 63 07 0.292 18.396 13.405

1.9154

2 4 36 4 0.292 10.512 15.324

3.8307

7 10 90 10 0.292 26.28 130.8

13.408

11 17 153 17 0.292 44.676 358.16

21.068

13 17 153 17 0.292 44.676 423.3

24.8998

20 32 288 32 0.292 84.096 969.8

38.3073

231.254 1910.79

Ultimate bearing capacityof pile = 𝑸𝒅

𝑄𝑑 =𝑄𝑓 + 𝑄𝑝

𝑄𝑑 =231.54 + 1910.79
 =2142.33KN

𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 65445.26

N =Number of piles=P/𝑄𝑑 =pile𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 2142.33

n = 30.5 piles = 30 piles

axial load per pile= P/n = 65445.26/30

= 2181.50KN
 Chapter five

Conclusion

Jetty is an important structure in the marine industry. The design of such structure needs efficient

analysis of loads that it will bear. Soil test analysis of the area of sitting of the jetty should be

carried out to determine the load bearing capacity of the jetty. From my analysis and

calculations, the Niger delta coastal regions is mainly of plastic clay soil. I also observed that the

load bearing capacity of a pile increases with increase in its diameter and also the reduction of

number of piles required. At 12 inches diameter the number of piles required was 60 but at 24

inches, the number of piles reduced to 30 but the load bearing capacity of each pile double for

the same axial loads. The choice of increasing or decreasing the diameter depends on what the

jetty designer wants to achieve. Piles should also be piled in a way that half of the total length of

the pile is beneath the sea floor in order to provide good load bearing capacity.

Recommendations

1. Soil analysis should be carried out on the site of jetty construction to determine the

properties of the soil

2. Jetty piles should have enough depth below the sea floor provide support.

3. Jetty designers in the niger delta region should carry out detailed analysis and load

calculations before commencement of construction

4. Quality materials should be used in pile construction .