NAME : RONAK RATHOD
SUB : A.B.C.M
SEM : 9TH
LONG SPAN BEAMS
The use of long span beams results in a range of benefits, including flexible, column-free
internal spaces, reduced foundation costs, and reduced steel erection times. Many long span
solutions are also well adapted to facilitate the integration of services without increasing the
overall floor depth.
Types of Long Span Beams are:
• Parallel Beam Approach
• Composite Beams with Web Openings
• Cellular Composite Beams
• Tapered Girders
• Haunched Composite Beams
PARALLEL BEAM APPROACH
The parallel beam approach is effective for spans up to around 20 m. Floor grids comprise
two layers of fully continuous beams running in orthogonal directions. Services running
in either direction can be integrated within these two layers, so that services passing in
any direction can be accommodated within the structural floor depth. A further benefit is
that, being fully continuous, the depth of the beams themselves is reduced without
incurring the expense and complexity of rigid, full strength connections.
COMPOSITE BEAMS WITH WEB OPENINGS
Web openings are typically formed in beams to allow services to pass through the beam.
This enables the structural and service zones to occupy the same space, thereby reducing
the effective overall depth of floor construction for a given spanning capability. Openings
may also be formed for aesthetic reasons, for instance with cambered beams used to
support a roof. Composite beams with web openings have been shown to be a cost
effective solution for spans in the range 15-30m.
CELLULAR COMPOSITE BEAMS
Cellular beams are a form of beam with multiple regular web openings , formed by
splitting two rolled sections longitudinally, to form two Tee sections. The two Tees, which
may not come from the same donor section are then welded together to form an I-section
with web openings which have a characteristic shape (normally, but not necessarily,
circular).
TAPERED GIRDERS
Tapered girders can be a cost effective solution in the span range 15 m to 25 m. They are
another solution that allows services to be accommodated within the structural floor zone.
The depth of the girder increases towards mid-span, where applied moments are greatest,
and thereby facilitating hanging services under the shallower regions near the beam
supports. It is also possible to form web openings in tapered girders in regions of low
shear, towards mid-span. These provide more options for service integration.
HAUNCHED COMPOSITE BEAMS
Haunches may be added at the ends of a composite beam to provide moment continuity.
The stiffness and strength of the connections mean that the rest of the span can be
shallower (the bending moment diagram is 'lifted' and the effective stiffness of the beam
substantially increased), and services passed under it. In buildings where the services are
likely to need frequent replacement (for example in hospitals), hanging the services under
the beams rather than passing them through holes in the webs, or through a truss, can be
advantageous. Spans in excess of 20-30 m can readily be achieved.
LONG SPAN TRUSSES
• A roof truss is a structure that includes one or multiple triangular units that include straight
slender members with their ends connected via nodes.
• Trusses are frame works in which the members are subjected to essentially axial forces due
to externally applied load.
• Bending leads to compression in the top chords (or horizontal members), tension in the
bottom chords, and either tension or compression in the vertical and diagonal members,
depending on their orientation. External loads on the nodes Tension & Compression members.
PITCHED ROOF TRUSS
• A pitched roof truss has a bottom chord with two inclined top chord connected through gusset
plates or panels. Extra supports in the form of struts are also added as per the requirement.
•These trusses have a greater depth at mid-span.
KING POST TRUSS
A king post is a central vertical post used in architectural or bridge designs, working in tension
to support a beam below from a truss apex above
PRATT TRUSS
•In Pratt trusses, the web members are arranged in such a way that under gravity load the longer
diagonal members are under tension and the shorter vertical members experience compression.
•These trusses can be used for spans that range between 6-10m.
•The converse of the Pratt is the Howe truss. This is commonly used in light roofing so that
the longer diagonals experience tension under reversal of stresses due to wind load.
•These trusses can be used for spans that range between 6-30m.
FINK TRUSS
Fink trusses are used for longer spans having high pitch roof, since the web members in such
truss are sub-divided to obtain shorter members.
FAN TRUSS
Fan trusses are used when the rafter members of the roof trusses have to be sub-divided into
odd number of panels.
SCISSOR TRUSS
Scissor roof truss can particularly be found in cathedrals. The upside here is that the ceiling
gets vaulted and you receive more space in the attic.
WARREN GIRDER
•Parallel chord trusses uses webs of the same lengths and thus reduce fabrication costs for very
long spans.
•Modified Warren is used with additional verticals, introduced in order to reduce the
unsupported length of compression chord members.
LATTICE GIRDER
•It is commonly made using a combination of structural sections connected with diagonal
lacing. This member is more correctly referred to as a laced strut or laced tie.
VIERENDEEL TRUSS
The Vierendeel truss is a structure where the members are not triangulated but form rectangular
openings, and is a frame with fixed joints that are capable of transferring and resisting bending
moments.
K- TYPE TRUSS
In the case of very deep and very shallow trusses it may become necessary to use K patterns
for web members to achieve appropriate inclination of the web members. North light truss: In
the north light truss, skylights or openings are provided to allow north light inside the structure.
