Fuel Quality Standards:

Regional Market
Overview

5 September, 2007

Sandrine Dixson-Declève, IFQC

Executive Director, Europe & Africa

Warsaw, Poland, September 2007 DOWNSTREAM

ENERGY SERVICES
 All about Energy

Warsaw, Poland, September 2007 DOWNSTREAM

ENERGY SERVICES
 International Fuel Quality Center

Warsaw, Poland, September 2007 DOWNSTREAM

ENERGY SERVICES
 Presentation Outline

‰ Putting Fuel Quality Into Context

‰ Fuel Quality Development Overview
‰ Fuel Quality Developments in Europe
‰ Fuel Quality Developments in Russia &
CIS
‰ Fuel Quality Developments in Africa
‰ Fuel Quality Developments in Asia
‰ Fuel Quality Developments in the USA
‰ Conclusions & Next Steps

Warsaw, Poland, September 2007 DOWNSTREAM

ENERGY SERVICES
 Putting Fuel Quality into
Context

Warsaw, Poland, September 2007 DOWNSTREAM

ENERGY SERVICES
 Global Refined Product Market Share
(2006-2020)

Source: Hart ‘s World Refining & Fuels Predictions based on

EIA and IEA data, 2007

Warsaw, Poland, September 2007 DOWNSTREAM

ENERGY SERVICES
 Increased Automotive Production

Source: Bosch @ Hart’s World Fuels Conference in Rio de Janeiro, 2004

Warsaw, Poland, September 2007 DOWNSTREAM
ENERGY SERVICES
 ETBE
MTBE Ethanol
GTL E85
RFS B10 FFVs
ULSD Climate
IPIECA MSAT B2 RFG
Biogas GHG B5
RBOB Biomass
CEN
Gasoline
Blending OPEC
DME FQM
RVP CO2
NOxVOC
JCAP
LCA Marine
PM
E10 IATA
Directive MeOH
Sustainability
ASTM Distillate
Diesel Europia
Kyoto Specification

Warsaw, Poland, September 2007 DOWNSTREAM

ENERGY SERVICES
 Recognize the Differences

Warsaw, Poland, September 2007 DOWNSTREAM

ENERGY SERVICES
 Stricter Emissions Specifications
Overview of Current and
Future Heavy Duty Diesel
Vehicle Emission Limits,
(g/kWh)

Emission Limits for

Gasoline Vehicles (EU)
100

70/220/EEC
90
80
70

Index, 1970 = 100

60
50

74/290/EEC
40

77/102/EEC

94/12 Euro 2
78/665/EEC
30

98/69 Euro 3
83/351/EEC

91/441 Euro 1
20

98/69 Euro 4
10
0

Source: International Fuel Quality Center, Feb 2005 CO

HC + NOx

Source: Renault, 2003

Warsaw, Poland, September 2007 DOWNSTREAM

ENERGY SERVICES
 The World is Following Europe and CA.

Source: IFQC, 2007

Warsaw, Poland, September 2007 DOWNSTREAM
ENERGY SERVICES
 Fuel Quality Development
Overview

Warsaw, Poland, September 2007 DOWNSTREAM

ENERGY SERVICES
 Fuel Quality Program Evolution

Sulfur
Elimination
&
Volatility
Additional Introduction
Controls Initial
Olefin & Composition of
& Benzene
Lead Aromatic Controls Renewable
Oxygenate &
Removal Content ------ Fuels
Introduction Sulfur
Limits Advanced (Biofuels)
------ Reduction
Emission
Cat. Converters
Control
systems

Objective: Objective: Energy Security &

Control Emissions of Traditional Air Pollutants CO2 Reduction

Current Status
Japan W. Europe Africa L.America
North America Middle East Most Asia Pacific

Warsaw, Poland, September 2007 DOWNSTREAM

ENERGY SERVICES
 Lead Phase Out Success

‰ Leaded gasoline represented 57%

of gasoline pool in 1990 and 40% in
1996.

‰ Today, leaded gasoline represents

just 8% of the pool.
January 1996
1996

‰ 21 countries still use leaded gasoline,

the bulk in CIS, Middle East and parts
of Asia and Africa.

‰ Only 1 country in Western

Hemisphere still using leaded
gasoline (Cuba).
January 2006
Source: International Fuel Quality Center, 2006

Warsaw, Poland, September 2007 DOWNSTREAM

ENERGY SERVICES
 Gasoline Sulfur Limits

1,200

1.000
900
800
700

PPM
600
500
400
2003 300
200
2005
100
0
2007
US

Me

Br

Br

Ja

Ind
Ch

Ch

Ind

Sa
EU

Ru

Ru

US

Me

So
az

az

pa

ud
A(

xi c

ina

ina

u
ia

ia
ss

ss

xi c

th
il

il

iA
ia

ia

-C
CA

(w

-B

A
-

rab
-C

it ie

f ri
/E
RB
Ci

eij

ca
itie

ia
tie

tO

s
ing
)

H
s*

* 150 ppm available in Moscow ** 30 ppm available since 2002

)*
*

Source: International Fuel Quality Center, December 2006

Warsaw, Poland, September 2007 DOWNSTREAM

ENERGY SERVICES
 Diesel Sulfur Limits

5,000 3,500 10,000

3.000

2.500

PPM
2.000

1.500

2004 1.000

500
2006
0
2008
Ru

Ru

Me

Br

Br

Ja

So
EU

US

Me

Ch

Ch

In d

In d

Sa

Sa
az

az

pa

u
ss

ss

xi c
A

xi c

in a

in a

ia

ia

th

di

di
il

il -

n
ia

ia

-C
o

o-

Af

Ar

Ar
***

-B
-C

Ci

itie

ric

ab

ab
Ci

e ij
ti e
it ie

a
t ie

ia

ia
s
ing
s
s*

-C
s*

* Also 500 ppm from 2003 and 350 ppm from 2006
*

it ie
** Northw estern frontier zone

s
*** 500 ppm is voluntary for autom otive diesel; Legislated sulfur lim it is 2,000 ppm

Source: International Fuel Quality Center, December 2006

Warsaw, Poland, September 2007 DOWNSTREAM

ENERGY SERVICES
 Regional Fuel Quality Evolution
Russia
-Gost standards
Europe -“Euro 2” Emission requirements & fuel quality
- High S diesel
-Auto Oil 1 & 2
- Intl Corridors
-Enlargement
-Biofuels
- Export focus China USA
-10ppm sulfur On road -2008 Olympics -Clean Air Act/RFG
& non road -“Euro 3” city fuel -Tier 2
-Dieselization -Rapid demand increase -On-road diesel
-Marine
-Review – Next steps
Mid. East -Non-road
-Nearly lead free -RFG/MTBE phase out
-Slow changes -Marine
-Export focus -MSAT 2
Asia -RFS
-20+ different policies
Africa -Lead “free”
-54 different policies but follow SA -Fast progress
-Lead phase out in Sub Saharan Africa -Following Europe
Latin America
-UNEP influence -Many different policies
-Slow progress -City fuels
- High sulfur diesel -Biofuels
-Slow progress

Warsaw, Poland, September 2007 DOWNSTREAM

ENERGY SERVICES
 Fuel Quality
Developments in Europe

Warsaw, Poland, September 2007 DOWNSTREAM

ENERGY SERVICES
 Putting It All Together: EU Fuels Policy

European
Commission
Parliament Environmental Sulfur for gasoline
Council Parameters Biofuels Directive and diesel fuel, aro for
01/01/2000 2003/30/EC gasoline 01/01/2005

Emissions Directive 98/69 100% market

Fuels Directive 98/70 10 ppm Sulfur
01/01/2009
Revision proposal
for Directive 98/70

Environmental
Directive 2003/17 parameters
Review process 01/01/2005
Auto Oil 1 Auto Oil 2 10ppm sulfur

1993 1996 1997 1998 2000 2001 2003 2004 2005 2009

EN 228-
228-1993 (gasoline
(gasoline)) EN 228-
228-1998 EN 228-
228-1999 EN 228-
228-2004
EN 590-
590-1993 (diesel fuel) EN 590-
590-1998 EN 590-
590-1999 EN 590-
590-2004

EN 14 274 (FQMS)
C.E.N. EN 14 275 (sampling)
EN 14 214 (FAME)

Warsaw, Poland, September 2007 DOWNSTREAM

ENERGY SERVICES
 EU Gasoline Specifications
Gasoline
EN 228: Dir 98/70 Dir. 98/70 Proposal MEP Dorette Corbey
(July 2007 )*
1993/1995 2000 2005
Entry into force 2009
Vehicle emission
Standard Euro II Euro III Euro IV Euro V
equivalent
Aromatics, vol%,
- 42 35 35
max
Olefins , vol%,
- 18 18 18
max
Benzene, vol%,
5.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
max
1
Oxygen, wt%, 2.7 (regular petrol)
- 2.7 2.7 2
max 3.7 (low biofuel petrol)
Sulfur, ppm, max 1,000/500 150 50(10) * 10
RVP, kPa 60 /70 3
35 - 100 60/70 (arctic) 56 / 66 (arctic) + 4 kPa waiver
summer (arctic)
Lead, g/l max 0.013 None None None
Use additives MMT banned from 2010

*2005 introduction of 10ppm sulfur – Fuel must be geographically available in an appropriately balanced manner
(1) Regular petrol: Petrol blended with 0-5 vol% biofuel
(2) Low biofuel petrol: Petrol blended with 5-10 vol% biofuel
(3) Petrol with a minimum 3% bio content

Warsaw, Poland, September 2007 DOWNSTREAM

ENERGY SERVICES
 EU Diesel Specifications

Diesel
EN 590: Dir 98/70 Dir. 98/70 Proposal MEP Dorette Corbey
(July 2007)
Entry into force 1993/1996 2000 2005 2009
Poly Aromatics,
N/A 11.0 11.0 6.0
vol%, max
Sulfur, ppm, max 2,000/500 350 50/10 ** 10
Cetane number,
46-49 51 51 51
min
o
Density @ 15 C ,
3 820 - 860 845 845 845
kg/m
Distillation, T95
o 360 360 360 360
C, max
Full alignment of gas oils used for non-road
and inland waterways with on-road diesel by
Dec. 31, 2009

*2005 introduction of 10ppm sulfur – Fuel must be geographically available in an appropriately balanced manner

Warsaw, Poland, September 2007 DOWNSTREAM

ENERGY SERVICES
 Trends in Average Sulfur Levels in Fuels in
EU 25
Annual Trend in Average Sulfur Content in Gasoline and Diesel Fuels

EU Average Sulfur Content, (ppm) EU15 EU10

Year 2001* 2002* 2003* 2004* 2005 2005* 2005

Gasoline 68 51 37 38 19 19 23

Diesel 223 169 125 113 25 24 37

* applies to EU15

Average Sulfur Content of Gasoline and Diesel Grades across the EU (%) in 2005

Source: AEA Technology Environment, EU Fuel Quality Monitoring – 2005 Summary Report

Warsaw, Poland, September 2007 DOWNSTREAM

ENERGY SERVICES
 Temporal Trends in EU Sales of Low Sulfur
Fuels (%) 2001 - 2005

GASOLINE

DIESEL

Source: AEA Technology Environment, EU Fuel Quality Monitoring –2005 Summary Report

Warsaw, Poland, September 2007 DOWNSTREAM

ENERGY SERVICES
 EU Auto Oil I & II Emission Results

In d e x , 1 9 9 5 = 1 0 0

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

CO NOx P M -d ie s e l VOC B en zene SO2 CO2

Source: European Commission 2005

Warsaw, Poland, September 2007 DOWNSTREAM

ENERGY SERVICES
 Dorette Corbey, MEP Fuel Quality Proposal

‰ Broad messages:
9 Greater links with CO2 impact of fuel & push towards carbon
neutral fuels
9 Greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions: 2% per liter of energy
of the emissions in 2010 for every 2 calendar years up to and
including 2020.
9 Air quality & CO2 focus
9 Technology neutrality
9 Review by end 2012 looking at new developments in biofuels &
engines.
9 Sustainability criteria for the production of biofuels

Warsaw, Poland, September 2007 DOWNSTREAM

ENERGY SERVICES
 Dorette Corbey, MEP Proposal

‰ Diesel:
9 End date for full introduction of 10 ppm diesel fuel confirmed
9 PAH reduction from 11wt% to 6wt%
9 Full alignment of non road & inland waterways gas oils with on road
by 31 December 2009.
‰ Gasoline:
9 Two gasoline grades allowed: <5vol% biofuel blend (“petrol”) and
>5%-10vol%max biofuel blend (“low biofuel petrol”)
9 Low Biofuel Petrol grade oxygen increased to 3.7wt%
9 RVP changed to 56 kPa-66kPa with 4 kPa waiver for gasoline with 3%
min bio content (max 10% bio)

Warsaw, Poland, September 2007 DOWNSTREAM

ENERGY SERVICES
 Review of Fuel Quality Parameters in New Fuel
Quality Directive (1)
Parameter Directive European Commission MEP Dorette Corbey
98/70/EC COM (2007) 18 Position paper
updated by Jan. 31, 2007 July 2007
2003/17/EC
Greenhouse gas 1% reduction per liter of energy of the 2% reduction per liter of
Emission Reduction emissions in 2010 for each calendar year up energy of the emissions
per liter of fuel sold to and including 2020 in 2010 for every 2
calendar years up to and
including 2020
Maximum permitted 2.7 wt% 3.7 wt% in "high biofuel petrol" 3.7 wt% in "low biofuel
oxygen content in petrol
gasoline
Maximum ethanol 5 vol% 5 vol% in normal gasoline 5 vol% in normal gasoline
content 10 vol% in "high biofuel petrol" 10 vol% in “low biofuel
petrol"

Other oxygenates Varied between 3 All increased by a comparable amount in All increased by a
and 15 wt% "high biofuel petrol" except methanol. comparable amount in
"low biofuel petrol"
except methanol.
Vapor Pressure (RVP), 60kPa Where fuel contains ethanol, the maximum 56 -66 (arctic) kPa with 4
Summer Period kPa permitted summer vapor pressure may kPa waiver option when
exceed 60kPa by the amount shown in the 3 vol% to 10 vol%
table in annex VI biofuels are blended

Warsaw, Poland, September 2007 DOWNSTREAM

ENERGY SERVICES
 Review of Fuel Quality Parameters in New Fuel
Quality Directive (2)
Parameter Directive 98/70/EC updated European Commission MEP Dorette Corbey
by 2003/17/EC COM (2007) 18 Position paper
Jan. 31, 2007 July 2007

Use of Metallic To be reviewed in 2012 Use of MMT to be banned

additives from Jan. 1 2010

Sulfur content of Currently 50 ppm. 10 ppm from Jan. 1, 2009. 10 ppm from Jan. 1, 2009.
road transport diesel Provisionally 10 ppm from
Jan. 1, 2009
Non-road machinery Sulfur content to be reduced Sulfur content to be reduced to 10 Full alignment with on-
gas-oil to 1,000 ppm max from Jan. ppm from 31 Dec. 200 road diesel as specified
1, 2008 under Annex IV (not just
sulfur) by Dec. 31, 2009
Inland waterway gas- Sulfur content to be reduced Sulfur content to be reduced to 300 Full alignment with on-
oil to 1,000 ppm max from Jan. ppm max from Dec. 31, 2009 road diesel as specified
1, 2008 under Annex IV (not just
Sulfur content to be reduced to 10 sulfur) by Dec. 31, 2009
ppm max from Dec. 31, 2011
Poly Aromatic 11 wt% 8 wt% 6 wt%
Hydrocarbon (PAH)
content of diesel

Warsaw, Poland, September 2007 DOWNSTREAM

ENERGY SERVICES
 Fuel Quality Developments
in Russia & CIS

Warsaw, Poland, September 2007 DOWNSTREAM

ENERGY SERVICES
 Russia & CIS : Apply EU Standards

‰ Russia implements EN 228 & 590:1995/6 & 1999 standards (500ppm,

350ppm & 150 sulfur cities). Most diesel fuel EN 590:1993 (2,000ppm
heavy duty & old diesel vehicles)
‰ Introduction of 50ppm diesel along international corridors
‰ Lukoil marketing small quantities 50ppm diesel in Moscow & St. Petersburg
‰ Full implementation of Euro 2 emission regulation as of Summer 2006
‰ Most imported vehicles comply with Euro 2, some Euro 3 and 4
‰ Ban on import of non-compliant vehicles as of September 1, 2006
‰ Russian Gasoline and diesel fuel quality timeline:
9 Euro 3 equivalent January 2008, Euro 4 equivalent January 2010,
Euro 5 equivalent January 2014
‰ Former CIS countries follow EN228:1995 (500ppm) alongside GOST 2084-
77 standard but do not follow EN 590 standards. Few fuel parameters
regulated, and sulfur levels very high 2,000 & 5,000ppm
‰ Turkey offer 500ppm and 50ppm gasoline and 50/10ppm diesel alongside
very high sulfur diesel (5,000-7,000ppm). Turkey is looking to align with
EN228 & 590 2004 by 2008
‰ Russia & CIS focus export market!

Warsaw, Poland, September 2007 DOWNSTREAM

ENERGY SERVICES
 Diesel Fuel Production in Russia

Diesel fuels Total demand of Euro-3, 4 and 5 vehicles for diesel fuels along
100%
the main ITC (average expected values)
90% 500.00
% o f to ta l d i e s e l fu e l p ro d u c tio n

2000-5000ppm Euro III

80% 450.00
1000-2000ppm Euro IV
400.00

D e m a n d fo r fu e l, th . to n s
70% 350-1000ppm Euro V
350.00
60% <350ppm
<50ppm 300.00
50%
250.00
40%
200.00
30%
150.00
20%
100.00
10%
50.00
0%
0.00
1990 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Source: NIIAT, 2005 Source: ECMT Report, June 2005

Warsaw, Poland, September 2007 DOWNSTREAM

ENERGY SERVICES
 Gasoline Fuel Production in Russia

Warsaw, Poland, September 2007 DOWNSTREAM

ENERGY SERVICES
 Fuel Quality
Developments in Africa

Warsaw, Poland, September 2007 DOWNSTREAM

ENERGY SERVICES
 Africa: Apply EU Standards
‰ Lead phase out in 47 countries = biggest recent achievement
‰ Least developed region regarding fuel quality legislation. Diesel same
quality for all products (automotive, non road, industrial..). Export market
focus!
‰ South Africa leader for fuel quality specifications
‰ Angola and Kenya follow South African fuel specifications. Swaziland,
Lesotho, Botswana, Namibia, Zimbabwe import all their fuels from South
Africa.
‰ Other countries loosely following EN228 1993 but diesel very high sulfur
levels :
9 Cameroon, Congo, Cote d’Ivoire, Egypt, Madagascar, Uganda,
Tanzania gasoline sulfur 500ppm. Others between 1,000 -2,500 but
diesel 10,000-3,000ppm across most of Africa
9 Morocco will move from above category in 2008 with new specs
based on EN 228 1999 (sulfur, benzene, aromatics, olefins). EN590
1999 (350ppm) on market alongside 10,000ppm.
‰ World Bank/UNEP/ARA/IPIECA proposal for common harmonized Fuel
Specifications for Sub-Saharan Africa (Dakar June 2005) focused on
Baseline Afri-1 , to Afri-2 , to Afri-3 akin to CEN Standards..

Warsaw, Poland, September 2007 DOWNSTREAM

ENERGY SERVICES
 Africa: Fuel Quality Specs *

no
No
information final spec
28% information Final Specs Final Specs
32%
33% 38% Draft Specs
None
No information
no spec draft specs None Draft Specs
21% 19% 21% 8%

Unleaded Gasoline Quality Diesel Quality

* 47 countries from West Africa, Nigeria & Neighbors, West Central Africa, Southern
Africa and Eastern Africa
Source: Clean Air Initiative in Sub-Saharan African Cities, Working Paper 20, May 2005

Warsaw, Poland, September 2007 DOWNSTREAM

ENERGY SERVICES
 Africa Fuel Quality Road Map:
Adopted AFRI Specifications
GASOLINE AFRI 1 AFRI 2 AFRI 3 AFRI 4

RON, min (1) 91 91 91 91

MON, min 81 81 81 81
Lead, g/l, max (2) Unleaded Unleaded Unleaded Unleaded
Sulfur, ppm, max 1,000 500 300 150
Benzene, vol %, max Report Report 5 1

(1) A higher grade of gasoline may be marketed if required.

(2) “Unleaded” means <0.013 g/l of lead

DIESEL AFRI 1 AFRI 2 AFRI 3 AFRI 4

Cetane index (calculated), min 42 45 45 45
Sulfur, ppm, max 8,000 3,500 500 50
Density at 20°C, kg/liter, min 800 800 800 820
Density at 20°C, kg/liter, max 890 890 890 880
Lubricity (HFRR at 60°C), micron, Report Report 460 460
min
Source: IPIECA & ARA, 2007

Warsaw, Poland, September 2007 DOWNSTREAM

ENERGY SERVICES
 Fuel Quality Developments
in Asia

Warsaw, Poland, September 2007 DOWNSTREAM

ENERGY SERVICES
 Fuel Quality Developments in Asia
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3
Group 1: Future sulfur reduction to,
or below, 50ppm; “EURO 4”
South Korea equivalent levels for aromatics,
China
Japan olefins and benzene
Myanmar
Vietnam Taiwan
India
Laos
Pacific Ocean Group 2: Future sulfur reduction to
Thailand Philippines
Cambodia 100 to 500ppm; aromatics,
Malaysia
benzene, olefins generally not
Indonesia
regulated, moving slowly towards
Indian Ocean
“EURO 3” equivalent fuel specs
Australia
Group 3: Moving towards unleaded
New Zealand
gasoline

Source: International Fuel Quality Center, March 2006

Warsaw, Poland, September 2007 DOWNSTREAM

ENERGY SERVICES
 Fuel Quality in Asia Pacific Region

‰ Except for Japan (most advanced standards) and Taiwan (performance

based standards), Asian countries tend to follow fuel quality issues and
developments in Europe
‰ Problem: often little knowledge of reasons behind EU standards/legislation
and governments are under resourced thus sometimes copy/paste
approach
‰ No Asian country follows the CEN standards 100% (except Hong Kong)
but pick and choose between fuel type and parameters. For Example:
9 Australia (aromatics 45%v/v but PAH 11%v/v), China (olefins 18-
35%v/v, Cetane no. 51), New Zealand (diesel sulfur 50, gasoline 150,
aromatics 45%v/v), Thailand (500ppm sulfur, benzene 3.5%v/v, diesel
no PAH ),
‰ Bangladesh, Cambodia, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka not ready to seriously
consider cleaner fuel quality standards
‰ Idea of leapfrogging from Euro 1 or 2 type fuels to Euro 3 or 4 catching on
in Brunei, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam.

Warsaw, Poland, September 2007 DOWNSTREAM

ENERGY SERVICES
 Fuel Quality Developments
in USA

Warsaw, Poland, September 2007 DOWNSTREAM

ENERGY SERVICES
 US Tier 2 Gasoline
Compliance as of 2004 2005 2006+
Refinery average - 30 30
Sulfur, ppm
Corporate Pool 120 90 -
average Sulfur, ppm
Per-Gallon Cap, ppm 300 300 80

Fuel Refiners and Importers :

‰ Effective January 1, 2004 at the refinery gate
‰ Cap exceedances up to 50 ppm allowed in 2004 but must be made up
in 2005
‰ Meet corporate pool average requirements in 2004 & 2005
‰ Meet an interim per gallon cap in 2004 & 2005
‰ Meet Ultimate Refinery average beginning in 2005 and beyond
‰ Meet the final per gallon sulfur cap in 2006 and beyond.

Warsaw, Poland, September 2007 DOWNSTREAM

ENERGY SERVICES
 US On-Road Diesel Program

Year max S (ppm) min max

Cetane PAH
1993 - 2009 500 40 35
June 2006 – 2009 - 80% = 15 40 35
Pool phase-in 20% = 500
Jan 2010 100% = 15 40 35

‰ Pump labeling required.

‰ Flexibility includes:
9 Credit trading program
9 Small refiner & hardship extensions to 2010

Warsaw, Poland, September 2007 DOWNSTREAM

ENERGY SERVICES
 Conclusions

Warsaw, Poland, September 2007 DOWNSTREAM

ENERGY SERVICES
 IFQC- Concluding Message

‰ Whatever fuel standards are chosen by any country they must relate
to the emission standards of the cars in the market.
‰ It makes no sense to adopt EU vehicle emission standards with USA
spec fuels, or vice versa
‰ Mixing up different vehicle emission standards with non-matching fuel
standards would lead to long term problems
‰ Choose one complete, ‘matching’ set :
Fuel + emission standards
based on the car population types together with desired air quality
levels.

Warsaw, Poland, September 2007 DOWNSTREAM

ENERGY SERVICES
 Trends & Next Steps: EU & World
‰ Global Vehicle demand growth 100+ million in 2015 particularly in Asia
‰ Air quality pressures from transport increasing in developing countries replaced
by CO2 concerns in developed countries
‰ Africa, Asia, Russia adopting Euro 3 2008-2010 and Euro 4 2010-2015
depending on country and/or urban center
‰ Africa, Asia, Russia watching Euro 5/Euro 6 and biofuel developments closely
‰ Growing global interest in alternative fuels and biofuels for energy security,
rural development and climate change reasons Opportunity!

‰ General concern: Biofuels policy does not tend to follow due process!. Links
with air quality, vehicle engine, environment often only studied after the fact.
Product quality issues often not addressed nor seen as significant by policy
makers and some members of bio industry. Better communication and
understanding is needed!

Warsaw, Poland, September 2007 DOWNSTREAM

ENERGY SERVICES
 http://www.ifqc.org
THANK YOU !

http://www.ifqcbiofuels.org
Sandrine Dixson-Declève
Executive Director, IFQC, Europe & Africa
sdixson@ifqc.org
http://www.hartwrfs.com
+32 2661 3080

http://www.hart-isee.org

Warsaw, Poland, September 2007 DOWNSTREAM

ENERGY SERVICES