A Project Stage-I Report On

“Movable Road Divider for Organized Vehicular Traffic

Control With Monitoring Over Internet Of Things (IOT) ”

CONTENTS
Chapter Title Page
No. No.
Cover Page i
Certificate ii
Student Declaration iii
Acknowledgement iv
List of Figures v
List of Tables iii
List of Acronyms & Abbreviations iv
Contents v
Abstract vi
1 INTRODUCTION (2 - 4 Pages) 1
1.1 Problem statement 1
1.2 Objectives 1
1.3 Scope 3
2 LITERATURE REVIEW (8 - 10 Pages) 4
3 SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT (8 – 20 Pages) 12
3.1 Introduction 12
3.2 Proposed Methodology 12
3.3 Block Diagram 14
3.4 Working Principle 15
3.5 System Specifications 17
3.6 Hardware Implementation 20
 3.7 Software Implementation 21
4 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES (2 – 3 pages) 23
5 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE (2 – 3 pages) 27
REFERENCES 29

ABSTRACT

Road Divider is generically used for dividing the Road for ongoing and incoming
traffic. This helps keeping the flow of traffic; generally there is equal number of lanes
for both ongoing and incoming traffic.

The problem with Static Road Dividers is that the number of lanes on either
side of the road is fixed. Since the resources are limited and population as well as
number of cars per family is increasing, there is significant increase in number of cars
on roads. This calls for better utilization of existing resources like number of lanes
available.

For example, in any city, there is industrial area or shopping area where the
traffic generally flows in one direction in the morning or evening. The other side of
Road divider is mostly either empty or very underutilized. This is true for peak
morning and evening hours. This results in loss of time for the car owners, traffic jams
as well as under utilization of available resources.

Our aim is to formulate a mechanism of automated road divider that can shift
lanes, so that we can have number of lanes in the direction of the rush. The
cumulative impact of the time and fuel that can be saved by adding even one extra
lane to the direction of the rush will be significant. With the smarter planet application
proposed below, we will also eliminate the dependency on manual intervention and
manual traffic coordination so that we can have a smarter traffic all over the city.

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 An Automated road divider can provide a solution to the above mentioned
problem effectively. Here Low, Medium and High density of traffic value will be
posted on IOT server as a graph.

Keywords: ARDUINO UNO, LCD DISPLAY, DC MOTOR, IOT MODULE.

INTRODUCTION

A steady increase in metro-city population, the number of automobiles and cars

increases rapidly and metro traffic is growing crowded which leads to the traffic jam
problem. This proposed system will have effective role to avoid the traffic jam.
Under ordinary conditions, traffic signals control mainly has two defects:
1. When the traffic lane waits until the green light, time setting is almost same and
fixed. A-road was always crowded with vehicles and go-ahead time is short. So,
vehicles can’t pass through in the time allowed. But sub lane has few vehicles and go-
ahead time is relatively long.
2. Emergency cars are not considered. (For example, fire engines and ambulances
have priority over other traffic.
The two lanes should both wait them to pass through. ) Because the traffic light
control system is lack of emergency measures, the crossroads always meets a traffic
jam and leads to unnecessary economic losses.
3. Heavy Traffic Jams:
With increasing number of vehicles on road, heavy traffic congestion has substantially
increased in major cities. This happened usually at the main junctions commonly in
the morning, before office hour and in the evening, after office hours. The main effect
of this matter is increased time wasting of the people on the road. The solution for this
problem is by developing the program which different setting delays for different

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junctions. The delay for junctions that have high volume of traffic should be setting
longer than the delay for the junction that has low of traffic. Thisoperation is calling
Normal Mode .
The problem with Static Road Dividers is that the number of lanes on either side of
the road is fixed. Since the resources are limited and population as well as number of
cars per family is increasing, there is significant increase in number of cars on roads.
This calls for better utilization of existing resources like number of lanes available.
The main aim of this project is to take the traffic controlling to a new era. The mission
of this project is to; ¾ To avoid the traffic congestion. ¾ To control high Traffic
intensity ¾ To reduce time of journey in rush hours The purpose of the project is to
decrease the time of journey in the peak hours and to avoid traffic congestions and to
provide a better and a smarter solution for the above said traffic problems. The
problem with Static Road Dividers is that the

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 PROBLEM STATEMENT

In today’s era, there is continuous and huge amount of Increase in the congestion level
on public roads which leads to traffic jam, especially at rush hours.
Commuters daily face extreme traffic during peak hours resulting in a delay to reach
their destination. In the morning, during peak hours the traffic on one side of the road
is more compared to opposite side of the road, same is the situation in evening.
during peak hours the traffic in one direction is way more than that coming from the
opposite direction, while the number of lanes available to both sides remains the
same. To solve this problem , a prototype model is successfully implemented to prove
the concept.

OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE

The objective of this study is that we can use maximum technology to make road
smart the following technology enhance the feature of road.
· To increase the road usability.
· Improvement of lighting in road which saves a lot of energy and money.
· To make road smart by the usage of technology. · To develop eco-friendly road.
· To build safety precaution system.

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· Use of digital media to transfer information.

LITERATURE SURVEY

1. Movable Traffic Divider: A Congestion Release Strategy

1Advait Kawle, 2Dhruv Shah, 3Kavin Doshi, 4Manish Bakhtiani, 5Yash Gajja, 6
Pratibha Singh
In recent years, with an ever increasing rate of development in metro cities around the
world, there has been proportional increase in numbers of automobiles on the roads.
Although the number of vehicles using the roads has increased, the static road
infrastructure is almost the same and is unable to cope with changes like congestion,
unpredictable travel-time delays and road-accidents that are taking a serious shape.
Traffic congestion has been one of the major concerns faced by the metropolitan cities
today in spite of measures being taken to mitigate and reduce it. It has emerged as one
of the main challenge for developers in urban areas for planning of sustainable cities.

2. CONTROLLING OF TRAFFIC USING MOVABLE ROAD DIVIDERS

S.Jyothirmayee1 ,G.Vamshi Krishna2 , J.Nanditha3 , B.Shashank Yadav4
The main aim of this project is reducing the traffic congestion in our daily life. Road
Divider is generically used for dividing the Road for on-going and incoming traffic.
This helps keeping the flow of traffic; generally there is equal width of lanes for both

vi
on-going and incoming traffic. The problem with Static Road Dividers is that the
number of lanes on either side of the road is fixed. Since the resources are limited and
population as well as number of cars per family is increasing, there is significant
increase in number of cars on roads. This calls for better utilization of existing
resources like number of lanes available.

3.Design and Implementation of Smart Movable Road Divider using IOT

B Durga Sri1 , K Nirosha1 , Sheik Gouse1
Road Divider is generically used for dividing the Road for ongoing and incoming
traffic. This helps keeping the flow of traffic. Generally, there is equal number of
lanes for both ongoing and incoming traffic. For example, in any city, there is
industrial area or shopping area where the traffic generally flows in one direction in
the morning or evening. The other side of Road divider is mostly either empty or
under- utilized. This is true for peak morning and evening hours. This results in loss
of time for the car owners, traffic jams as well as underutilization of available
resources. Our idea is to formulate a mechanism of automated movable road divider
that can shift lanes, so that we can have more number of lanes in the direction of the
rush. The cumulative impact of the time and fuel that can be saved by adding even
one extra lane to the direction of the rush will be significant. With the smart
application proposed below, we will also eliminate the dependency on manual
intervention and manual traffic coordination so that we can have a smarter traffic all
over the city.

1. 3D TRAFFIC SCENE UNDERSTANDING FROM MOVABLE

PLATFORMS
Author:- Andreas Geiger, Martin Lauer, Christian Wojek, Christoph Stiller, and
Raquel Urtasun

In this paper, we present a novel probabilistic generative model for multi-object traffic
scene understanding from movable platforms which reasons jointly about the 3D
scene layout as well as the location and orientation of objects in the scene. In
particular, the scene topology, geometry, and traffic activities are inferred from short
video sequences. Inspired by the impressive driving capabilities of humans, our model
does not rely on GPS, lidar, or map knowledge. Instead, it takes advantage of a
diverse set of visual cues in the form of vehicle tracklets, vanishing points, semantic
scene labels, scene flow, and occupancy grids. For each of these cues, we propose
likelihood functions that are integrated into a probabilistic generative model. We learn
all model parameters from training data using contrastive divergence. Experiments
conducted on videos of 113 representative intersections show that our approach
successfully infers the correct layout in a variety of very challenging scenarios. To
evaluate the importance of each feature cue, experiments using different feature
combinations are conducted. Furthermore, we show how by employing context
derived from the proposed method we are able to improve over the state-of-the-art in
terms of object detection and object orientation estimation in challenging and
cluttered urban environments.

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 2. MOVABLE TRAFFIC DIVIDER: A CONGESTION RELEASE
STRATEGY
Author:- 1Advait Kawle, 2Dhruv Shah, 3Kavin Doshi, 4Manish Bakhtiani, 5Yash
Gajja, 6 Pratibha Singh

In recent years, with an ever increasing rate of development in metro cities around the
world, there has been proportional increase in numbers of automobiles on the roads.
Although the number of vehicles using the roads has increased, the static road
infrastructure is almost the same and is unable to cope with changes like congestion,
unpredictable travel-time delays and road-accidents that are taking a serious shape.
Traffic congestion has been one of the major concerns faced by the metropolitan cities
today in spite of measures being taken to mitigate and reduce it. It has emerged as one
of the main challenge for developers in urban areas for planning of sustainable cities.

SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

PROPOSED METHODOLOGY

 Movable Divider System Consists Of four Parts Input Section, Controlling

Section & administrator section, and movable Road divider section.
 In input section. We placed 3 IR sensors, IR sensor continuously monitor
traffic density. If density is high IR sensor pass signals to Controlling section.
 In controlling section, Microcontroller continuously check for IR sensor
signal, if high density detected , controller activate Movable Road divider
section.
 In movable divider section, as soon as signal pass to this section L293D gets
activated , it Activate divider motor.& move divider accordingly traffic flow.
 In last section that is in administrator section, traffic flow will continuously
update on user Mobile /Laptop

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 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Power
supply

LOW
IR SENSOR 1 16x2 Alphanumeric
LCD

MEDIUM Contrast
IR SENSOR 2

HIGH IOT
IR SENSOR 3 ARDUINO MODULE
UNO
RF
RX
H-bridge

RESET Road divider

motor

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BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR REGULATED POWER SUPPLY (RPS):

WORKING PRINCIPLE

Movable Divider System Consists Of four Parts Input Section, Controlling Section
&administrator section, and movable Road divider section. In input section. We
placed 3 IR sensors, IR sensor continuously monitor traffic density. If density is high
IR sensor pass signals to Controlling section. In controlling section, Microcontroller
continuously check for IR sensor signal, if high density detected , controller activate
Movable Road divider section. In movable divider section, as soon as signal pass to
this section L293D gets activated , it Activate divider motor.& move divider
accordingly traffic flow. In last section that is in administrator section, traffic flow
will continuously update on user Mobile /Laptop.

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SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS
 Reliable System.
 No Need Of Any Human Interface.
 Solve heavy Traffic Issues.
 Accident Prevention System.

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POWER SUPPLY BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION

1.Transformer

A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another
through inductively coupled conductors—the transformer's coils. A varying current in
the first or primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core,
and thus a varying magnetic field through the secondary winding. This varying
magnetic field induces a varying electromotive force (EMF) or "voltage" in the
secondary winding. This effect is called mutual induction. Transformers can increase
voltage (step-up) as well as reduce voltage (step-down).

Figure : Symbol

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Figure: Transformer Symbol

Figure: Transformer

Basic Principle

A transformer makes use of Faraday's law and the ferromagnetic properties of an iron
core to efficiently raise or lower AC voltages. It of course cannot increase power so
that if the voltage is raised, the current is proportionally lowered and vice versa.

Transformers have two great advantages over other methods of changing

voltage:

They provide total electrical isolation between the input and output, so they can be
safely used to reduce the high voltage of the mains supply.

Almost no power is wasted in a transformer. They have a high efficiency (power out /
power in) of 95% or more.

Classification of Transformer

Step-Up Transformer

Step-Down Transformer

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Step-Down Transformer

Step down transformers are designed to reduce electrical voltage. Their primary
voltage is greater than their secondary voltage. This kind of transformer "steps down"
the voltage applied to it. For instance, a step down transformer is needed to use a 110v
product in a country with a 220v supply.

Figure: Step-Down Transformer

An example of this would be: 100 turns on the primary and 50 turns on the secondary,
a ratio of 2 to 1.

Step-Up Transformer

A step up transformer has more turns of wire on the secondary coil, which makes a
larger induced voltage in the secondary coil. It is called a step up transformer because
the voltage output is larger than the voltage input.

Step-up transformer 110v 220v design is one whose secondary voltage is greater than
its primary voltage. This kind of transformer "steps up" the voltage applied to it. For
instance, a step up transformer is needed to use a 220v product in a country with a
110v supply.

A step up transformer 110v 220v converts alternating current (AC) from one voltage
to another voltage. It has no moving parts and works on a magnetic induction
principle; it can be designed to "step-up" or "step-down" voltage. So a step up
transformer increases the voltage and a step down transformer decreases the voltage.

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Applications:

Generally these Step-Up Transformers are used in industries applications only.

Most mains transformers have two separate secondary coils (e.g. labeled 0-9V, 0-9V)
which may be used separately to give two independent supplies, or connected in series
to create a centre-tapped coil (see below) or one coil with double the voltage.

Some mains transformers have a centre-tap halfway through the secondary coil and
they are labeled 9-0-9V for example. They can be used to produce full-wave rectified
DC with just two diodes, unlike a standard secondary coil which requires four diodes
to produce full-wave rectified DC.

xv
Rectifier

The purpose of a rectifier is to convert an AC waveform into a DC waveform (OR)

Rectifier converts AC current or voltages into DC current or voltage. There are two
different rectification circuits, known as 'half-wave' and 'full-wave' rectifiers. Both
use components called diodes to convert AC into DC.

The Half-wave Rectifier

The half-wave rectifier is the simplest type of rectifier since it only uses one diode, as
shown in figure.

The Full-wave Rectifier

The circuit in figure 3 addresses the second of these problems since at no time is the
output voltage 0V. This time four diodes are arranged so that both the positive and
negative parts of the AC waveform are converted to DC. The resulting waveform is
shown in figure 4.

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Figure: Full-Wave Rectifier

Figure: Full-Wave Rectification

When the AC input is positive, diodes A and B are forward-biased, while diodes C
and D are reverse-biased. When the AC input is negative, the opposite is true - diodes
C and D are forward-biased, while diodes A and B are reverse-biased.

xvii
While the full-wave rectifier is an improvement on the half-wave rectifier, its output
still isn't suitable as a power supply for most circuits since the output voltage still
varies between 0V and Vs-1.4V. So, if you put 12V AC in, you will 10.6V DC out.

Capacitor Filter

The capacitor-input filter, also called "Pi" filter due to its shape that looks like the
Greek letterpi, is a type of electronic filter. Filter circuits are used to remove unwanted
or undesired frequencies from a signal.

Figure: Capacitor Filter

A typical capacitor input filter consists of a filter capacitor C1, connected across the
rectifier output, an inductor L, in series and another filter capacitor connected across
the load.

1. The capacitor C1 offers low reactance to the AC component of the rectifier

output while it offers infinite reactance to the DC component. As a result the
capacitor shunts an appreciable amount of the AC component while the DC
component continues its journey to the inductor L
2. The inductor L offers high reactance to the AC component but it offers almost
zero reactance to the DC component. As a result the DC component flows
through the inductor while the AC component is blocked.
3. The capacitor C2 bypasses the AC component which the inductor had failed to
block. As a result only the DC component appears across the load RL.

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Figure: Centered Tapped Full-Wave Rectifier with a Capacitor Filter

Voltage Regulator

A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a

constant voltage level. It may use an electromechanical mechanism, or passive or
active electronic components. Depending on the design, it may be used to regulate
one or more AC or DC voltages. There are two types of regulator are they.
Positive Voltage Series (78xx) and
Negative Voltage Series (79xx)
78xx:
’78’ indicate the positive series and ‘xx’ indicates the voltage rating. Suppose
7805 produces the maximum 5V.’05’indicates the regulator output is 5V.
79xx:
’78’ indicate the negative series and ‘xx’ indicates the voltage rating. Suppose
7905 produces the maximum -5V.’05’indicates the regulator output is -5V.
These regulators consists the three pins there are
Pin1: It is used for input pin.
Pin2: This is ground pin for regulator
Pin3: It is used for output pin. Through this pin we get the output.

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Figure: Regulator

Image:power supply ckt diagram

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HARDWARE REQUIREMENT
1. MICROCONTROLLER ARDUINO UNO
2. IR SENSORS
3. IOT MODULE
4. 12MHZ CRYSTAL
5. 16X2 LCD
6. POWER SUPPLY
7. MOTOR DRIVER
8. MOTOR

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT
1. PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
Embedded C
2. COMPILERS:
Keil 4.0uv
3. DUMPING SOFTWARE:
Using Micro controller flash magic/ proload Software we are dumping
our HEX Code into Micro Controller

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Arduino uno

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet). It

has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog
inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header,
and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller;
simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC
adapter or battery to get started. The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it
does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega16U2
(Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.
MicrocontrollerATmega328
Operating Voltage5V
Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V
Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V
Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
Analog Input Pins 6
DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA
Flash Memory 32 KB (ATmega328) of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader S
RAM 2 KB (ATmega328)
EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328)
Clock Speed 16 MHz

xxii
The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power
supply. The power source is selected automatically. External (non-USB) power can
come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery. The adapter can be
connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-positive plug into the board's power jack.
Leads from a battery can be inserted in the Gnd and Vin pin headers of the POWER
connector. The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied
with less than 7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board
may be unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and
damage the board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts. The power pins are as
follows: • VIN. The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external
power source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated
power source). You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via
the power jack, access it through this pin. • 5V. The regulated power supply used to
power the microcontroller and other components on the board. This can come either
from VIN via an on-board regulator, or be supplied by USB or another regulated 5V
supply. • 3V3. A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum
current draw is 50 mA. • GND. Ground pins.
Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output, using
pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each
pin can provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor

xxiii
(disconnected by default) of 20-50 kOhms. In addition, some pins have specialized
functions: • Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL
serial data. TThese pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2
USB-to-TTL Serial chip . • External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured
to trigger an interrupt on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value.
See the attachInterrupt() function for details. • PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-
bit PWM output with the analogWrite() function. • SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12
(MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI communication, which, although provided
by the underlying hardware, is not currently included in the Arduino language. • LED:
13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH value,
the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.
The Uno has 6 analog inputs, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution (i.e. 1024
different values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible
to change the upper end of their range using the AREF pin and the analogReference()
function. Additionally, some pins have specialized functionality: • I 2C: 4 (SDA) and
5 (SCL). Support I2C (TWI) communication using the Wire library. There are a
couple of other pins on the board: • AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs.
Used with analogReference(). • Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the
microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset button to shields which block the one on
the board.
The Arduino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer,
another Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides UART TTL
(5V) serial communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An
ATmega8U2 on the board channels this serial communication over USB and appears
as a virtual com port to software on the computer. The '8U2 firmware uses the
standard USB COM drivers, and no external driver is needed. However, on Windows,
an *.inf file is required.. The Arduino software includes a serial monitor which allows
simple textual data to be sent to and from the Arduino board. The RX and TX LEDs
on the board will flash when data is being transmitted via the USB-toserial chip and
USB connection to the computer (but not for serial communication on pins 0 and 1). A
SoftwareSerial library allows for serial communication on any of the Uno's digital
pins. The ATmega328 also support I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino
software includes a Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus

xxiv
The Arduino Uno can be programmed with the Arduino software (download). Select
"Arduino Uno w/ ATmega328" from the Tools > Board menu (according to the
microcontroller on your board). For details, see the reference and tutorials. The
ATmega328 on the Arduino Uno comes preburned with a bootloader that allows you
to upload new code to it without the use of an external hardware programmer. It
communicates using the original STK500 protocol (reference, C header files). You
can also bypass the bootloader and program the microcontroller through the ICSP (In-
Circuit Serial Programming) header; see these instructions for details. The
ATmega8U2 firmware source code is available . The ATmega8U2 is loaded with a
DFU bootloader, which can be activated by connecting the solder jumper on the back
of the board (near the map of Italy) and then resetting the 8U2. You can then use
Atmel's FLIP software (Windows) or the DFU programmer (Mac OS X and Linux) to
load a new firmware. Or you can use the ISP header with an external programmer
(overwriting the DFU bootloader).

xxv
IR SENSOR
A passive infrared sensor (PIR sensor) is an electronic sensor that
measures infrared (IR) light radiating from objects in its field of view. They are most
often used in PIR-based motion detectors.
IR Sensors work by using a specific light sensor to detect a select light wavelength in
the Infra-Red (IR) spectrum. By using an LED which produces light at the same
wavelength as what the sensor is looking for, you can look at the intensity of the
received light. When an object is close to the sensor, the light from the LED bounces
off the object and into the light sensor. This results in a large jump in the intensity,
which we already know can be detected using a threshold.

Features
 IR transmitter
 Ambient light protected IR receiver
 3 pin easy interface connectors
 Indicator LED & Power LED
 Distance 2cm to 30cm
 Can differentiate between dark and light colours
 Active Low on object detection
 3.3 to 5V operation

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Applications
 Proximity Sensor
 Obstacle Detector Sensor
 Line Follower Sensor
 Wall Follower Sensor

Features

 IR transmitter
 Ambient light protected IR receiver
 3 pin easy interface connectors
 Indicator LED & Power LED
 Distance 2cm to 30cm
 Can differentiate between dark and light colours
 Active Low on object detection
 3.3 to 5V operation

Applications

 Proximity Sensor
 Obstacle Detector Sensor

xxvii
  Line Follower Sensor
 Wall Follower Sensor

Board Schematic

xxviii
 DC MOTOR:

A DC motor is any of a class of electrical machines that converts direct current

electrical power into mechanical power. The most common types rely on the forces
produced by magnetic fields. Nearly all types of DC motors have some internal
mechanism, either electromechanical or electronic; to periodically change the
direction of current flow in part of the motor. Most types produce rotary motion; a
linear motor directly produces force and motion in a straight line.

DC motors were the first type widely used, since they could be powered from existing
direct-current lighting power distribution systems. A DC motor's speed can be
controlled over a wide range, using either a variable supply voltage or by changing
the strength of current in its field windings. Small DC motors are used in tools, toys,
and appliances. The universal motor can operate on direct current but is a lightweight
motor used for portable power tools and appliances. Larger DC motors are used in

xxix
propulsion of electric vehicles, elevator and hoists, or in drives for steel rolling mills.
The advent of power electronics has made replacement of DC motors with AC
motors possible in many applications.

This DC or direct current motor works on the principal, when a current

carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field; it experiences a torque and has a
tendency to move. This is known as motoring action. If the direction of current in the
wire is reversed, the direction of rotation also reverses. When magnetic field and
electric field interact they produce a mechanical force, and based on that the working
principle of dc motor established. The direction of rotation of a this motor is given by
Fleming’s left hand rule, which states that if the index finger, middle finger and thumb
of your left hand are extended mutually perpendicular to each other and if the index
finger represents the direction of magnetic field, middle finger indicates the direction
of current, then the thumb represents the direction in which force is experienced by
the shaft of the dc motor.

Working Principle Of A DC Motor

A DC motor in simple words is a device that converts direct current(electrical energy)
into mechanical energy. It’s of vital importance for the industry today, and is equally
important for engineers to look into the working principle of DC motor in details
that has been discussed in this article. In order to understand the operating principle
of DC motor we need to first look into its constructional feature.
A motor is an electrical machine which converts electrical energy into mechanical
energy. The principle of working of a DC motor is that "whenever a current
carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a mechanical
force". The direction of this force is given by Fleming's left hand rule and it's
magnitude is given by F = BIL. Where, B = magnetic flux density, I = current and L =
length of the conductor within the magnetic field.

Fleming's left hand rule: If we stretch the first finger, second finger and thumb of
our left hand to be perpendicular to each other AND direction of magnetic field is
represented by the first finger, direction of the current is represented by second finger
then the thumb represents the direction of the force experienced by the current
carrying conductor.

xxx
 Animation: Working of DC Motor
(credit: Lookang)
Above animation helps in understanding the working principle of a DC motor.
When armature windingsare connected to a DC supply, current sets up in the winding.
Magnetic field may be provided by field winding (electromagnetism) or by
using permanent magnets. In this case, current carrying armature conductors
experience force due to the magnetic field, according to the principle stated above.
Commutator is made segmented to achieve unidirectional torque. Otherwise, the
direction of force would have reversed every time when the direction of
movement of conductor is reversed the magnetic field.
This is how a DC motor works!

Back EMF

According to fundamental laws of nature, no energy conversion is possible until there

is something to oppose the conversion. In case of generators this opposition is
provided by magnetic drag, but in case of dc motors there is back emf.

When the armature of the motor is rotating, the conductors are also cutting the
magnetic flux lines and hence according to the Faraday's law of electromagnetic
induction, an emf induces in the armature conductors. The direction of this induced
emf is such that it opposes the armature current (I a) . The circuit diagram below
illustrates the direction of the back emf and armature current. Magnitude of Back
emf can be given by the emf equation of DC generator.

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Significance Of Back Emf:

Magnitude of back emf is directly proportional to speed of the motor. Consider the
load on a dc motor is suddenly reduced. In this case, required torque will be small as
compared to the current torque. Speed of the motor will start increasing due to the
excess torque. Hence, being proportional to the speed, magnitude of the back emf will
also increase. With increasing back emf armature current will start decreasing. Torque
being proportional to the armature current, it will also decrease until it becomes
sufficient for the load. Thus, speed of the motor will regulate.
On the other hand, if a dc motor is suddenly loaded, the load will cause decrease in
the speed. Due to decrease in speed, back emf will also decrease allowing more
armature current. Increased armature current will increase the torque to satisfy the
load requirement. Hence, presence of the back emf makes a dc motor ‘self-
regulating’.
Characteristics of DC motors.
(i) Torque vs. armature current,
(ii) Speed vs. armature current and
(iii) Speed vs.torque.

Torque Vs. Armature Current (Ta-Ia)

xxxii
This characteristic is also known as electrical characteristic. We know that torque is
directly proportional to the product of armature current and field flux, T a ∝ ɸ.Ia. In DC
series motors, field winding is connected in series with the armature, i.e. I a = If.
Therefore, before magnetic saturation of the field, flux ɸ is directly proportional to Ia.
Hence, before magnetic saturation Ta α Ia2. Therefore, the Ta-Ia curve is parabola for
smaller values of Ia.
After magnetic saturation of the field poles, flux ɸ is independent of armature current
Ia. Therefore, the torque varies proportionally to Ia only, T ∝ Ia.Therefore, after
magnetic saturation, Ta-Ia curve becomes a straight line.
The shaft torque (Tsh) is less than armature torque (Ta) due to stray losses. Hence, the
curve Tsh vs Ia lies slightly lower.
In DC series motors, (prior to magnetic saturation) torque increases as the square of
armature current, these motors are used where high starting torque is required.

Speed Vs. Armature Current (N-Ia)

We know the relation, N ∝ Eb/ɸ
For small load current (and hence for small armature current) change in back emf Eb
is small and it may be neglected. Hence, for small currents speed is inversely
proportional to ɸ. As we know, flux is directly proportional to Ia, speed is inversely
proportional to Ia. Therefore, when armature current is very small the speed becomes
dangerously high. That is why a series motor should never be started without some
mechanical load.
But, at heavy loads, armature current Ia is large. And hence, speed is low which
results in decreased back emf Eb. Due to decreased Eb, more armature current is
allowed.

Speed Vs. Torque (N-Ta)

This characteristic is also called as mechanical characteristic. From the above

two characteristics of DC series motor, it can be found that when speed is high,
torque is low and vice versa.

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Characteristics Of DC Shunt Motors
Torque Vs. Armature Current (Ta-Ia)
In case of DC shunt motors, we can assume the field flux ɸ to be constant. Though at
heavy loads, ɸ decreases in a small amount due to increased armature reaction. As we
are neglecting the change in the flux ɸ, we can say that torque is proportional to
armature current. Hence, the Ta-Ia characteristic for a dc shunt motor will be a
straight line through the origin.
Since heavy starting load needs heavy starting current.

Speed Vs. Armature Current (N-Ia)

As flux ɸ is assumed to be constant, we can say N ∝ Eb. But, as back emf is also
almost constant, the speed should remain constant. But practically, ɸ as well as Eb
decreases with increase in load. Back emf Eb decreases slightly more than ɸ,
therefore, the speed decreases slightly. Generally, the speed decreases only by 5 to
15% of full load speed. Therefore, a shunt motor can be assumed as a constant
speed motor. In speed vs. armature current characteristic in the following figure, the
straight horizontal line represents the ideal characteristic and the actual characteristic
is shown by the dotted line.

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Characteristics Of DC Compound Motor

DC compound motors have both series as well as shunt winding. In a compound

motor, if series and shunt windings are connected such that series flux is in direction
as that of the shunt flux then the motor is said to be cumulatively compounded. And if
the series flux is opposite to the direction of the shunt flux, then the motor is said to
be differentially compounded. Characteristics of both these compound motors are
explained below.
(a)Cumulative compound motor
Cumulative compound motors are used where series characteristics are required but
the load is likely to be removed completely. Series winding takes care of the heavy
load, whereas the shunt winding prevents the motor from running at dangerously high
speed when the load is suddenly removed. These motors have generally employed a
flywheel, where sudden and temporary loads are applied like in rolling mills.
(b) Differential compound motor
Since in differential field motors, series flux opposes shunt flux, the total flux
decreases with increase in load. Due to this, the speed remains almost constant or
even it may increase slightly with increase in load (N ∝ Eb/ɸ). Differential compound
motors are not commonly used, but they find limited applications in experimental and
research work.

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xxxvi
Image:DC motor construction

LCD (LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY):

LCD stands for Liquid Crystal Display. LCD is finding wide spread use replacing
LEDs (seven segment LEDs or other multi segment LEDs) because of the following
reasons:

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LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a
wide range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very
commonly used in various devices and circuits. ... A 16x2 LCD means it can display
16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines.

1. The declining prices of LCDs.

2. The ability to display numbers, characters and graphics. This is in contrast to LEDs,
which are limited to numbers and a few characters.
3. Incorporation of a refreshing controller into the LCD, thereby relieving the CPU of
the task of refreshing the LCD. In contrast, the LED must be refreshed by the CPU to
keep displaying the data.
4. Ease of programming for characters and graphics.
These components are “specialized” for being used with the microcontrollers, which
means that they cannot be activated by standard IC circuits. They are used for writing
different messages on

A model described here is for its low price and great possibilities most frequently used
in practice. It is based on the HD44780 microcontroller (Hitachi) and can display
messages in two lines with 16 characters each. It displays all the alphabets, Greek
letters, punctuation marks, mathematical symbols etc. In addition, it is possible to
display symbols that user makes up on its own. Automatic shifting message on display

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(shift left and right), appearance of the pointer, backlight etc. are considered as useful
characteristics.

Features:

 High quality STN 16x2 character LCD

 3.3V power supply
 White LED Backlight
 5x8 dot characters
 ST7066 controller
 1/16 duty cycle

Dimensions: 0.34 x 1.4 x 3.2" (8.6 x 36 x 80mm)

ESP8266 WIFI MODULE

The ESP8266 is a WiFi module that costs less than 5 USD. This makes putting your
sensors on the net actually feasible. There’s a lot of excitement about this sensor on
the Internet currently, and people have done an amazing job deciphering the obscure
command structure of this device that comes from China. There seems to be three
ways of using this module, in order of increasing complexity:

1. Sending it AT commands from a computer via an USB to serial adapter. This is

mostly useful for testing and setup.
2. Interfacing with an Arduino or any other microcontroller and using this board
as a peripheral.
3. Programming the module directly and use its GPIO pins to talk to your
sensors, eliminating the need for a second controller.
4. DC MOTOR USED FOR DIVIDER

5. A DC motor is any of a class of electrical machines that converts direct current

electrical power into mechanical power. The most common types rely on the
forces produced by magnetic fields. Nearly all types of DC motors have some
internal mechanism, either electromechanical or electronic; to periodically
change the direction of current flow in part of the motor. Most types produce

xxxix
 rotary motion; a linear motor directly produces force and motion in a straight
line.

6. DC motors were the first type widely used, since they could be powered from
existing direct-current lighting power distribution systems. A DC motor's
speed can be controlled over a wide range, using either a variable supply
voltage or by changing the strength of current in its field windings. Small DC
motors are used in tools, toys, and appliances. The universal motor can operate
on direct current but is a lightweight motor used for portable power tools and
appliances. Larger DC motors are used in propulsion of electric vehicles,
elevator and hoists, or in drives for steel rolling mills. The advent of power
electronics has made replacement of DC motors with AC motors possible in
many applications.

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ESP 8266 WI-FI MODULE:
Espressif Systems’ Smart Connectivity Platform (ESCP) is a set of high performance,
high integration wireless SOCs, designed for space and power constrained mobile
platform designers. It provides unsurpassed ability to embed WiFi capabilities within
other systems, or to function as a standalone application, with the lowest cost, and
minimal space requirement.

ESP8266EX offers a complete and self-contained WiFi networking solution; it can be

used to host the application or to offload WiFi networking functions from another
application processor.
When ESP8266EX hosts the application, it boots up directly from an external flash. In
has integrated cache to improve the performance of the system in such applications.
Alternately, serving as a WiFi adapter, wireless internet access can be added to any
micro controller- based design with simple connectivity (SPI/SDIO or I2C/UART
interface).
ESP8266EX is among the most integrated WiFi chip in the industry; it integrates the
antenna switches, RF balun, power amplifier, low noise receive amplifier, filters,
power management modules, it requires minimal external circuitry, and the entire
solution, including front-end module, is designed to occupy minimal PCB area.
ESP8266EX also integrates an enhanced version of Tensilica’s L106 Diamond series
32-bit processor, with on-chip SRAM, besides the WiFi functionalities. ESP8266EX
is often integrated with external sensors and other application specific devices through
its GPIOs; sample codes for such applications are provided in the software
development kit (SDK).
Espressif Systems’ Smart Connectivity Platform (ESCP) demonstrates sophisticated
system-level features include fast sleep/wake context switching for energy-efficient
VoIP, adaptive radio biasing for low-power operation, advance signal processing, and
spur cancellation and radio co-existence features for common cellular, Bluetooth,
DDR, LVDS, LCD interference mitigation.
Features
• 802.11 b/g/n

• Integrated low power 32-bit MCU

• Integrated 10-bit ADC

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 • Integrated TCP/IP protocol stack

• Integrated TR switch, balun, LNA, power amplifier and matching network

• Integrated PLL, regulators, and power management units

• Supports antenna diversity

• WiFi 2.4 GHz, support WPA/WPA2

• Support STA/AP/STA+AP operation modes

• Support Smart Link Function for both Android and iOS devices

• SDIO 2.0, (H) SPI, UART, I2C, I2S, IR Remote Control, PWM, GPIO

• STBC, 1x1 MIMO, 2x1 MIMO

• A-MPDU & A-MSDU aggregation & 0.4s guard interval

• Deep sleep power <10uA, Power down leakage current < 5uA

• Wake up and transmit packets in < 2ms

• Standby power consumption of < 1.0mW (DTIM3)

• +20 dBm output power in 802.11b mode

• Operating temperature range -40C ~ 125C

• FCC, CE, TELEC, WiFi Alliance, and SRRC certified

Important AT commands
 AT+CWLAP List all the access points

 AT+CWJAP?+CWJAP=“ssid”, ”password” Join Access Point

 AT+CIFSR Get IP Address

 AT+CWMODE?+CWMODE=3 Select the respective mode

Parameters:
Categories Items Values
Certificates FCC/CE/TELEC/SRRC
WiFiProtocles 802.11 b/g/n
Frequency Range 2.4G-2.5G (2400M-2483.5M)
802.11 b: +20 dBm

xlii
 Tx Power 802.11 g: +17 dBm
802.11 n: +14 dBm
802.11 b: -91 dbm (11 Mbps)
Rx Sensitivity
802.11 g: -75 dbm (54 Mbps)
WiFiParamters 802.11 n: -72 dbm (MCS7)
PCB Trace, External, IPEX Connector,
Types of Antenna Ceramic Chip
UART/SDIO/SPI/I2C/I2S/IR Remote Con
Peripheral Bus
GPIO/PWM
Operating Voltage 3.0~3.6V

Hardware Operating Current Average value: 80mA

Paramaters Operating Temperature Range -40°~125°
Ambient Temperature Range Normal temperature
Package Size 5x5mm
External Interface N/A
WiFi mode station/softAP/SoftAP+station
Security WPA/WPA2
Encryption WEP/TKIP/AES

Software Parameters Firmware Upgrade UART Download / OTA (via network)

Supports Cloud Server Development / SD
Ssoftware Development for custom firmware development
Network Protocols IPv4, TCP/UDP/HTTP/FTP
User Configuration AT Instruction Set, Cloud Server, Android
iOS App

Major Applications
Major fields of ESP8266 applications to Internet-of-Things include:
• Home Appliances

• Home Automation

• Smart Plug and lights

• Mesh Network

• Industrial Wireless Control

• Baby Monitors

• IP Cameras

xliii
 • Sensor Networks

• Wearable Electronics

• WiFi Location-aware Devices

• Security ID Tags

• WiFi Position System Beacons.

Fig: ESP8266

xliv
xlv
 DC GEARED MOTORS

DC motor
A DC motor is an electric motor that runs on direct current (DC) electricity.
DC Motor Connections
Figure shows schematically the different methods of connecting the field and armature
circuits in a DC Motor. The circular symbol represents the armature circuit, and the
squares at the side of the circle represent the brush commutator system. The direction of
the arrows indicates the direction of the magnetic fields.

THEORY OF DC MOTOR

xlvi
 The speed of a DC motor is directly proportional to the supply voltage, so if
we reduce the supply voltage from 12 Volts to 6 Volts, the motor will run at half the
speed. How can this be achieved when the battery is fixed at 12 Volts? The speed
controller works by varying the average voltage sent to the motor. It could do this by
simply adjusting the voltage sent to the motor, but this is quite inefficient to do. A
better way is to switch the motor's supply on and off very quickly. If the switching is
fast enough, the motor doesn't notice it, it only notices the average effect.

When you watch a film in the cinema, or the television, what you are actually
seeing is a series of fixed pictures, which change rapidly enough that your eyes just
see the average effect - movement. Your brain fills in the gaps to give an average
effect.

Now imagine a light bulb with a switch. When you close the switch, the bulb
goes on and is at full brightness, say 100 Watts. When you open the switch it goes off
(0 Watts). Now if you close the switch for a fraction of a second, then open it for the
same amount of time, the filament won't have time to cool down and heat up, and you
will just get an average glow of 50 Watts. This is how lamp dimmers work, and the
same principle is used by speed controllers to drive a motor. When the switch is
closed, the motor sees 12 Volts, and when it is open it sees 0 Volts. If the switch is
open for the same amount of time as it is closed, the motor will see an average of 6
Volts, and will run more slowly accordingly. The graph below shows the speed of a
motor that is being turned on and off.
Principles of operation
In any electric motor, operation is based on simple electromagnetism. A current-carrying
conductor generates a magnetic field; when this is then placed in an external magnetic field,
it will experience a force proportional to the current in the conductor, and to the strength of
the external magnetic field. As you are well aware of from playing with magnets as a kid,
opposite (North and South) polarities attract, while like polarities (North and North, South
and South) repel. The internal configuration of a DC motor is designed to harness the
magnetic interaction between a current-carrying conductor and an external magnetic field to
generate rotational motion.

xlvii
Let's start by looking at a simple 2-pole DC electric motor (here red represents a magnet or
winding with a "North" polarization, while green represents a magnet or winding with a
"South" polarization).

Every DC motor has six basic parts -- axle, rotor (a.k.a., armature), stator, commutator, field
magnet(s), and brushes. In most common DC motors (and all that Beamers will see), the
external magnetic field is produced by high-strength permanent magnets. The stator is the
stationary part of the motor -- this includes the motor casing, as well as two or more
permanent magnet pole pieces. The rotor (together with the axle and attached commutator)
rotates with respect to the stator. The rotor consists of windings (generally on a core), the
windings being electrically connected to the commutator. The above diagram shows a
common motor layout -- with the rotor inside the stator (field) magnets.

The geometry of the brushes, commutator contacts, and rotor windings are such that when
power is applied, the polarities of the energized winding and the stator magnet(s) are
misaligned, and the rotor will rotate until it is almost aligned with the stator's field magnets.
As the rotor reaches alignment, the brushes move to the next commutator contacts, and
energize the next winding. Given our example two-pole motor, the rotation reverses the
direction of current through the rotor winding, leading to a "flip" of the rotor's magnetic
field, driving it to continue rotating.

In real life, though, DC motors will always have more than two poles (three is a very common
number). In particular, this avoids "dead spots" in the commutator. You can imagine how
with our example two-pole motor, if the rotor is exactly at the middle of its rotation
(perfectly aligned with the field magnets), it will get "stuck" there. Meanwhile, with a two-
pole motor, there is a moment where the commutator shorts out the power supply (i.e.,
both brushes touch both commutator contacts simultaneously). This would be bad for the
power supply, waste energy, and damage motor components as well. Yet another
disadvantage of such a simple motor is that it would exhibit a high amount of torque "ripple"
(the amount of torque it could produce is cyclic with the position of the rotor).

xlviii
So since most small DC motors are of a three-pole design, let's tinker with the workings of
one via an interactive animation.

You'll notice a few things from this -- namely, one pole is fully energized at a time (but two
others are "partially" energized). As each brush transitions from one commutator contact to
the next, one coil's field will rapidly collapse, as the next coil's field will rapidly charge up
(this occurs within a few microsecond). We'll see more about the effects of this later, but in
the meantime you can see that this is a direct result of the coil windings' series wiring:

The use of an iron core armature (as in the Mabuchi, above) is quite common, and has a
number of advantages. First off, the iron core provides a strong, rigid support for the
windings -- a particularly important consideration for high-torque motors. The core also
conducts heat away from the rotor windings, allowing the motor to be driven harder than

xlix
might otherwise be the case. Iron core construction is also relatively inexpensive compared
with other construction types.

But iron core construction also has several disadvantages. The iron armature has a relatively
high inertia which limits motor acceleration. This construction also results in high winding
inductances which limit brush and commutator life.

In small motors, an alternative design is often used which features a 'coreless' armature
winding. This design depends upon the coil wire itself for structural integrity. As a result, the
armature is hollow, and the permanent magnet can be mounted inside the rotor coil.
Coreless DC motors have much lower armature inductance than iron-core motors of
comparable size, extending brush and commutator life.

DC motor behavior
High-speed output
This is the simplest trait to understand and treat -- most DC motors run at very high output
speeds (generally thousands or tens of thousands of RPM). While this is fine for some BEAM
bots (say, photo poppers or solar rollers), many BEAM bots (walkers, heads) require lower
speeds -- you must put gears on your DC motor's output for these applications.

H-BRIDGE:

l
An H-bridge is an electronic circuit which enables DC electric motors to be run
forwards or backwards. These circuits are often used in robotics. H-bridges are
available as integrated circuits, or can be built from discrete components.

The two basic states of a H-bridge. The term "H-bridge" is derived from the
typical graphical representation of such a circuit. An H-bridge is built with four
switches (solid-state or mechanical). When the switches S1 and S4 (according to the
first figure) are closed (and S2 and S3 are open) a positive voltage will be applied
across the motor. By opening S1 and S4 switches and closing S2 and S3 switches, this
voltage is reversed, allowing reverse operation of the motor.
Using the nomenclature above, the switches S1 and S2 should never be closed at
the same time, as this would cause a short circuit on the input voltage source. The
same applies to the switches S3 and S4. This condition is known as shoot-through.

Operation
The H-Bridge arrangement is generally used to reverse the polarity of the motor, but
can also be used to 'brake' the motor, where the motor comes to a sudden stop, as the
motors terminals are shorted, or to let the motor 'free run' to a stop, as the motor is
effectively disconnected from the circuit. The following table summarizes operation.

S1 S2 S3 S4 Result

li
 Motor moves
1 0 0 1
right

0 1 1 0 Motor moves left

0 0 0 0 Motor free runs

0 1 0 1 Motor brakes

H-Bridge Driver:
The switching property of this H-Bridge can be replace by a Transistor or a Relay or a
Mosfet or even by an IC. Here we are replacing this with an IC named L293D as the
driver whose description is as given below.
Features:
 600mA OUTPUT CURRENT CAPABILITY
 PER CHANNEL
 1.2A PEAK OUTPUT CURRENT (non repetitive)
 PER CHANNEL
 ENABLE FACILITY
 OVERTEMPERATURE PROTECTION
 LOGICAL "0" INPUT VOLTAGE UP TO 1.5 V
 (HIGH NOISE IMMUNITY)
 INTERNAL CLAMP DIODES

DESCRIPTION

lii
The Device is a monolithic integrated high voltage, high current four channel driver
designed to accept standard DTL or TTL logic levels and drive inductive loads (such
as relays solenoides, DC and stepping motors) and switching power transistors. To
simplify use as two bridges each pair of channels is equipped with an enable input. A
separate supply input is provided for the logic, allowing operation at a lower voltage
and internal clamp diodes are included. This device is suitable for use in switching
applications at frequencies up to 5 kHz. The L293D is assembled in a 16 lead plastic
packaage which has 4 center pins connected together and used for heatsinking The
L293DD is assembled in a 20 lead surface mount which has 8 center pins connected
together and used for heatsinking.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS

liii
liv
PIN CONNECTIONS

lv
HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION

lvi
SOFTWARE REQUIRMENT:
 ARDUINO
 PROTEUS
 ESP FIRMWARE FLASHER

ARDUINO

INSTALLING THE DRIVERS FOR THE ARDUINO UNO

 Plug in your board and wait for Windows to begin it’s driver installation
process
 After a few moments, the process will fail, despite its best efforts
 Click on the Start Menu, and open up the Control Panel
 While in the Control Panel, navigate to System and Security. Next, click on
System
 Once the System window is up, open the Device Manager
 Look under Ports (COM & LPT). You should see an open port named
“Arduino UNO (COMxx)”. If there is no COM & LPT section, look under
‘Other Devices’ for ‘Unknown Device’

 Right click on the “Arduino UNO (COMxx)” or “Unknown Device” port and
choose the “Update Driver Software” option
 Next, choose the “Browse my computer for Driver software” option

lvii
  Finally, navigate to and select the Uno’s driver file, named
“ArduinoUNO.inf”, located in the “Drivers” folder of the Arduino Software
download (not the “FTDI USB Drivers” sub-directory). If you cannot see the
.inf file, it is probably just hidden. You can select the ‘drivers’ folder with the
‘search sub-folders’ option selected instead.
 Windows will finish up the driver installation from there

Launch and Blink!

After following the appropriate steps for your software install, we are now ready to
test your first program with your Arduino board!

 Launch the Arduino application

 If you disconnected your board, plug it back in
 Open the Blink example sketch by going to: File > Examples > 1.Basics >
Blink

lviii
 Select the type of Arduino board you’re using: Tools > Board > your board
type

 Select the serial/COM port that your Arduino is attached to: Tools > Port >
COMxx

lix
 If you’re not sure which serial device is your Arduino, take a look at the
available ports, then unplug your Arduino and look again. The one that
disappeared is your Arduino.
 With your Arduino board connected, and the Blink sketch open, press the
‘Upload’ button

 After a second, you should see some LEDs flashing on your Arduino, followed
by the message ‘Done Uploading’ in the status bar of the Blink sketch.
 If everything worked, the onboard LED on your Arduino should now be
blinking! You just programmed your first Arduino!

lx
Select the type of Arduino board you’re using: Tools > Board > your board type

 Select the serial port that your Arduino is attached to: Tools > Port > xxxxxx
(it’ll probably look something like “/dev/tty.usbmodemfd131” or
“/dev/tty.usbserial-131” but probably with a different number)

lxi
  If you’re not sure which serial device is your Arduino, take a look at the
available ports, then unplug your Arduino and look again. The one that
disappeared is your Arduino.
 With your Arduino board connected and the Blink sketch open, press the
‘Upload’ button

 After a second, you should see some LEDs flashing on your Arduino, followed
by the message ‘Done Uploading’ in the status bar of the Blink sketch.
 If everything worked, the onboard LED on your Arduino should now be
blinking! You just programmed your first Arduino!

PROTEUS STEPS TO CREATE NEW PROJECT

lxii
Step 1: Download Library Zip Folder from Our Website

Download the Library Files Zip Folder from

websitehttps://www.theengineeringprojects.com/2015/12/arduino-library-proteus-
simulation.html, open it and paste these two files ArduinoTEP.LIB and
ArduinoTEP.IDX files in to Library folder path( C:\Program Files (x86)\Labcenter
Electronics\Proteus 8 Professional\LIBRARY).

2) Double click on Proteus 8 professional shortcut generated on Desktop following

window will popup

lxiii
3) click on new project

4) In the field of Name, write name of project and in the field of path browse path for
project like this

lxiv
5) Now click on next

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lxvi
 Click the "Pick from library (P)" button as shown in the figure

 Now Search Arduino

 Select Arduino uno

 Click OK

 After selecting component, click anywhere in the design area to select it and
then click again to place it

lxvii
lxviii
1. CONNECTING COMPONENTS

 Place all the required components

 Connect the desired nodes by clicking at starting and ending points

lxix


lxx


2. LOAD HEX FILE

 To create hex file press simply verify in your Arduino ide software

 Double click the Arduino Uno to open its properties

 C:\Users\UserName\AppData\Local\Temp\arduino_build_

 Browse for the HEX file as shown and select it

lxxi
And don't worry, in PROTEUS, there is no need to provide the RESET circuit or
crystal oscillator to the microcontroller. It will work just fine even without it. The
frequency can be adjusted in the properties window as well.

3. SIMULATING THE CIRCUIT

 The controls at the left-bottom corner will help you simulate the circuit in real
time

lxxii
The above picture is the complete circuitry for testing an LED on P2.0 like toggling
(ON / OFF) through programming but we will get to that part later on. At this point,
you will just see the LED glow if you have programmed it to be always ON.
Like this developer done design on Proteus before starts working on Hardware.

lxxiii
Advantages
 Fit & forget system

 Easy installation process

 Fully automatic system

Applications
 On Highways.

 Industrial Area.

 Shopping area.

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FUTURE SCOPE AND CONCLUSION

 In this project we introduced sensor based technology for traffic control. We

conclude that it provides powerful solution to improve existing system with
the new intelligent traffic light controller.
 The method of vehicle detection and counting from a IR sensor has been
implemented using ARDUINO UNO development board.
 Further modification in the algorithm can improve the system accuracy.
Proposed system will have wider future scope
 that user can get traffic information on pc or Laptop.

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REFERENCES

 Sikder Sunbeam Islam, Kowshik Dey, Mohammed Rafiqul Islam ,

Mohammad Kurshed Alam “An Infrared Based Intelligent Traffic
System”[EEE/OSA/[APR International Conference on [nfonnatics, Electronics
& Vision.

 Muhammad Arshad Khattak “PLC Based Intelligent Traffic Control

System”International Journal of Electrical & Computer Sciences IJECS-
IJENS Vol: 11 No: 06.

 KHALIL M. YOUSEF, JAMAL N. AL-KARAKI1 AND ALI M. SHATNAWI

“Intelligent Traffic Light Flow Control System Using Wireless Sensors
Networks” Journal Of Information Science And Engineering 26, 753-768
(2010).

 S .V. Viraktamath1, Priyamvada Holkar2, Priyanka V. Narayankar3, Jayashri

Pujari4 “Adaptive Intelligent Traffic Control System using PLC”International
Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering.

 Nikhil mokashi “ Intelligent Traffic Signal Control using Image

Processing”International Journal of Advance Research in Computer Science
and Management Studies. Volume 3, Issue 10, October 2015.

 1a.D.Jadhav, 2bhor Madhuri T., 3thakre Ketan L. “Intelligent Traffic Light

Control System (Itlcs)”Proceedings Of 4th Irf International Conference, Pune,
16th March-2014, Isbn: 978-93-82702-66-5.

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