Area
of
Study
Five
Structure
and
Form
Definition
of
Key
Terms
Key
Word
Definition
Structure/Form
Terms
to
describe
the
way
musical
ideas
are
arranged
and
ordered
in
a
composition
Repetition
Repeating
musical
phrases
or
sections
of
the
music
Contrast
A
musical
section
that
is
different
from
what
has
been
heard
before
Binary
A
piece
of
music
in
two
sections
(A
B)
Ternary
A
piece
of
music
in
three
sections
(A
B
A)
Call
and
Response
The
opening
phrase
is
answered
or
completed
by
one
or
more
other
musicians
Rondo
Music
in
at
least
5
sections
where
the
first
section
(A)
is
repeated
after
each
new
contrasting
section
(B,
C,
etc.)
Theme
and
Variations
A
form
in
which
an
opening
theme
is
subject
to
variations
upon
each
successive
repetition
Arch-‐shape
a
type
of
form
or
structure
which
is
symmetrical,
e.g.
A
B
C
B
A
Sonata
A
composition,
usually
in
four
movements,
for
one
or
two
instruments
Minuet
and
Trio
A
dance
style
written
in
3/4
time.
The
two
sections
are
both
in
binary
form,
with
the
trio
forming
a
contrast
to
the
minuet
Scherzo
and
Trio
Similar
form
to
the
minuet
and
trio
but
faster
Strophic
A
song
form
in
which
the
music
is
repeated
(exactly
or
almost
exactly)
for
each
verse
Through-‐composed
A
song
form
in
which
the
music
changes
continually
to
reflect
the
meaning
of
the
words
Definition
of
Key
Terms
Key
Word
Definition
Da
capo
aria
An
aria
in
ternary
form
Cyclic
A
composition
where
the
theme
recurs,
possibly
in
different
styles,
throughout
the
work
Ground
Bass
Music
where
a
bass
pattern
(or
melody
in
the
bass)
is
repeated
a
number
of
times
while
the
parts
above
alter
Continuo
This
refers
to
the
type
of
bass
part
written
in
the
baroque
period,
consisting
of
a
bass
line
with,
sometimes,
the
addition
of
figures
indicating
the
harmonies
to
be
played,
known
as
a
figured
bass
Cadenza
A
solo
vocal
or
instrumental
passage
improvising
on
music
previously
heard
in
the
movement
Structure
and
Form
! Structure
and
form
are
words
that
are
used
to
describe
the
way
musical
ideas
are
arranged
and
ordered
ina
composition
! In
most
pieces
of
music,
this
is
concerned
with
how
a
composer
balances
repetition
and
contrast
! Repetition
of
previous
musical
material
is
useful
in
creating
a
sense
of
unity
within
a
piece,
although
too
much
repetition
can
result
in
the
music
becoming
predictable
and
boring
Structure
and
Form
! There
are
many
ways
in
which
contrasts
or
changes
to
the
music
can
be
introduced
–
for
example,
the
introduction
of
a
new
melody,
a
new
key,
or
different
harmonies
or
instrumentation
! This
adds
variety
and
interest,
but
too
much
contrast
may
make
the
music
seem
confusing
and
lacking
in
shape
! It
is
usual
to
identify
the
different
sections
in
a
piece
of
music
by
using
letter
names,
so
that
the
opening
section
would
be
called
A,
and
each
new,
contrasting
section
would
be
given
a
different
letter
name
! If
a
section
is
repeated,
it
has
the
same
letter
name
as
when
it
was
first
heard:
for
example,
A2
would
be
the
first
repeat
of
section
A
Binary
Form
! A
piece
that
is
in
binary
form
has
two
sections
of
roughly
equal
length
! The
first
section
(A)
is
answered
by
the
second
section
(B)
! Each
section
is
usually
repeated
! There
is
also
usually
a
change
of
key,
or
modulation
during
Section
A,
so
that
it
ends
in
a
new
key
! If
the
piece
is
in
a
major
key
this
is
most
likely
to
be
the
dominant
! In
minor
keys
the
modulation
is
typically
to
the
relative
major,
although
it
may
end
with
an
imperfect
cadence
! The
second
section
of
the
piece
(B)
begins
in
the
new
key,
but
will
eventually
modualte
back
to
the
original,
tonic
key
Ternary
Form
! Ternary
form
is
built
up
in
three
sections,
A
B
A
! Section
B
contains
music
that
contrasts
with
Section
A
in
some
way
! The
repeat
of
section
A
(A2)
can
be
exactly
the
same
as
the
original,
or
the
composer
may
have
changed
some
details
to
make
it
more
interesting
than
listening
to
a
straight
repeat
Call
and
response
! Call
and
response
is
where
a
musical
phrase
that
is
played
or
sung
by
one
musician,
is
immediately
followed
by
a
responding
phrase
from
another
musician
or
the
whole
group
! It
is
common
in
traditional
African
music,
and
in
African-‐
American
music
such
as
spirituals,
gospel,
blues
and
jazz
Rondo
Form
! The
word
rondo
is
taken
from
a
Latin
word
which
means
‘to
return’,
and
that
is
exactly
what
happens
in
the
music
! The
main
theme
(A)
keeps
on
returning,
with
contrasting
sections
of
music
in
between
! These
contrasting
sections
are
called
episodes
! Rondo
is
an
example
of
a
multi-‐sectional
form,
since
it
has
more
sections
than
binary
or
ternary
form
Rondo
Form
! Here
is
an
example
of
a
rondo
form
that
has
two
contrasting
episodes,
although
it
is
not
unusual
to
find
rondos
that
have
three,
four
or
even
more
episodes
! Of
course,
as
previously
mentioned,
a
composer
may
change
the
repeats
of
the
main
theme
in
some
way
(often
by
making
them
shorter),
since
it
‘returns’
a
number
of
times
Theme
and
variations
! Theme
and
variations
form
involves
starting
a
piece
of
music
with
a
theme,
and
then
repeating
the
theme
a
number
of
times,
but
changing,
or
‘varying’
it
each
time
! The
opening
theme
is
usually
easy
to
remember,
and
often
in
binary
or
ternary
form
Arch-‐shape
! Arch-‐shape
is
a
type
of
form
or
structure
which
is
symmetrical,
so
that
the
plan
of
the
music
resembles
the
shape
of
an
arch
! For
example,
A
B
C
B
A
Sonata
form
! Sonata
form
is
a
large-‐scale
musical
form
! Sonata
form
consists
of
three
main
sections
called
the
exposition,
development
and
recapitulation
! Sonata
form
is
like
a
three-‐act
play
! The
characters
(subjects)
are
introduced
in
the
exposition
! They
go
through
all
sorts
of
dramatic
situations
in
the
development,
and
then
everything
is
sorted
out
and
resolved
in
the
recapitulation
Sonata
form
! In
the
exposition,
the
composer
‘expounds’
or
presents
the
main
musical
ideas,
called
‘subjects’
! A
subject
is
typically
a
melodic
idea,
and
there
are
usually
two
of
them
in
the
exposition
! The
first
subject
is
in
the
tonic
key
and
the
second
subject
contrasts
by
being
in
a
different
key
(usually
the
dominant
in
a
major
key,
or
the
relative
major
in
a
minor
key)
and
mood
Sonata
form
! The
two
subjects
are
linked
by
a
bridge
passage,
a
section
in
which
the
music
modulates
from
the
first
to
the
second
subject
! The
bridge
passage
often
uses
scale-‐like
passages,
because
scales
are
good
at
defining
the
key
of
the
music
! The
exposition
may
be
‘rounded
off’
by
a
short
codetta,
and
ends
in
the
new
key
Sonata
form
! The
development
section
develops
ideas
such
as
melodic
phrases
or
rhythms
found
in
the
exposition
! It
is
a
dramatic
section
in
the
piece,
usually
with
lots
of
key
changes
! The
recapitulation
brings
back
the
musical
ideas
from
the
exposition,
but
with
the
bridge
passage
altered
so
that
the
second
subject
returns
in
the
tonic
key
! The
whole
movement
may
be
rounded
off
by
a
coda,
which
is
a
longer
version
of
the
codetta
found
at
the
end
of
the
exposition
Minuet
and
Trio
! A
minuet
is
a
dance
that
was
popular
during
the
17th
and
18th
centuries,
particularly
in
the
royal
courts
! It
is
a
stately
dance,
in
3/4
time,
performed
at
a
moderate
tempo
! In
minuet
and
trio
form,
the
trio
forms
the
middle
section
(B)
of
a
ternary
(ABA)
structure,
followed
by
a
repeat
of
the
minuet
(A)
! The
trio
has
a
thinner
texture:
often
there
were
just
three
parts
(hence
the
name
‘trio’),
though
this
is
not
always
the
case
! Within
the
overall
ternary
form,
the
individual
sections
(the
minuet
and
the
trio)
are
in
binary
form
Strophic,
through-‐composed,
da
capo
aria
! These
are
all
forms
used
in
vocal
music
! Strophic
form
is
when
the
same
music
is
repeated
for
different
verses
in
a
song
! A
good
example
can
be
found
in
most
hymn
tunes
! Through-‐composed
is
the
opposite
of
strophic,
with
new
music
for
each
verse
in
a
song
! The
music
develops
continuously,
changing
to
reflect
different
moods
or
situations
described
in
the
text
! A
da
capo
aria
is
a
type
of
song
found
frequently
in
opera
! Aria
literally
means
‘air’
–
another
word
for
a
melody
! In
an
opera
it
is
sung
by
a
solo
singer
with
an
orchestral
accompaniment
Cyclic
form
! Unlike
most
other
forms
looked
at
so
far,
where
there
is
progression
from
one
section
to
another,
cyclic
form
is
the
constant
repetition
of
a
fixed
number
of
beats,
or
melodic
patter
! During
each
cycle,
rhythms
or
melodic
patterns
can
be
repeated
and
developed
through
improvisation,
or
by
changes
in
texture
or
dynamics
! Cyclic
music
is
common
in
Africa,
India
and
Asia
–
for
example,
Indonesian
gamelan
music
Popular
song
forms
! There
are
many
different
kinds
of
forms
used
in
popular
song
! In
the
examination
you
may
be
asked
to
recognise
the
structure
of
a
piece
of
popular
music
by
using
letters
or
the
name
of
the
form
! One
common
structure
of
popular
song
is
built
around
verse
and
chorus,
which
have
contrasting
music
! Other
features
may
include
an
intro,
an
outro,
and
fills,
which
are
a
bridge
between
the
sections,
often
supplied
by
the
guitar
(guitar
fill)
or
drums
(drum
fill)
! A
classic
example
of
a
popular
music
form
is
the
12-‐bar
blues
Ground
bass
! A
ground
bass
is
a
melody
in
the
bass
(lowest
part)
that
is
repeated
throughout
the
music
! While
the
bass
line
is
repeated,
the
melody
and
sometimes
the
harmony
keep
changing,
so
that
the
repeated
ground
bass
unifies
the
whole
piece
while
providing
the
basis
for
melodic
and/or
harmonic
variations
! There
are
many
examples
in
all
kinds
of
music
! In
popular
music,
a
ground
bass
could
be
a
riff
that
is
repeated
continuously
throughout
a
piece
of
music
while
the
accompanying
melody
and
harmony
keep
changing,
for
example
in
‘Money’
from
Pink
Floyd;s
Dark
Side
of
the
Moon