Exceptions Handling
Handling Errors during the Program Execution
Agha Azeem
Agha.Azeem@usa.edu.pk
Table of Contents
1. What are Exceptions?
2. Handling Exceptions
3. The System.Exception Class
4. Types of Exceptions and their
Hierarchy
5. Raising (Throwing) Exceptions
6. Best Practices
2
What are Exceptions?
The Paradigm of Exceptions in OOP
What are Exceptions?
The exceptions in .NET Framework are classic
implementation of the OOP exception model
Deliver powerful mechanism for centralized
handling of errors and unusual events
Substitute procedure-oriented approach,
in which each function returns error code
Simplify code construction and maintenance
Allow the problematic situations to be
processed at multiple levels
4
Handling Exceptions
Catching and Processing Errors
Handling Exceptions
In C# the exceptions can be handled by the
try-catch-finally construction
try
{
// Do some work that can raise an exception
}
catch (SomeException)
{
// Handle the caught exception
}
catch blocks can be used multiple times to
process different exception types
6
Handling Exceptions – Example
static void Main()
{
string s = Console.ReadLine();
try
{
Int32.Parse(s);
Console.WriteLine(
"You entered valid Int32 number {0}.", s);
}
catch (FormatException)
{
Console.WriteLine("Invalid integer number!");
}
catch (OverflowException)
{
Console.WriteLine(
"The number is too big to fit in Int32!");
}
}
7
Handling
Exceptions
Live Demo
The System.Exception Class
Exceptions in .NET are objects
The System.Exception class is base for all
exceptions in CLR
Contains information for the cause of the error /
unusual situation
Message – text description of the exception
StackTrace – the snapshot of the stack at the
moment of exception throwing
InnerException – exception caused the current
exception (if any)
9
Exception Properties – Example
class ExceptionsExample
{
public static void CauseFormatException()
{
string s = "an invalid number";
Int32.Parse(s);
}
static void Main()
{
try
{
CauseFormatException();
}
catch (FormatException fe)
{
Console.Error.WriteLine("Exception: {0}\n{1}",
fe.Message, fe.StackTrace);
}
}
}
10
Exception Properties
The Message property gives brief description of the
problem
The StackTrace property is extremely useful when
identifying the reason caused the exception
Exception caught: Input string was not in a correct
format.
at System.Number.ParseInt32(String s, NumberStyles
style, NumberFormatInfo info)
at System.Int32.Parse(String s)
at ExceptionsTest.CauseFormatException() in
c:\consoleapplication1\exceptionstest.cs:line 8
at ExceptionsTest.Main(String[] args) in
c:\consoleapplication1\exceptionstest.cs:line 15
11
Exception Properties (2)
File names and line numbers are accessible only if the
compilation was in Debug mode
When compiled in Release mode, the information in
the property StackTrace is quite different:
Exception caught: Input string was not in a correct
format.
at System.Number.ParseInt32(String s, NumberStyles
style, NumberFormatInfo info)
at ExceptionsTest.Main(String[] args)
12
Exception Properties
Live Demo
The Hierarchy of
Exceptions
Exception Hierarchy
Exceptions in .NET Framework are organized
in a hierarchy
System.Exception
System.SystemException System.ApplicationException
System.NullReferenceException System.FormatException
System.ArithmeticException SofiaUniversity.InvalidStudentException
System.DivideByZeroException System.OverflowException
15
Types of Exceptions
.NET exceptions inherit from System.Exception
The system exceptions inherit from
System.SystemException, e.g.
System.ArgumentException
System.NullReferenceException
System.OutOfMemoryException
System.StackOverflowException
User-defined exceptions should inherit from
System.ApplicationException
16
Handling Exceptions
When catching an exception of a particular class,
all its inheritors (child exceptions) are caught too
Example:
try
{
// Do some works that can cause an exception
}
catch (System.ArithmeticException)
{
// Handle the caught arithmetic exception
}
Handles ArithmeticException and its descendants
DivideByZeroException and OverflowException
17
Find the Mistake!
static void Main()
{
string s = Console.ReadLine();
try
{ This should be last
Int32.Parse(s);
}
catch (Exception)
{
Console.WriteLine("Can not parse the number!");
}
catch (FormatException) Unreachable code
{
Console.WriteLine("Invalid integer number!");
}
catch (OverflowException)
{ Unreachable code
Console.WriteLine(
"The number is too big to fit in Int32!");
}
}
18
Handling All Exceptions
All exceptions thrown by .NET managed code
inherit the System.Exception exception
Unmanaged code can throw other exceptions
For handling all exceptions (even unmanaged)
use the construction:
try
{
// Do some works that can raise any exception
}
catch
{
// Handle the caught exception
}
19
Throwing Exceptions
Throwing Exceptions
Exceptions are thrown (raised) by throw
keyword in C#
Used to notify the calling code in case of
error or unusual situation
When an exception is thrown:
The program execution stops
The exception travels over the stack until a
suitable catch block is reached to handle it
Unhandled exceptions display error message
21
How Exceptions Work?
5. Throw an exception
Method N Method N
… 4. Method call … 6. Find handler
Method 2 Method 2
3. Method call 7. Find handler
Method 1 Method 1
2. Method call 8. Find handler
Main() Main()
.NET
CLR
22
Using throw Keyword
Throwing an exception with an error message:
throw new ArgumentException("Invalid amount!");
Exceptions can accept message and cause:
try
{
Int32.Parse(str);
}
catch (FormatException fe)
{
throw new ArgumentException("Invalid number", fe);
}
Note: if the original exception is not passed the
initial cause of the exception is lost
23
Re-Throwing Exceptions
Caught exceptions can be re-thrown again:
try
{
Int32.Parse(str);
}
catch (FormatException fe)
{
Console.WriteLine("Parse failed!");
throw fe; // Re-throw the caught exception
}
catch (FormatException)
{
throw; // Re-throws the last caught exception
}
24
Throwing Exceptions – Example
public static double Sqrt(double value)
{
if (value < 0)
throw new System.ArgumentOutOfRangeException(
"Sqrt for negative numbers is undefined!");
return Math.Sqrt(value);
}
static void Main()
{
try
{
Sqrt(-1);
}
catch (ArgumentOutOfRangeException ex)
{
Console.Error.WriteLine("Error: " + ex.Message);
throw;
}
}
25
Throwing Exceptions
Live Demo
Choosing the Exception Type
When an invalid parameter is passed to a method:
ArgumentException, ArgumentNullException,
ArgumentOutOfRangeException
When requested operation is not supported
NotSupportedException
When a method is still not implemented
NotImplementedException
If no suitable standard exception class is available
Create own exception class (inherit Exception)
27
Using Try-Finally Blocks
The try-finally Statement
The statement:
try
{
// Do some work that can cause an exception
}
finally
{
// This block will always execute
}
Ensures execution of given block in all cases
When exception is raised or not in the try block
Used for execution of cleaning-up code, e.g.
releasing resources
29
try-finally – Example
static void TestTryFinally()
{
Console.WriteLine("Code executed before try-finally.");
try
{
string str = Console.ReadLine();
Int32.Parse(str);
Console.WriteLine("Parsing was successful.");
return; // Exit from the current method
}
catch (FormatException)
{
Console.WriteLine("Parsing failed!");
}
finally
{
Console.WriteLine(
"This cleanup code is always executed.");
}
Console.WriteLine(
"This code is after the try-finally block.");
}
30
Try-Finally
Live Demo
Exceptions: Best Practices
Exceptions – Best Practices
catch blocks should begin with the exceptions
lowest in the hierarchy
And continue with the more general exceptions
Otherwise a compilation error will occur
Each catch block should handle only these
exceptions which it expects
If a method is not competent to handle an
exception, it should be left unhandled
Handling all exceptions disregarding their type
is popular bad practice (anti-pattern)!
33
Exceptions – Best Practices (2)
When raisingan exception always pass to the
constructor good explanation message
When throwing an exception always pass a
good description of the problem
Exception message should explain what causes
the problem and how to solve it
Good: "Size should be integer in range [1…15]"
Good: "Invalid state. First call Initialize()"
Bad: "Unexpected error"
Bad: "Invalid argument" 34
Exceptions – Best Practices (3)
Exceptions can decrease the application
performance
Throw exceptions only in situations which are
really exceptional and should be handled
Do not throw exceptions in the normal program
control flow (e.g. for invalid user input)
CLR could throw exceptions at any time with
no way to predict them
E.g. System.OutOfMemoryException
35
Summary
Exceptions provide flexible error handling
mechanism in .NET Framework
Allow errors to be handled at multiple levels
Each exception handler processes only errors of
particular type (and its child types)
Other types of errors are processed by some
other handlers later
Unhandled exceptions cause error messages
Try-finally
ensures given code block is always
executed (even when an exception is thrown)
36
Exceptions Handling
http://academy.telerik.com 37
Exercises
1. Write a program that reads an integer number and
calculates and prints its square root. If the number is
invalid or negative, print "Invalid number". In all
cases finally print "Good bye". Use try-catch-finally.
2. Write a method ReadNumber(int start, int end)
that enters an integer number in given range
[start…end]. If an invalid number or non-number text
is entered, the method should throw an exception.
Using this method write a program that enters 10
numbers:
a1, a2, … a10, such that 1 < a1 < … < a10 < 100
38
Exercises (2)
3. Write a program that enters file name along with its
full file path (e.g. C:\WINDOWS\win.ini), reads its
contents and prints it on the console. Find in MSDN
how to use System.IO.File.ReadAllText(…). Be
sure to catch all possible exceptions and print user-
friendly error messages.
4. Write a program that downloads a file from Internet
(e.g. http://www.devbg.org/img/Logo-BASD.jpg) and
stores it the current directory. Find in Google how to
download files in C#. Be sure to catch all exceptions
and to free any used resources in the finally block.
39
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