Balkaran Singh Dhanesar

9-St. Bridget
How to Make a Fruit Battery
To make the battery you will need:

 Citrus fruit (e.g., lemon, lime, orange, grapefruit)

 Copper nail, screw, or wire (about 2 in. or 5 cm long)

 Zinc nail or screw or galvanized nail (about 2 in. or 5 cm long)

 Small holiday light with 2 in. or 5 cm leads (enough wire to connect it to the nails)

Here's how to make the battery:

1. Set the fruit on a table and gently roll it around to soften it up. You want the juice to be flowing
inside the fruit without breaking its skin. Alternatively, you can squeeze the fruit with your hands.

2. Insert the zinc and copper nails into the fruit so that they are about 2 inches (5 centimeters) apart.
Don't let them touch each other. Avoid puncturing through the end of the fruit.

3. Remove enough insulation from the leads of the light (about 1 in. or 2.5 cm) so that you can wrap
one lead around the zinc nail and the other lead around the copper nail. You can use electrical
tape or alligator clips to keep the wire from falling off the nails.

4. When you connect the second nail, the light will turn on.

How to Make a Soap out of Guava Leaf Extract

To make the soap you will need:

 about 50 guava leaves  stove or other strong heat source,

 16 oz. water preferably an outdoor stove
 4 oz. sodium hydroxide (NaOH), also  large pot
known as lye or caustic soda  three small containers (make sure they
 20 oz. olive oil can all withstand boiling water!)
 8 oz. coconut oil  gloves
 a few spoonfuls of lavender-scented  safety mask
oil (or any other scent you prefer)  safety goggles
 a few drops of food coloring, any color  whisk or stick blender
you like  strainer
 vinegar (in case the lye comes in  kitchen scale
contact with skin)  funnel
 empty bottle or soap dispenser
Here’s the procedure:

1. Extract Guava Leaf Essence. Bring approximately 8 oz. of water (weigh it out using
your scale) to a boil in your pot, then add about 50 guava leaves. Keep the water at boiling
temperature, and stir occasionally.

2. Strain Out Guava Leaves . After half an hour, take your pot off the stove, strain out the
guava leaves, and transfer the guava leaf extract to a container. You can use a sieve or a pair of
utensils.

3. Prepare Your Flavors . At this stage, you're going to prepare a mixture of water, oil, and
your chosen scent and food coloring (you're going to add the sodium hydroxide to this later,
making your soap). The ratios we've provided here are based on a recipe that Ambra, a soap-
making hobbyist from Iceland, posted on her blog, but you might want to tweak it with some
trial-and-error to get the soap to the consistency you prefer most.

They Say Oil & Water Don't Mix. It's true. Oil and water don't mix — they're
immiscible together. Heck, most definitions of "immiscible" even use oil and water as their
illustration. That's why you usually need a chemical emulsifying agent to completely combine
oil and water, but heating your oil-water mixture, which is our next step, will achieve a similar
effect.

Add about 8 oz. of coconut oil and 20 oz. of olive oil to 8 oz. of water in your pot. For soap-
making, measure all your reagents by weight, and not volume, because the density of different
oils can vary significantly. The mixture should immediately begin to form micelles, bubble-like
concentrations of oil, especially at the surface.
Cover and bring the mixture to a boil, removing the lid to stir occasionally. Your oil-water
mixture should be bubbling from the heat, but better combined than before.
Stir, then add the guava extract. Stir again, and add scented oil, and then the food coloring. We
suggest adding the food coloring in small doses while stirring, as it takes a while for the
coloring to disperse and arrive at a settled color. Throughout this process, keep your mixture
at a boil. Boil for 30 more minutes.

4. Saponification . Saponification is a chemical reaction between an ester and an alkali,

producing a carboxylate ion and an alcohol. It's also what we're about to do next! That's because
saponification, in less scientific terms, is soap-making (the linguistic root of "saponification"
is sapo, the Latin word for soap). The coconut and olive oil we're using contain esters, and the
sodium hydroxide is an alkali. These react to form a carboxylate salt compound — soap!
Ready,
 Set, Saponify. Put on your goggles, gloves, and mask. Adding the sodium hydroxide to the
mixture will cause the temperature of your mixture to skyrocket to temperatures of up to 200º
F, according to the Soap Queen's safety guide.

It's not just the sheer heat of your mixture that's now dangerous. That spike in temperature
means some water particles are going to reach boiling temperature, and that rising steam will
carry with it trace amounts of unreacted sodium hydroxide, which is poisonous. If any sodium
hydroxide makes contact with skin, pour vinegar over the affected area to neutralize the
burning alkali.
Using your kitchen scale, weigh out 4 oz. of sodium hydroxide. Slowly and carefully add it to
your mixture in very small amounts. Keep your face away from the mouth of the pot as you add
the sodium hydroxide to avoid inhaling the fumes.

5. Stir. When the mixture is no longer producing steam, turn off the stove and remove the pot
from the heat. Allow it to cool slightly, then stir with your electric blender. Stir for fifteen
minutes if stirring by hand. The mixture will behave somewhat like egg whites, foaming up and
thickening as your stir. After stirring, allow the mixture to cool and settle into a more liquid
form. If you would like a cleaner-looking soap, you can skim off the foam from the surface.
Transfer your finished liquid soap to a bottle or dispenser using a funnel.

Used cigarette filters as alternative Glue

For the glue you’ll need the following:

 Used cigarette filter  closed container/ bottle with a cap

 Cylinders  papers

 acetone  beakers

 stirring rod  weighing scale

The procedure is as follows:

 The cigarette filter cubes were gently put into the container.

 Then the 5 ml acetone was slowly poured into the container.

 Then stirred gradually.

 The container/ bottle was covered with a tight cap and were shaken for about 30 seconds.
Source: https://science.wonderhowto.com/how-to/best-investigatory-projects-science-16-
fun-easy-ideas-kickstart-your-project-0147689/