8-1. A six-cylinder SI engine, with a compression ratio of rc = 8.5, Δm = 0.000697 kg - 0.000265 kg = 0.

= 0.000697 kg - 0.000265 kg = 0.000432 kg mass flow rate of exhaust through turbine = mass flow rate of air
operates on an air-standard Otto cycle at WOT. Cylinder %Δ = (0.000432 kg / 0.000697 kg) 100 = 62.0% + mass flow rate of fuel
temperature and pressure when the exhaust valve opens are 1000 (c) Exit velocity at the start of blowdown, assuming choked flow mex = ma + mf = ma (1+FA)
K and 520 kPa. Exhaust pressure is 100 kPa and air temperature in occurs. [m/sec] mex = 0.0361 kg/sec (1+0.068) = 0.0386 kg/sec
the intake manifold is 35°C. Calculate: Vd=(𝜋/4)B2S = 600cm3 =(𝜋/4)B2(0.85B) (c) Inlet air temperature at turbocharger exit. [0C]
(a) Exhaust temperature during exhaust stroke. [0C] B=9.65cm Eq. 5-15 Isentropic Process
Tex=TEVO(Pex/PEVO)(k-1)/k = S=0.85B =0.85(9.65cm) =8.20cm T2 = T1 (P2/P1)k-1/k = (300 K)(120/96)1.4-1/1.4 = 320
Tex=1000K(100kPa/520kPa)(1.35-1)/1.35 = 652K = 379 oC Crankshaft offset K
(b) Exhaust residual. [%] a= S/2 = (8.2cm)/2 =4.1cm Eq. 5-13 Isentropic Power
xr = (1/rc)(T4/Tex)(Pex/P4) = R= r/a = (16.4cm)/(4.10cm) = 4.0 Wcomp = ma(hout - hin) = maCp(Tout-Tin)
(1/8.5)(1000K/652K)(100kPa/520kPa) = 0.035 = 3.5% Ɵ=180o-56o = 124o = (0.0361 kg/sec)(1.005
(c) Cylinder temperature at the start of compression. [0C] Vevo/Vc = 1+ ½(rc - 1) [R+1 - cos Ɵ - kJ/kg-K)(320 K – 300 K)
(T)1 = xrTex + (1-xr)Ta = (0.035)(652K) + (1- √𝑅2 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 Ɵ] Wcomp = 0.726 kW
0.035)(308K) = 302K = 29 oC = 1+ ½(10.1- 1) [4+1 - cos Wactual comp = Wcomp / ni = 0.726 kW / 0.78 = 0.931
(d) Peak temperature of cycle. [0C] 124 - √42 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 124] kW
T4 = 1000K = T3(1/rc)k-1 = T3(1/8.5)0.035 => T3 = = 8.490 Wactual comp = maCp(Tout-Tin)
2115K = 1842 oC Tevo = T3 (V3/Vevo)k-1 = Tc (Vc / Vevo)k-1 =2700K = (0.0361 kg/sec)(1.005
(e) Cylinder temperature when the intake valve opens. [0C] (1/8.490)1.35-1 kJ/kg-K)(Tout – 300 K)
TEVO = Tex = 379 °C Tevo = 1277K Tout = 326 K = 53 oC
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8-2. A four-cylinder SI engine, with a
v = c = √𝑘𝑅𝑇 =
(d) Exhaust temperature at turbocharger exit. [0C]
J 𝑘𝑔
compression ratio of rc = 9, operates on an air-standard Otto cycle √1.35 ∗ 287 kgK ∗ 1277𝐾 ∗ (1 𝑁𝑠𝑒𝑐 2) Tout = Tin (Pout/Pin)k-1/k = (770 K)(98/119)1.35-1/1.35 =
at part throttle. Conditions in the cylinders when the exhaust valve 732 K
opens are 70 psia and 2760°F. Exhaust pressure is 14.6 psia and v = 703 m/sec Wturb = mex(hin – hout) = mexCp(Tin-Tout) = (0.0386
conditions in the intake manifold are 8.8 psia and 135°F. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- kg/sec)(1.108 kJ/kg-K)(770 K – 732 K)
Calculate: 8-7. Exhaust manifold pressure of the engine in Wturb = 1.625 kW
(a) Exhaust temperature during exhaust stroke. [OF] Problem 8-6 is 98 kPa. In the manifold, the high kinetic energy of Wactual turb = Wturbnt = (1.625 kW)(0.80) = 1.30 kW
Tex=TEVO(Pex/PEVO)(k-1)/k = the exhaust flow during blowdown is quickly dissipated and Wactual turb = mexCp(Tin-Tout)
Tex=3220R(100psi/520psi)(1.35-1)/1.35 = 2145R = 1685 oF converted to an increase in specific enthalpy. Calculate: = (0.0386 kg/sec)(1.108
(b) Exhaust residual. [%] (a) Pseudo-steady-state exhaust temperature in the exhaust stroke. kJ/kg-K)(770 K – Tout)
xr = (1/rc)(T4/Tex)(Pex/P4) = [0C] Tout = 740 K = 467 oC
(1/9)(3220R/2145R)(14.6psi/70psi) = 0.035 = 3.5% Tex =T7 = 857 K
(c) Cylinder temperature and pressure at the start of compression (b) Theoretical peak temperature experienced in the exhaust flow.
stroke. [OF,psia] [0C]
Txr = Tex(Tintake/Tex)k/k-1 = When velocity is dissipated, KE is changed to
2145R(8.8psi/14.6psi)1.35-1/1.35 = 1881R enthalpy increase
(T)1 = xrTex + (1-xr)Ta = (0.035)(1881R) + (1- v2/2gc = ∆H = Cp∆T
0.035)(595K) = 640R ∆T = v2 / 2gcCp
P1 = Given = 8.8 psia = (703 m/s)2 / (2(1 kg-m / N-s)(1.108 kJ / kg-
------------------------------------------------------------------------------- K)(1000 J / 1 kJ))
8-3. A three-cylinder, two-stroke cycle SI automobile engine, = 223 K
operating at 3600 RPM, has peak cycle operating conditions of Tex = 857 K + 223 K
2900°C and 9000 kPa. Cylinder temperature when the exhaust port Tex = 1080 K = 807 oC
opens is 1275°C. Calculate: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(a) Cylinder pressure when the exhaust port opens. [kPa] 8-8. A four-cylinder, 2.5-liter, four-stroke cycle
P2 = P1(T2/T1)k/k-1 = SI engine with a compression ratio rc = 9.6 operates at 3200 RPM.
9000kPa(1548K/3173K)1.35/1.35-1 = 565 kPa Peak cycle temperature is 2227°C, peak cycle pressure is 6800
(b) Maximum flow velocity through the exhaust port. [m/sec] kPa, and exhaust pressure is 101 kPa. The engine operates at part
c = throttle with inlet air at 60°C and 75 kPa. An exhaust residual
remains in the cylinders at the end of the exhaust stroke. In
√1.35(287 𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾)(1548𝐾)(1 𝑘𝑔𝑚/𝑁𝑠2)= 774m/s addition, 12% EGR at exhaust temperature and pressure is diverted
------------------------------------------------------------------------------- back into the intake manifold, where it mixes with the inlet air
8-4. An SI Otto cycle engine has a compression before the intake valve. Calculate:
ratio of rc = 8.5, and a CI Diesel cycle engine has a compression
ratio of rc = 20.5. Both engine cycles have a maximum temperature (a) Exhaust temperature during exhaust stroke. [0C]
of 2400 K and maximum pressure of 9800 kPa. The diesel engine T7 = T3(P7/P3)k-1/k = 2500 K (101/6800)1.35-1/1.35 =
has a cutoff ratio β = 1.95. Calculate the cylinder temperature 839 K = 566 oC
when the exhaust valve opens on each engine. [0C] (b) Exhaust residual before EGR is added. [%]
Otto Cycle Engine T4 = T3(1/rc)k-1 = 2500 K (1/9.6)1.35-1 = 1133 K
P4 = P3 (1/rc)k-1 = 6800 kPa (1/9.6)1.35-1 = 321 kPa
Tevo = T4 = T3(1/rc)k-1 xr = (1/rc)(T4/Tex)(Pex/P4) =
T4 = 2400 K (1/8.5)1.35-1 (1/9.6)(1133/839)(101/321) = 0.044 = 4.4%
T4 = 1135 K = 862 oC (c) Cylinder temperature at the start of compression stroke. [0C]
Diesel Cycle Engine Total Exhaust in the cycle = xr + EGR = 4.4% +
12% = 16.4%
β = V3/ V2 Tex after intake valve opens and expansion cooling
V3 = βV2 Tex = 839 K (75/101)1.35-1/1.35 = 777 K
T4 = T3(V3/ V4)k-1 T1 = xrTex + (1-xr)Ta = (0.164)(777) + (1 -
T4 = T3(βV2/ V4)k-1, V4 = V1 and rc = V1/V2 0.164)(333 K) = 406 K = 133 oC
T4 = T3(β/ rc)k-1 (d) Theoretical design ratio of exhaust valve diameter to intake
T4 = 2400 K (1.95/20.5)1.35-1 valve diameter.
T4 = 1053 K = 780 oC Ti = (0.12)(777 K) + (1 – 0.12)(333 K) = 386 K
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Eq.8-6, ἀ = (Ti/Tex)1/2 = (386/839)1/2 = 0.678
8-6. A 1.8-liter, three-cylinder SI engine ἀ = (Aex/Ai) = ((π/4)dex2)/( (π/4)di2) = dex/di =
produces brake power of 42 kW at 4500 RPM, with a compression (0.678)1/2 = 0.82
ratio rc = 10.1:1 and bore and stroke related by S = 0.85 B. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maximum temperature in the cycle is 2700 K and maximum 8-9. A 5.6-liter V8 engine, with a compression
pressure is 8200 kPa. Exhaust pressure is 98 kPa. The exhaust ratio of Tc = 9.4:1, operates on an airstandard Otto cycle at 2800
valve effectively opens at 56° BDC. Calculate: RPM, with a volumetric efficiency ηv = 90% and a stoichiometric
(a) Time of exhaust blowdown. [sec] air-fuel ratio using gasoline. The exhaust gas flow undergoes a
Exhaust blowdown last for 56o of engine temperature drop of 44°C as it passes through the turbine of the
rotation time turbocharger. Calculate:
Time = (56o) / [(4500/60 rev/sec)(360o/rev)] = (a) Mass flow rate of exhaust gas. [kg/sec]
0.0021 sec Eq. 2-70. ma = ρaVdηVN/n = ((1.181 kg/m3)(0.0056
(b) Percent of exhaust gas that exits cylinder during blowdown. m3)(0.90)(2800/60 rev/sec))/2
[%] ma = 0.1389 kg/s
T4 = T3(1/rc)k-1 = (2700 K)(1/10.1)1.35-1 = 1202 K mass flow rate of exhaust gas = mass flow rate of air + mass flow
P4 = P3(1/rc)k-1 = (8200 kPa)(1/10.1)1.35-1 = 361 rate of fuel
kPa mex = ma + mf = ma (1+FA)
For 1 cylinder FA = 1 : 14.7 = 1/14.7
Vd = (1.8L/3) =0.6L =600cm3 = 0.0006 m3 FA = 0.068
Eq.2-12 mex = 0.1389 kg/sec (1+0.068) = 0.148 kg/sec
rc = V1 / V2 (b) Power available to drive the turbocharger compressor. [kW]
rc = (Vd + VC)/Vc
10.1 = (0.0006 m3 + Vc) / Vc Eq. 8-9, Wt = mCpΔT = (0.148kg/s) (1.108 kJ/kg-K) (44 K)
Vc = 0.0000659 m3 =7.22kW
Eq.2-11 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
VBDC = V1 = Vd + Vc 8-10. A turbocharged, three-cylinder, four-
VBDC = 0.0006 m3 + 0.0000659 m3 = 0.0006659 stroke cycle, 1.5-liter, multipoint port-injected SI engine using
m3 stoichiometric gasoline operates at 2400 RPM with a volumetric
mEVO = m4 = (PV/RT)4 = (361 kPa)(0.0006659 efficiency of 88%. The turbocharger has a turbine isentropic
m3) / (0.287 kJ/kg-K)(1202 K) efficiency of 80% and a compressor isentropic efficiency of 78%.
= 0.000697 Exhaust flow enters the turbine at 770 K and 119 kPa, and exits at
kg at start of blowdown 98 kPa. Air enters the compressor at 27°C and 96 kPa, and exits at
After blowdown at state 7 120 kPa. Calculate:
P7 = Pex = 98kPa V = VBDC = (a) Mass flow rate through the tubocharger compressor. [kg/sec]
0.0006659 m3 Eq. 2-71,
Eq. 3-37 ρ = P / RT = 96 kPa / (0.287 kJ/kg-K)(300 K) = 1.115 kg/m3
(k-1)/k
Tex =T7 = T3(P7/P3) Eq. 2-70 mass flow rate through the compressor
Tex = 2700K (98/8200)(1.35-1)/1.35 = 857 K ma = ρVdηVN/n = (1.115 kg/m3)(0.0015 m3)(1.08)(2400/60
m = PV/RT = (98kPa)(0.0006659 m3) / (0.287 rev/sec) / 2
kJ/kg-K)(857 K) = 0.000265 kg ma = 0.0361 kg/sec
mass that exits cylinder during blowdown (b) Mass flow rate through the turbocharger turbine. [kg/sec]