Cloud Computing

Catarina FERREIRA DA SILVA

Parisa GHODOUS
Equipe SOC, Laboratoire LIRIS UMR 5205 CNRS
Catarina.Ferreira@univ-lyon1.fr
Parisa.Ghodous@univ-lyon1.fr

Cloud Computing 1

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http://tinyurl.com/mooccloud

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Content
n Principles, concepts, tools and technologies applied in
Cloud Computing
n Issues related to this new computing model
¨ Ethics
¨ Security
¨ Confidentiality
¨ Migration
¨ Dispossession

This course is partially based on the content of the the book Cloud Computing:
Theory and Practice of Dan Marinescu ; The Cloud Computing tutorial and the
USA National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

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Objectives

n Understand the Cloud Computing model

¨ Particularly Platform-as-a-Service and Software-as-a-
Service
n Learn the principles and issues of Cloud
applications

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Introduction

n What is Cloud computing

n Network-centric computing
n Cloud computing drivers
n Delivery models and services
n Ethical issues in cloud computing
n Cloud vulnerabilities

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Cloud Computing: different definitions

n Using all kind of informatics services (eg. for storage,

management and processing of data), through the
Internet, over a network of remote servers hosted by
suppliers rather than on a local server or a personal
computer

n Provision of Internet resources, shared data processing

and services. These are available on customer request
through Internet

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Different perceptions of cloud

computing
n A new operations’ model
n Brings together a set of existing technologies to run
business in a different way
n Supported by some existing technologies such as
virtualization and utility-based pricing
n Leverages these existing technologies to meet the
technological and economic requirements of today’s
demand for information technology
n Provides scalabitility of ressources and multi-tenancy
resource sharing

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Example of Providers

From http://bestcloudservershosting.com/

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What is Cloud Computing (1/2)

n It is something (such as a services of data storage,

infrastructure or application), which is present at remote
location
n Offers online services for data storage, infrastructure,
applications and so on
n Provides us means by which we can access the
applications as utilities, over the Internet
n Allows us to create, utilize, manipulate, configure, and
customize online application services

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What is Cloud Computing (2/2)

n There are certain services and models working behind

the scene making the cloud computing feasible and
accessible to end users
n The Cloud needs a Network or Internet
n Cloud can provide services over network, i.e., on public
networks or on private networks
n We need not to install a piece of software on our local
PC and this is how the cloud computing overcomes
platform dependency issues
n It is making the applications mobile and collaborative

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Where does Cloud computing come

from
n John McCarthy, Stanford computer scientist, in the 1960s
already envisioned that computing facilities will be provided
to the general public like a utility
n Cloud computing business model goes back to the old days,
when companies rented computation time on large
mainframe computers
n Pioneered by firms like IBM and ideas of computation as a
utility function - which cloud computing really is, like water
and electricity
n In 2006, Google’s CEO Eric Schmidt describes the Cloud
business model of providing services across the Internet
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Some history

From Cloud Computing Tutorial

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ASP versus SaaS

n SaaS are the successors of Application Service

Providers (ASP). They differ from the latter by
¨ Usage of Rich Internet Application (RIA) Interfaces
¨ Multi-tenants architecture dedicated and optimized for online
usage
¨ Highlighting collaborative functions
¨ Providing Open Application Programming Interface (API)

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 Cloud computing drivers
n No up-front investment
¨ Pay-as-you-go pricing model
n Lowering operating cost
¨ No longer need to provision capacities according to the peak
load
n Highly scalable
¨ Pool of resources rapidly allocated and de-allocated on demand
n Easy access
¨ Variety of devices with Internet connections
n Reducing business risks and maintenance expenses
¨ Outsourcing the service infrastructure
¨ Cut down the hardware maintenance and the staff training costs

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Cloud Computing versus on premises Company’s

Platform Internal Computing Cloud Computing

Software SaaS
Collaboration: Collaboration:
Software Exchange Google Apps
Package Lotus

ERP: ERP:
SAP Salesforce

Local Hosting Cloud Hosting

PaaS:
Company’s
Amazon EC2
Specific platforms:
Force.com
Development JEE
Google App
.NET AppEngine
Microsoft Azure
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16 Cloud Computing
.
Main cloud computing characteristics

n Network-centric
n Utility model
n Virtualization
n Autonomic computing
n Multi-tenancy

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Network-centric grid computing

n Information processing can be done more efficiently on

large farms of computing and storage systems accessible
via the Internet
¨ Grid computing
n Is a distributed computing system that coordinates networked
resources to achieve a common computational objective
n Initiated by USA National Labs in the early 1990s; targeted
initially at scientific computing which are computation-intensive
n Cloud computing takes one step further by leveraging
virtualization technologies at multiple levels (hardware,
application platform and application service) to realize
resource sharing and dynamic resource provisioning

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Network-centric content

n Content: any type or volume of media, be it static or

dynamic, monolithic or modular, live or stored, produced by
aggregation, or mixed
n The Future Internet will be content-centric
n The creation and consumption of audio and visual content
transforms the Internet to support increased quality in
terms of resolution, color depth, frame rate, …
n Data-intensive: large scale simulations in science and
engineering require large volumes of data
n Multimedia streaming transfers large volume of data

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Network-centric computing and content

n Network-intensive: transferring large volumes of data

requires high bandwidth networks
n Low-latency networks for data streaming, parallel
computing
n Cloud systems are accessed using thin clients running
on systems with limited resources, e.g., wireless devices
such as smart phones and tablets
n The cloud infrastructure should support some form of
workflow management

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Utility aspect of cloud computing
n A model of providing resources on-demand and charging customers
based on usage rather than a flat rate
n The focus of utility computing is on the business model for providing
computing services; it often requires a cloud-like infrastructure
n IT companies started to apply it in 2005-2006
n Cloud computing adopts a utility-based pricing scheme for economic
reasons
n With on-demand resource provisioning and utility based pricing,
service providers can truly maximize resource utilization and
minimize their operating cost
n Cloud computing is a path to utility computing embraced by major IT
companies including Amazon, Google, HP, IBM, Microsoft, Oracle,
and many others

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Virtualization aspect of cloud

computing
n Is a technology that abstracts away the details of
physical hardware or other resources
n Provides virtualized resources for high-level applications
n Forms the foundation of cloud computing
¨ It provides the capability of pooling computing resources from
clusters of servers
¨ Dynamically assigning or reassigning virtual resources to
applications on-demand

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 Autonomic aspect of cloud computing

n Autonomic Computing was originally coined by IBM in

2001
n Aims at building computing systems capable of self-
management, i.e. reacting to internal and external
observations without human intervention
n The goal is to overcome the management complexity of
today’s computer systems
n Cloud computing exhibits autonomic features such as
automatic resource provisioning

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Multi-tenancy aspect of Cloud

computing

n Software architecture in which a single instance of

software runs on a server and serves multiple tenants
n A tenant is a group of users who share a common
access with specific privileges to the software instance
n The tenants use a common pool of resources
n Each tenant's data should be isolated and remain
invisible to other tenants
n Resources’ optimization
n Economy of scale

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Degrees of multi-tenancy

n For public clouds, IT managers need to understand the

degree of multi-tenancy supported by whichever vendor
they are looking at
n For workloads that are meant for private clouds, the
responsibility of designing a multi-tenant architecture
rests with the IT managers
¨ For these workloads there is a large list of fast-maturing
technologies from both established and start-up vendors
¨ IT managers have to evaluate these vendors and build their own
custom IaaS, PaaS and SaaS layers, including support for
building shared services and shared database schema

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Examples of tenancy

n Salesforce.com
¨ For 72.500 customers, supported by 8 to 12 multi-tenant
instances (meaning IaaS/PaaS instances): a 1:5000 ratio
¨ Each multi-tenant instance supports 5.000 tenants who share
the same database schema
n Intacct, a SaaS financial system
¨ More than 2.500 customers who share 10 instances in a 1:250
ratio

From http://www.computerworld.com, 2010

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Evolution of concepts and technologies
n The concepts and technologies for network-centric computing and
content evolved along the years

¨ The web and the semantic web - expected to support composition of

services. The web is dominated by unstructured or semi-structured
data, while the semantic web advocates inclusion of sematic content in
web pages
¨ The Grid - initiated in the early 1990s by National Laboratories and
Universities; used primarily for applications in the area of science and
engineering
¨ Peer-to-peer systems
¨ Computer clouds

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So, Cloud Computing

n Uses Internet technologies to offer scalable and elastic

services
n The term elastic computing refers to the ability of
dynamically acquiring computing resources and supporting
a variable workload
¨ Resilience of computing resources
n The resources used for these services can be metered and
the users can be charged only for the resources they used
n The maintenance and security are ensured by the service
providers

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Cloud computing (cont d)

n The service providers can operate more efficiently due to

specialization on their core services
n Lower costs for the cloud service provider are past to the
cloud users
¨ Customer responsibilities and the tasks which are permitted him
differ depending on the service used
n Data is stored closer to the site where it is used
n Cloud data storage strategies provide external backups,
and can lower client investment costs

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Cloud Computing NIST definition

n A model for enabling

¨ Ubiquitous, Convenient, On-demand
¨ Network access
¨ To a shared pool of configurable computing resources
n e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services
¨ Resources can be rapidly provisioned and rapidly released
¨ With minimal management effort for the client
¨ No direct interaction with the service provider

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Cloud Computing NIST 5 essential
characteristics
1. On-demand self-service
2. Broad network access
3. Resource pooling: multi-tenant model
4. Rapid elasticity
5. Measured service

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Detail of the cloud essential characteristics

n On-demand self-service
¨ A consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities,
such as server time and network storage, as needed
automatically without requiring human interaction with each
service provider or its intervention
n Broad network access
¨ Capabilities are available over the network and accessed
through standard mechanisms that promote use by
heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones,
tablets, laptops, and workstations)

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Essential characteristics (cont d)
n Resource pooling
¨ The provider’s computing resources are pooled to serve multiple
consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physical
and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned
according to consumer demand
¨ Examples of resources include storage, processing, memory,
and network bandwidth
n Rapid elasticity
¨ Capabilities can be elastically provisioned and released, in some
cases automatically, to scale rapidly outward and inward
commensurate with demand
¨ To the consumer, the capabilities available for provisioning often
appear to be unlimited and can be appropriated in any quantity
at any time
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Essential characteristics (cont d)

n Measured service
¨ Cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use
by leveraging a metering capability at some level of abstraction
appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage, processing,
bandwidth, and active user accounts)
¨ Resource usage can be monitored, controlled, and reported,
providing transparency for both the provider and consumer of the
utilized service

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Cloud business service delivery models

n Reference models on which the Cloud Computing is

based
n These can be categorized into three basic service
models
¨ Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
n IaaS provides access to fundamental resources such as physical
machines, virtual machines, virtual storage
¨ Platform as a Service (PaaS)
n PaaS provides the runtime environment for applications,
development & deployment tools, database management
¨ Software as a Service (SaaS)
n SaaS model allows to use software applications as a service to end
users

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 Inheritance between service models

Examples of provider tools:

SugarCRM, SalesForce, Drupal
Gardens (CMS), WordPress
(OpenSaaS), Dropbox, Google Apps,
My Yahoo!, Zoho.com
------------------------------
Amazon Elastic Beanstalk, Google
App Engine, Microsoft Azure (SQL
servers, Web Apps servers, …),
Heroku, OpenShift, Digital Ocean,
AppDynamics, Scout, OpTier,
MongoDB, Cassandra
------------------------------
Openstack, Nebula, Amazon EC2,
Amazon S3, Microsoft Azure IaaS,
IBM IaaS, CloudStack, CloudIaaS,
Rackspace Cloud Figure from Cloud Computing Tutorial
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Cloud computing architecture

Cloud computing: state-of-the-art and research challenges, Zhang, Chen, Boutafa,

J Internet Serv Appl (2010) 1: 7–18 DOI 10.1007/s13174-010-0007-6
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Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)
n Applications are supplied by service providers
n Users may be given the ability to customize some parts of the
application, such as color of the user interface (UI) or business
rules, but they cannot customize the application's code
n The user does not manage or control the underlying cloud
infrastructure or individual application capabilities
n Services offered include
¨ Enterprise services such as workflow management, group-ware and
collaborative, supply chain, communications, digital signature, customer
relationship management (CRM), desktop software, financial
management, geo-spatial, and search
¨ Web 2.0 applications such as metadata management, social
networking, blogs, wiki services, and portal services
n Examples: Gmail, Google search engine, GoogleDocs,
Salesforce.com, Dropbox, OwnCloud, Microsoft Online
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Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS)
n Allows a cloud user to deploy consumer-created or acquired
applications using programming languages and tools supported by
the service provider
n Provides specific programming languages support, operating
systems, APIs, development environments, database instances,
computation instances, application server instances
n The user
¨ Has control over the deployed applications and, possibly, application
hosting environment configurations
¨ Does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including
network, servers, operating systems, or storage
n Not particularly useful when
¨ Proprietary programming languages are used
¨ The hardware and software must be customized to improve the
performance of the application
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Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS)

n The user is able to deploy and run arbitrary software, which can
include operating systems and applications
n The user does not manage or control the underlying cloud
infrastructure but
n The user has control over operating systems, storage, deployed
applications, and possibly limited control of some networking
components, e.g., host firewalls
n Services offered by this delivery model include: server hosting, Web
servers, storage, computing hardware, operating systems, virtual
instances, load balancing, Internet access, and bandwidth
provisioning

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Scope of Controls between Provider and

Consumer

From NIST Cloud Computing Reference Architecture

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 A comparison of representative
commercial products

Cloud computing: state-of-the-art and research challenges, Zhang, Chen, Boutafa,

J Internet Serv Appl (2010) 1: 7–18 DOI 10.1007/s13174-010-0007-6
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Clouds deployment models

n Public Cloud - is made available to the general public or a large
industry group and is owned by the organization selling cloud
services

n Private Cloud – is operated solely for an organization

n Community Cloud - is shared by several organizations and

supports a community that has shared concerns

n Hybrid Cloud - composition of two or more clouds (public, private,

or community) as unique entities but bound by standardized
technology that enables data and application portability

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The benefits of cloud computing

n One can access applications as utilities, over the Internet

n Manipulate and configure the application online at any time
n It does not require to install a specific piece of software to access
or manipulate cloud application
n Offers online development and deployment tools, programming
runtime environment through PaaS model
n Cloud resources are available over the network in a manner that
provides platform independent access to any type of clients
n Offers on-demand self-service : the resources can be used without
interaction with cloud service provider

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More benefits of cloud computing

n Is highly cost effective because it operates at higher efficiencies with

greater utilization
n It just requires an Internet connection
n Resources, such as CPU cycles, storage, network bandwidth, can
be shared by different users
n Resources can be aggregated to support data-intensive applications
n Data sharing facilitates collaborative activities
¨ Many applications require multiple types of analysis of shared data sets and
multiple decisions carried out by groups scattered around the globe

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More benefits of cloud computing

n Eliminates the initial investment costs for a private computing

infrastructure and the maintenance and operation costs
n Cost reduction
¨ Concentration of resources creates the opportunity to pay as you go for
computing
n Elasticity
¨ The ability to accommodate workloads
n User convenience
¨ Virtualization allows users to operate in familiar environments rather than in
unusual ones
n Cloud Computing offers load balancing that makes it more reliable

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In the cloud, the user does not pay for

idle capacity

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Challenges/risks for cloud computing

n Availability of service
¨ What happens when the service provider cannot deliver?
n Diversity of services, data organization, user interfaces available
at different service providers limit user mobility
¨ Once a customer is hooked to one provider it is hard to move to another
¨ Standardization efforts, namely at NIST, Open Cloud Computing Interface,…

n Vendor lock-in
¨ It is very difficult for the customers to switch from one Cloud Service Provider
(CSP) to another
¨ It results in dependency on a particular CSP

n Isolation failure: involves the failure of isolation mechanism that

separates storage, memory, routing between the different tenants
n Data confidentiality and auditability
n Data transfer bottleneck
¨ Many applications are data-intensive
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More challenges - research opportunities

n Since data management and infrastructure management in cloud is
provided by third-party, it is always a risk to handover the sensitive
information to such providers
n Performance unpredictability, one of the consequences of resource
sharing
¨ How to use resource virtualization and performance isolation for Quality
of Service (QoS) guarantees?
¨ How to support elasticity, the ability to scale up and down quickly?
n It is possible that the data requested for deletion may not get deleted
¨ It happens either because extra copies of data are stored but are not available or
data to destroy also stores data from other tenants
n Addressing these challenges provides good research opportunities!

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 Delivery models
Software as a Service (SaaS) Deployment models
Platform as a Service (PaaS) Public cloud

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) Private cloud

Community cloud
Hybrid cloud

Cloud computing
Infrastructure
Distributed infrastructure
Defining attributes
Resource virtualization
Massive infrastructure
Autonomous systems
Utility computing. Pay-per-usage
Resources
Accessible via the Internet
Compute & storage servers
Networks Services Elasticity

Applications

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Key aspects of Cloud Computing

From Cloud Computing Tutorial

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 Cloud Actors

From NIST Cloud Computing Standards Roadmap

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Consumer and Provider Activities

From NIST Cloud Computing Standards Roadmap

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 Cloud Provider Major Activities

From NIST Cloud Computing Standards Roadmap

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NIST cloud reference model

From NIST Cloud Computing Standards Roadmap

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 Cloud Provider Activites in Each Layer

From NIST Cloud Computing Standards Roadmap

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Examples of Services Available to a Cloud

Consumer

From NIST Cloud Computing Standards Roadmap

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 Cloud and Internet of Things/Objects

http://siliconangle.com
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Ethical issues
n Paradigm shift with implications on computing ethics
n The control is relinquished to third party services
n Different laws in different countries
¨ The data is stored on multiple sites administered by several
organizations
¨ Multiple services interoperate across the network
n Privacy and data confidentiality
n Implications
n Unauthorized access
n Data corruption
n Infrastructure failure, and service unavailability

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De-perimeterisation
n Cloud systems can span the boundaries of multiple organizations and
cross the security borders

n The complex structure of cloud services can make it difficult to

determine who is responsible in case something undesirable happens

n Identity fraud and theft are made possible by the unauthorized access
to personal data in circulation and by new forms of dissemination
through social networks
¨ These could also pose a danger to cloud computing

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Privacy issues

n Cloud service providers have already collected petabytes of

sensitive personal information stored in data centers around the
world
n The acceptance of cloud computing therefore will be determined by
privacy issues addressed by these companies and the countries
where the data centers are located
n Privacy is affected by cultural differences
¨ Some cultures favor privacy, others emphasize community
¨ This leads to an ambivalent attitude towards privacy in the Internet which is a
global system

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Cloud vulnerabilities

n Clouds are affected by malicious attacks and failures of the

infrastructure, e.g., power failures

n Such events can affect the Internet domain name servers and
prevent access to a cloud or make the service unavailable
n in 2004 an attack at Akamai caused a domain name outage and a
major blackout that affected Google, Yahoo, and other sites
n in 2009, Google was the target of a denial of service attack which
took down Google News and Gmail for several days
n in 2012 lightning caused a prolonged down time at Amazon

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Risks for user companies

n Data confidentiality
n Legislative conformity
n Rejection from clients

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User scares

n Data confidentiality
n Dispossession of work station

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Benefits for users

n Ergonomic and productivity

n Accessibility of applications
n Collaboration
n Agility and flexibility
n Quality of service and availability
n Rapid renewing of work stations

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 Cloud provider service management

From NIST Cloud Computing Standards Roadmap

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Cloud activities

n Service management and provisioning including:

¨ Virtualization
¨ Service provisioning
¨ Call center
¨ Operations management
¨ Systems management
¨ Quality of Service management
¨ Billing and accounting, asset management
¨ Service Level Agreement management
¨ Technical support and backups

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Cloud activities (cont d)

n Security management including:

¨ ID and authentication
¨ Certification and accreditation
¨ Intrusion prevention
¨ Intrusion detection
¨ Virus protection
¨ Cryptography
¨ Physical security, incident response
¨ Access control, audit and trails, and firewalls

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Cloud activities (cont d)

n Customer services such as:

n Customer assistance and on-line help
n Subscriptions
n Business intelligence
n Reporting
n Customer preferences
n Personalization
n Integration services including:
n Data management
n Development

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Trend: SaaS Integration Platforms
(SIP)
n Allow subscribers to access multiple SaaS applications through a
common platform
n Referred to as the "third wave" in software adoption
n SIP combine functions for human resource management, payroll
accounting, and expense management as an all-in-one solution in
promoting collaboration
n Example of SIP providers: Zoho, Sutisoft
n Salesforce, Microsoft, and Oracle are aggressively developing
similar SIP

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Compare Cloud Computing Providers (1/2)

n http://cloud-computing.softwareinsider.com/

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Compare Cloud Computing Providers (2/2)

n https://www.cloudorado.com/

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Further reading
n Mandatory
¨ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing
¨ Cloud Computing Tutorial, Simple easy learning,
tutorialspoint.com
¨ The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing
¨ NIST Cloud Computing Standards Roadmap, 2013

n Recommended
¨ Cloud Computing Bible, Barrie Sosinsky, Wiley Publishing, Inc.
2011
¨ NIST Cloud Computing Reference Architecture
¨ NIST Cloud Computing Standards Roadmap
¨ A View of Cloud Computing, ACM, vol. 53, nº 4, 2010
¨ Cloud Computing, ACM, vol. 51, nº 7, 2008

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Stage - Sujet 1

n Titre : Jeu décentralisé, la triche

n Contexte : Création des jeux entièrement décentralisés avec des
serveurs peer-to-peer, et l’écriture des événements importants sur la
blockchain
n B2Expand, une jeune entreprise lyonnaise pionnière dans le secteur
jeux vidéo et blockchain
n Problème : Chaque joueur possède une instance du serveur, il est
donc capable de tricher dans une partie, et donc d’inscrire des
informations erronées sur la blockchain
n Résultats attendus : Rapport critique sur l’état de l’art sur ces
problèmes, proposition et prototypage d’une solution innovante
n http://liris.cnrs.fr/cferreir/sujetsstageB2Expand.pdf

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Stage - Sujet 2

n Titre : Jeu décentralisé, informations cachées

n Contexte : Dans les jeux, certaines informations sont visibles par un
joueur et caché à l’autre : par exemple le brouillard de guerre
n Problème : Dans un jeu décentralisé il faut que chaque joueur
puisse vérifier les informations a posteriori, mais certaines
informations doivent restées cachées a priori
n Résultats attendus : Rapport critique sur l’état de l’art sur ces
problèmes, proposition et prototypage d’une solution innovante
n http://liris.cnrs.fr/cferreir/sujetsstageB2Expand.pdf

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Stage – Sujet 3

n Titre : Internet des Objet pour les industries

manufacturières
n ISITEC International, Lyon

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Blockchain

n Crypto-monnaies : Bitcoin, Ethereum

n Registre : la chaîne de blocs
n Cryptographie
n Journal comptable distribué (ledger)
n Fonction de hashage
n Algorithme de consensus

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