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    3.15 Electrical, Optical and Magnetic Materials and Devices Prof. Caroline A. Ross Fall 2006

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    3.15 Electrical, Optical and Magnetic Materials and Devices Prof. Caroline A. Ross Fall 2006

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    61 views2 pages

    3.15 Electrical, Optical and Magnetic Materials and Devices Prof. Caroline A. Ross Fall 2006

    Uploaded by

    Maciel Gomes Dos Santos
    ps6

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 2

    3.

    15 Electrical, Optical and Magnetic Materials and Devices


    Prof. Caroline A. Ross
    Fall 2006

    Problem Set 6
    Due Weds. 29th November

    1. Optical communications
    a) You need to design an optical communication system operating at 1.55 µm
    wavelength. What materials would you use to make a laser operating at this
    wavelength? (Discuss the active layer, cladding and substrate materials,
    explaining your choice).

    b) Corning Incorporated (Corning, NY) makes Corning InfiniCor™ 300 optical fiber.
    Below left is the refractive index profile for the the fiber. Explain the rationale for
    the core/cladding refractive index profile.

    3.0 4.0
    ∆ Refractive index (%)

    2.5 3.5
    Attenuation (dB/km)

    3.0
    a
    2.0 nm dB/km
    2.5
    1.5 a 850 2.72
    2.0
    1.0 c b 1300 0.52
    1.5 b c 1380 0.92
    0.5 1.0 d
    d 1550 0.29
    0.0 0.5
    -0.5 0.0
    -60 -45 -30 -15 0 15 30 45 60 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
    Wavelength (nm)
    Radius (µm)

    Refractive Index Profile (Typical fiber) Spectral Attenuation (Typical fiber)

    Figure by MIT OCW.


    c) Above right is the spectral attenuation vs. wavelength behavior of the Corning
    InfiniCor™ 300 optical fiber. Explain the shape of the curve including the origin
    of the bump at 1380 nm. What would you expect to see if the measurement
    extended to higher wavelengths?

    d) In very long optical fibers, the signal needs to be amplified every so often as it passes
    along the fiber. If the best possible fibers have a loss of 0.15dB/km, how close
    together do the amplifiers need to be if we can tolerate a signal decrease of 1000
    times between amplifiers?

    e) The best fibers have a dispersion of about 20 ps/km.nm at 1.55µm wavelength. If your
    laser from part (a) has a spectral width of 2 nm, and the amplifiers are separated
    by the distance you calculated in part (d), what is the maximum data rate that the
    communication system could support?

    2. Electrooptics
    An electrooptical modulator is shown below. Light comes in on the left, splits between
    the two arms, then recombines at the right.
    V

    waveguide

    Light in Light out

    a) The grey part of the upper arm represents an electrooptical material whose optical
    properties can be controlled by applying a voltage V. Explain how this device can be
    used to modulate light. Draw a sketch of transmission of light vs. applied voltage.

    b) Where in an optical communications system would you use this device?

    c) If the electrooptical material is 10 microns wide and 1 mm long, and it has a refractive
    index of 2 and a Pockels coefficient of 10–10 m/V, how much voltage do you need to
    apply to modulate 1500 nm wavelength light?

    d) What type of materials show electrooptical effects? Give examples

    e) Suppose the electrooptical material has an attenuation of 10 dB/cm, while the rest of
    the device has negligible attenuation. What effect will this have on the performance of
    the device? (be as quantitative as you can).

    3. Magnetic Basics
    a) Describe in 1-2 sentences the following materials classes terms of their values of μr
    (relative permeability) or hysteresis loops, and the way the magnetizations of the
    individual atoms are arranged in the material:
    diamagnetic, paramagnetic, ferromagnetic, ferrimagnetic, antiferromagnetic

    (b) Explain the shapes of the lines of B, H and M in and around a rectangular bar magnet
    (assume that there is zero externally applied field).

    (c) In the MKS system, all units can be represented by a combination of meters, kg, sec
    and coulombs. Express the following units as combinations of the basic units:
    joule, pascal, volt, ohm, farad, weber, tesla, henry.

    (d) What is the difference between the following:


    B-H loops and M-H loops
    Coercivity, remanence and permeability
    Hysteresis loss and eddy current loss

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