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0 ratings0% found this document useful (0 votes)
2K views266 pagesSOLID STATE PHYSICS Class Notes PDF
Uploaded by
manoharCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
Acro a Mosmin
= Pui & Babbar
© ~ Wahab
e
© Diodker
e Then wu 4 states of mattor,
i) Salid
ely Qiguid
Bil) Jos.
° piv Pion
© He nood to atudy Dy bap of Salbidy
“PHochsical proporttes i To cLipfewntote “bh trsalosor,
entidecoy dk Kemicenicuuiber,
nobic prokinkts - Megnatt are fernomognahic materials,
eae ois, Barer ws2 nod Hun Pp
Thexemal_pooprcbey - To. know which sabid iy thounad
inglater eo Fsunal conductor,
Mechanical propertly ~ “Te know which sabid is yrockoni-”
cally story:
Oetial/eb etc robe + which “molerial 31 requis
make séllan cll vu clocided Gy optical pay.
‘j@eee8e@eoescrenoasr Tso ale
oe J
| Cogstalldine Nop Cysteine (reps)
fe pak C Plastic , glass)
Singha Pall, P
(Guovks, Dimiad) (ey, yn
Coytabliry sabids arp chosactixed * remullas os
asmangment af coms or malacrules as Peto
Sveny Aalid LO made wp s atemg or ynalocules, |
Atoms one tapoating Homsedines after |
CREED seater uns
Non Gysabling plidy are choradeived by random coy
mor @f aterm, ar” ros or yrOlooiwdes -
"> Arcangninarcs of of atemy ul) docicle thoin Pooforties
> POastic iy Non- coysralbont
> Cuppan & cxystalllino. - i
> Dimond & Cubkon bath ane crystalline fut dimonol
‘git cyte X--takan 33 pally crystalline . ra
rae dhe oytell, we have wamo ap
the coystall wil) ba single Capital CF
QO: ing Nine Ie
eS iy the rar of
aggrigate of dase no- af Pengbe crystal yf
Te Arrell wing ent known a
Gaon & bowen) AtpUding. these
| crystals art Grain Bou redo :
as Seeoe Se Ge@® oceans ego SFOS noongogaaP ev B en GD
SF we Consiclen gqoaphite © quoscts Hen “han ied on
dupfenent bcoz Hain prefmtiee dopandy upon Hin beating
4n_noduns Most of Ihe_paliclk vu in He foam of caysell
Solid beoz ci np Aalscl i rox talle a3 compara
amssphaus Sao pang eben candy the foomatin
op caystalllino material in ore than rmaunp fous soba
> hs Mose enmpy selared Jn dhe thormatton of a coystal ,
costal vill) x move stelle .
. ge Helium nucleus is foomad by 2 dutesiun rele 4
a, / 4 reloared 9 SM . To brea,
mH +H —> He + SMV + He into JAE & 4 A? we ne
> 5a ato a 5 Mal of
wo? O> 4mev ply roy
Study tho Copled Stouchus ;
Lotto =. Ladtia DB penodie asia tof amos
poindy in Re Abaca. em 2 et
This a a ponredic cropcangrmost Sok,
@ atoms. This ura Mattamahterd al) A
cancofet ot,
This Lotte will! be x Bacal eM,
hatin os Space Latticg ap
Doth point how “dived P omery
eg Latha point “04 0' has “dame acerca
Bota Boss an 2 goub adem. Gy atta:
dhe baw to each Dathia point , vt oy
Lattig + Bast = Crystal Oke ha kt
Basis of 1b cdom as called Monoactormic Crystal,
wn pmee than 4 atom cu callrd fal aternie Coyttel |.
|
Hf We ane altechi ademy on ecch ©0664 6
Qoctice pout Ao” ahs wid become — gf © OO
physical ©0606
> As Dostica points cna poresdic do oS 2006
dems uil) be porcocdic Bo thy
axsrangront wil) become Cayrtallbing Sallid .
Unik Cell ddoal coyslall iy inpinite in cLimanxien? bet
neal Cxupted can. not ba infinske .
Nothing can ‘be delead ala at raid haure finite Limonmen,
Unit co is ihe amalllost unit of the cnptal ov Dative which ‘
on Cvtlinows epstation can gorse wohl atin. ;
“Thay Ga tke vepsesenctatine of Loses soph Soci (7 |
: ge we wart Jo constaeet He coyptel " ia {
Buchu Then wwe jiave to aaraingl che TT |
und coblles pide by side. . tt
Ly Gepain’ can earitein Lange 70° af unit tS
ur , dim. of unit col
Unis cells one : [= es dion
i Pointe ei saad
Y iy Non- primitive ae
| “Priming = Lottie pommls ax walonging onby sto He Comey
. : oR :
Rpfeshive no: of Dott poind) jaar unit cof iy one,
“Non = pinubing Lottica peirdy ane belonging to the Comars
0 wall a3 do tho one position of the unit coll
» APhorbinne vor ef Qadiva point: ae more than one,
£ ajo boris + tach Dattlea paint wil) contain | ater,
FF
eprint re ¥
eS
;
i
t
i
}
j
\
\
}
|
|
|
|
eeaeee@®ee Ocrtseoooee ego ae ®
°
r
poo oy UT cA > Vlatice Comatont or Lottin panamstrs ),
A primitive coll con have more ctha
> Qncthioo point
{ fattica point at Aharad by 4 wnut cally
5 fos poimitive cd)
y x
yk 1
for Non - poimitive > Angle /3 60°
Tykes of Qattice. Jin gadim. 1-75 dapiwalatie @ Bay, Ly
Conystall Schoucure i Lobticn
1 conditien
{7
+ :
Non - puimitive. unit cof
°
|
4a Squarta, 1. Squasxnt
(paimidise,) =
b
ba | dab ) Y=90"
2. Roctaryhlan, a. Richa
3. :Ractongullay
corel
a | GF, Vago"
i
- .
a Hlexagenall i Hnoget!
i: r ab, Y= Qo"
ee
4 Onbliqua
| tb, VY #90
| gbo dn. actin, tho ore 5
Y dypy af coystal -ebuctune ,
Hore squor, vadengle € Hanayonal! ant thy spociad
cases af Chlipre.
®
1) Latom bat jpoue only L
,
=e
@
Sybil af’ Dostica ( Brava) 4 Type of labtig in Shiro. - bd
(simple moans primittre ) se oe
| { [empiet Short [batt Gendilions
Fh} Cui 1 Simple a=b=c,
}yos wtigoghed [apy 50
| ‘ y Fock Contstcl |
thy Gee) |
la. Tetragenal 4. Simple a=b#e,
-_s oy cade k=BaY=go |
(et) |
3. | Oethowohombic |! 6 Simple ‘og bzpe |
' Febesly conbed X= PeV=Jo" ie
B face 4 |
|
|
ae
a a al oy
(sinp2e) Coeety) (face) Qaee}
oh [Tyersal teSimple ORb= 6, oe B= 90
lle St a=b: =f ges
il ie : 7 ae
Go| M oclinic 7 a Simpbe L reseae
| _ 1 Bago conbes) AFD EC a= 2 36 #
|
ii Trclinic 3 M. Simpole. afb, Ae PAY.
© Slonte, 4n 3-Ditry, We have \F coysial mucho ly pam
Loshias.
[
i AE ml A ml ce lS nbc SAIN CERN RSP
2S OSCSCHETOMTSE HR FO GE899B 808
SII IIR I I
o
@®eoeecee
60886066
bose
—s boimilive (enh)
—> body contred
—> Face 4
—— €nd uy
Ee
Ho
en
3nd rs
4t ws danoted a» ise , bKL > PUMler dicing
Ae dia he undenplaner apacing 1¢- spacing yw choo auccerive
planes. 4,
inyer of coped called Plane.
fyiddes tains dels dhe orientation of planes in dhe oystell.
will bo diffronb for chip oniendahion,
I
duo = SESS |
hk Fy Ed +z ; |
This soonul & valid only fer Cube ; Jehragonal h
Exthorhornbac +
fer Cubic Cyptal, olay = a _
SEE
PiiWlerr Snetiees = “Ty gang ste odendachon ob Manip
che caystal , yniller juicer ured:
They oe written a4 (hkl). . '
Nole- tn small eaket without comoj. (100) miller indcrs
But L1,0,0) —» Pasittien cowrelinak ,
Iilln tndioy Jy dhe t_idenchity of phones.
[En xs wa] > _dizection on frets}
> Copitieh bracket without comay,
= —— ! NKR) > Wor trolioos
| [hk 2] —, dbachen trices
f rk LY. —» Farnily sf bonnes
SARL —» family op cLlsarthy teclicay
How fo Sketch thy M2. ?
sR eee cee
hi ki L = oR: OB * oe
qa— Potion pareemeter along Kolind ,
bo, 4 y Yor,
C8 “, 4 who
OA ttencopt en a-axis
OB ” » bo 4
oc y ee
Wek Q—> Prillon dnofiey.
Suppose we havea Cubic crystal
4 wa wart to sketch (142 0) pang
Wel /kK=29 ,Ls0
| fee (loo) plane OB £ Oc rhioull)
1b tnpicibe mgany
Sndoncafot paralddd +0 drat axes,”
oA— a
0B
OC > &
(019), peo , ka), 20
“of ~ , 0B7a , oC”
(001) , hee, K=0, 2=)
dave OBae ocd SOHKBSOCHSCHAHOTEAHMHOOAHROBRHOOHMABHROABBAR®IHES
POTS UU" Ut
FE a
ue)
het; R=1, -L=0
oA2 a OB7@ ,,0C7*
aD)
h=) Kel 2=)
OA7a ,OB4a, OC
(R09)
ha2,k=0,L=0
OR—>af, , OB-900 ,0C7%
OAL0B+0C L Eg
oA: 08 0C= Loy
(210)
her k=l , 2=0
OA OBC =. 43 Big
= g: bie
Noto ParodLel Pacts have tome prillor - dncbiog
Negative Sketeh i- .
a het Hen Lh deplag |
To (Fes) ya7l , k=6,Q=0
Of=—& be: Indencofer on -ve axis
To draw Wein shit He owigin
dyeg wl bo dame for (Joo)
(Too) planes.
Qheection « drackioes
A 7 =
ng = W) sae =F HOF iby
a re © {)00F moans family of plants (1.00) (Too)
ay COUy (oT o)
Co!) (007)
fai of linen nai a
manne family sf [1 oo] [T°]
, [ole] [eto]
fool} foot]
Quy je Find the Pilon chon Pa plane Hat trates
aundoeabt on a,b 4S oxy equal to 34 YAY 3A
dna dehragonal cptal with © = 15,
| aA 0B: OC = BAL YA; 3A
& sis
fer tetragonal , a=b #¢
w obea, cans
b c
hikif = &)» 2; &
' oA ' OB ' OC
=.) ae ; So brbydt
TSR GAL BA SF aye
y ‘
S9elCodsooCeSGedOs9se oO KR 8909099829
Da: Retoming MT of dhe plane shad male inderuapl
©) 28, ak YA on she comrdinate and af Bsthovohnbic
crystal with aibic =Y4r312.
fe orthorehmbin , at b4C
@ee@
eeee
[ URiUBIVE = 4157.4 wp
hid = Sip boe
WikiQ’o= OA BB! Ge
= 4) 38 2
a 30°
| Qa- J oe ma bob 4240 Fa
| cespertively lout fara to 7 axis a oe tbatbica |
Barth. 3
OA! OB: 0G= 1A:24
hikr Qs Oe; bee
1 0
Relation bobuwon Lattin faramtir & Mas clontiy of
ja paamoker —+ sien ap thy writ cold.
se ll eat
(2 Ma }
Cie
Ni —> No 6f odems i" unit coll
Mp atomic Mass /atomic welt AU
Na Avogeds No.
fa > Mos harrity / sfecctie Poul [elses
2 —9 Leute paramster of a cuble coupled Xe
df My, glen ain amu. (eq cl 35 amu) so +o rane ab
Fan qmor kypn, multiply by Rgen Aunyaicien no
Unit > ky /m $0 fon
\
| Avegedeo no: wed
Nae G:023KI6 Ne 6-093)
Unit Ot m om
oVabams of the wnt cal, | a? = (hee, ) ye
“a No: of ores uscd value [a= ae) Hosa
This B called * Ma jn -bvallst onbly
ES Nos danasly. | Atria. clam ity [prea Se aie cpa,
= ras dowdy / Relative duvvity [peste qrevity ss Unit less .
Py > Mass canrity § particular, type ep oystad wre’ do
Wortse .
eg Cu 7 B96 then B96 tmlem™ gg (unit Las)
1 gm/em3
23
0
|
!
:
:
@
6
&
&
e@
6
e
e
es
eS
6
&
e
Coystall Shuchows + me |
i Simple Cubic( primitive Cubic) * Thea only 4 oem a
° jalacad ot each corre, Lotta poi.
bond i noounyt ndiybdin dude
@ (Arter nndiasse [Link])
An sic, alt Hu atoms de of -S-0mg
dye alo radia u dame,
cordrtlig ans Nova, Story vath
7
eHHOFHoFGHHTONBBOOEFO
usluich ona ‘tin foram bend.
AAC
|
a Bo Neosat Neighbour disaneg
' Qe =a ¢
‘| (5) End of raxt rassert Neighhaun UUsteno => a
| @No-op Bnd namurt neiphbsun = |2 '
(ody lienad of
Tu 44 Yez plane owing Y td nom Ne en a |
Wy XZ yy radph bow, z (
ey cofoy |
7) Volum. of unit coll = a3 x 4
g) o frabmihve ne = ai |
i
‘T
o—l6
r= He Cocedinstlon no <12 or ARE Aloe FY% :
|” ay Moorely packed cayited, Tyo Aen at
») Caderflehdn a APP
{ App. = _ Value of dhe ators’ iri cunit coll
oe \ Valor ep che Unit coll 4
APP» Show Aew riuich Gooeilonag’ unit call a pallial wlth afny
tre EE ae)
= hae _ _
(0 eee = & = O5R = G27, .
Le 52% part of captal Jb oceubind by atonu 4 4g 4
posut Jy entehy :
iy Conbved Cubic (bee)
Bo ee & tatem at bocly.
conked petition.
3) No. Of russet righboun = %
| Be. Taking » > aepoustey”
- Neonat “Neighbour: btan ee >
2¥= Ba
Farr Curtee ctom—s pagsetit ” 7 y ;
naighbowi are fy Ae
cll He 8 atoms zo” N* ne A
. é Safe 98 (a7 92g eek U/, F woymapvmu07 > ‘ay up
scr og ufo ne :
“SiS syety fay Sg ous | ey!ez bw [yu oEley TO] AN emnuoy, on
dhe £ \Bb es Ue ys ue. us Ih. 30 ( oe i
; he #. bgp 2 “AE x hk | ap ae Tht]. - 59/89 hese 20 eS eget Ras) amar Cix) :
Pies peters feared i712 | rvoor | pepo Heo0y furiood $65 fy G2)
Ee a |
os Ie hy, cole A
| ie | eB |e va
# canter atom repasces atom hey, 6
<1
4) Neasest Neiphbaun clutenee gy = 4
a Lotion porometen
&) Und neous neighbauy distant = ¢ Cuigh of unit alt)
an PSA hep ile = fF = 1633
6) Noo TE naaseut noighbauey 2 9 :
¥) Nebume af curih cll oem of bane pant) x haight
Tae base plane 4s mode ub of § equilateral triangle.
A = d Bose x heir
but A#e
=baxBa
= JXar
4
nt ane 6 dranghs do .
a
343 a?
ae - aBite
8) volume sf | bomittve unit
creat
_ ill be 5: of UD A
q) Hone nts atoms ino Gee 1 OO e
una
Ao Hora ux have 2 atem bails ;
[wo of afore fund ea) = “ee xy (beh xy
Peihe xy a iy
a
Se ees cern eee ed ene hee aenek oh enen ed
Note ;- reasst ne'ighbauy in never
~ Roa (ae “ io |} by No af atoms Jwak val, = 3yzq%
I) Ribemic reciuy g.=
1) Tyke of packing — clased
FB) Ge= My, Ze Gt ote,
| > Mostaly mtab have’ Fee of hep admebure
"APF = 6X dno (2 Ea)
' " 3B ae - 13
2
= éx inv 7 bxdne faery’
38 0° [Ea ~ are ‘
= Fz so =H
3
e aking “frastion Of hep 4 see 5 D dam.
Qimeind Cuubio (dc) =
Thi tpt bravias Latha ;
SE dy imade by 8.96 more brownies Sotices.
-Bimond> Coubic can bo convidered as intenponohrettion of
two fee fathus — 1 ui ak dhe partion (0 0 0) & othy
“ja at te position (> b54)
Dimond has lémond? cubic viudure
dimond iu mada up ky atoms Y Carbon .
Plloer 4 fee df atom sat (00,0) ; PL)? Non poimitive
@ | 2) No af ako funk all =
PABFEKE EY HG
}
1 Coerdinatin nb. 4
e | ach C-atem is coordinaled do
e ' 4 c-atom - .
el Daren dhe coordinahn no.) abuckue Lol) bo Jowrally prot
° | 4) Nearest asighbaty distance _ nel gy 5 Re [eer
ea) 6) Best No: ef Tad ACN. = 2
. { (ap 0 ht 4 atawn hon ahs N. Ns atom wl) be its face cimbéd ay
6,0 Vo: af anit call = a2 : :
%) Val.g painiive wit ale = Ch
oa pstbie cs fee with, 2 adem bass.”
€ dimonds covbie 44 fee 0" vabatlep de = 2
@ No of atemy in priimihise ur /
E 9 Ne: a along J unt vol = e (Gators, in a? veliersy
© bo) prprnic Raolity -p = So
e 3
6 . :
ef Type of ports ~» loore : ;
Of pimord vis Frsdotor—> Sach ¢ atom it co-arlinated fay petal
eo, Ceatorn ao aha make 4 covellnt' bends, Bocaire No fe
b) e- pr Cratom bb free , [errant aha ha Y 2°] ey cb As mls,
: But at Js Elnchrcally frnulator-beoe 4 eave SEU
° Je ou good hao conductors Stull of Se & prsedledor 4 sam
Sex site useage ni
e
e ban gap — Sas Ww
aes = _ I] APE = 034 o Gy 7, of Ser
! “ie
i APF f° BGT ee
i 3
' = SX xT x Ag oF
| OBR OB XH: = BF 2 9,34 = 3Yy
16
Zine BboreLe Shuetura (Zn jr
This Wu simile, to obimend cubie atuchrw exeapt two 2%
| induijanabratingy Detris hase Aliffoant adams. x Tat Qadh
| orunit 200 Wu made from Zn atomy thon yg anh coh
| Ly made Seon sulphide atoms
Hf Zn -oceupin He fec pasition then.
S _ ” Tetvohotm. 4” oy via warn,
ZnS 4 net @ atom Jatuchoe . Sty q maloculan dts
dn dh case ridarest ndizhboawr dufanu = Vent Kei
dn aunt cll 4 Zn atom + 4 Sater
a - B
| , - 4x Sth + 1x ne
ear
£3 3
= As (+ Sen.)
/ =
“#37, Tey, \3
A+ _%» |
ay
To cadertladte APE, use handel know Ho vat =e
is
Ae APP of 205. tay 7 eradtsly, ,
ex ~ GaAs , CdS, InSb ‘ete. :
ee .
ee q @
Bs
16° Sodium Chilovide.( Natl) /Reck Salt :-
2
6 Ths 4 mack up by Q fee ewelals ade Nath canbe
B convidored a3 two inteaporcteahng fee's. Ong Dottiea
& eceuking the Na atoms 4 otter orenping the CLedom.
© puch that if ene hog the exgin at (0,00) than other ha}
® . ;
© odlyin tt (4 10,0 Jaw (0, $10) ow (0,0,4)
7 wf 2
°.
e
e!|.
oe!
e!
al
‘
e.|
|
‘ p ¢ Na atoms secur). the ochahicleal porition, cl cents
eo) te Fee position,
ba i) Non poimétie
6 2) Nov «f atoms Junit coll, | . /
6 { laa (&)
5 Fatal contsbubion of G1 > 6443 =Y eZ
e? ” , Na x) re lpatl=ay 4
6 aike Contre
e HOLE YNA
8: Thay ua malecndan coystal wdrustirs.
3) Co-welinahen 70° (noosuat rraiphbous)
Neorrt neyo co No. > Cdl
bo CO-Grelinahen no- = 6 4) Neasust vdiyhbou cliten to
Wet Son = .
4) Ind roaxest neighbauy
+ fir canter atom , alll black atemiare Lun,
for Nao 1 ny ane Na aten
Qn Cha ou » CL pee
‘
(
Bo TL pranitt paighbou = 12 4
6) ro * datene = 2
2 ee
Y Volume af anit coll = a>
8) Veluwe gp freimitive unit coll = a
9) No- of cetoms in primitive unit ald - j
at | doth, thoes b 1 Na Ad tL aterm placed’, 4
Natl iu fee with Lotem basis , uy Na atom + |
g
loy Moloculan danse = ae
ae
12) Type op packing =. 6 Lore C6< 12)
18) APPS 25% can't be coleedoted enadedy
Sx- KGL, KB, AgBr ck. ,
“Ady tu abkoli halides & silver halides have Natt
bude. \¢ mate; Ket, NaBe, KBy, Naz, KL)
\ . ‘ ! ).
Cassium Chilbsiele (Cs) =
Lig, Road, Cah coyptallires in Coc abushunr,
CsCl cuplal can be coniidired 3 2 Intenponebadtig ane
cubic Dates Ona hos the adores of Cs & oiher har Hy 4,
ator, ap CL. The odigin of ont Latico uy at (0,0,0) & ;
ot hes oyinat (45,4),
4
@
essen gener SAOCOOOOCHOO9RR 9009
S©OGCOSCHOCEHSSSCECHHOHOD
IE pee
POU OOO Uo O Tg Uo
1): Non~ poimifive.
2) No: «4 atoms / unit call
Cs— axe = |]
Ch |
he 164102 = Iesed
malacude
3) Co-cedindhon no:
of Noapest nrishbaun = 3
Y)ENeasast Neighbann cbistante=
DE Nearast f Neiphboun dirtane- =
|
Teoh Ta = 88 Seo
$) T vooest ntiphbanr =6 Gig dr not bee beat. tn Lee
: R ‘ Carhreaters st) BAMA bint
7) Veluime af unit all = @3 Stee le
%) Val: of primitive unital =
g Bas 2 atom basy LCsdicd
D Medscrdan clamaity = 4, Cad)
9) Forking — Doose
NW) @x~ Coch, ROL» CoB) Lin .
2) APE —> can nat find untill Ses walto dy net
Known
Grvaphone i
Graphite afuctint ib made up of gob bene Dosprs.
Graphene hao Horny comb abuts, Carbon atoms ay
avranged | m Hu he comb stout .
to 2D - One Ceatom 9 shosd by 3 “Pooky (atoms Thigs
dy Graplicte atmotuie ty 2- dim.
fn 3-D - One Ceotom Aho by Grew C-ateny, : Grneaphicy Abrurtuat oy uy Daytned Abuthie but qeaplune
© 2) No of atoms] unit all
{
i
(
{
camacting BS reanl, {
atemy for bravely
{
Qathee , ii
‘
i
Ya Aino Louyen Apache Cringe Leven of cars cbon atin)
Graphite 8 Conductor > puc-atem , Lew free, |
H convider | Dattice point on eath atom portion thn |
4e well) net foam o basin beaz suceroundinys ALB
ane different,
Only Afatorns. dr B-B atoms can form basis ay -
Huy hare SMe ativan ching.
Bo Sti connget: nanschy A-A ate, o7 B-8 atten |
Tha hexagon (24) 4 Ay unit cell of graphont
) Thi unit all Ga non-poimifivse
comm ajoms —» $xX6 = 2 ~
Inman , iy =4
Tete) novo} edomy/unit all = 6
Side of unit 0) — Datho porasrabs / Dathia vitior |
AL He prcat wil) by worte, ¢.
Yattio pourameln —> a | Ce
o
pry=[b'| am , Y= 20
3) Nearest Neiphbaun cisancy
cae
tn o-D, thre wil) bo clase pay Pat ag
Jp No af WN Ont & but hime 3
Ao packing well be Qease,
> 4) ILnd ee N° alisha = =a
f g)Nov ind NN = 6 fe
a
OE UN
%) Apea af & SV BAe $n 2-Dim,
Area,
= _ | Sactegl
7 = V3a Ka
fet 82.8 = peat | =Go*
z
BA fea of untt call = Ba + at
=
= we = 38a"
%). een of paimihve unit al ~ Lx anae 7 cut 00
BO
= ene
= Bok
(fiber
9) No= ap adem / prrimickive cant lh = re inti em
go 2 ctoms of graphite Invi primitive, coll,
do Qodom basis, fier at one Motta parr, one atem
GA dyer & ome ay B iy )
s {im comvantimal, unit etl + bass con't, be dary 1
ae ac ech ea
1 an a ae aa oer oe |
‘ Nov a Nest. Nos 3
‘
2
aR 5
: ww) Tye af parking 2 loose d
Cty APF =
. ns: of atom /urid oll = $x 12, 3x3
Ee : 4
is) Nov af item / unit cer = 3Ee — 2
|— ae 4y
B3a* ~ “Feqr
1) Atomic Roclivy -@
&) Ex > a
cho atoms In anit coll
aNea of unit cell
conxider atoms a3 dise
6x18
ee ao (ou 7TE>
ie fax uml
ae ae — Be eens
SRE 7 BE Oa
bh tke Craphite i a feo of Cadchon A costal
on ee haxagonad dtouchur . $t-contains 4 afems per
cae une col
Negroad Ne cldtan® =). gq-= Q
A—» Jothia forametor @eeeodones a
FO AO
CCOCOCERHVOBECHOSOOEBS EOE OBS5
PINION HN,
ye
t C-atem can meka coveloxt bond wlth 3 natsday ate
C-atem of + Royer can't make bond with c ator of 2nd
Lower. Thoct's why gaaphite rhaty slides on cach athe.
Bo Graphite Uy Selt bea. ayer don't have boneliip
SomiConduder one not comeluehing at Took
Matals anw conduching od! T= ok ;
Graphite 1 a& Sami- vrata,
“Plants in _dlifbenand Copstals - os
1-Simple Cie s-
Phang analysis Jn S.C.
fread conviclen (1 20) jelaung
dn Planes (0 lo)Cool), oo) , the
poprbiss ang slams, |
No: af atoms on (J00) Syfea plane — eo
= tu st fer. tana conrad
Area of plone = a atoms or cise (2dr
Planner dannity = Nor sf atony fur unit asia
= al
INI TO
ae (av 1)
C110) Plone ,_
Nov ef atoms = XY = |
Area = Jr qt .
PQannor clansty =_l
JE gt
Shape = Echo, - (UD) pone
+ No Gf ctoms = Lyg =
No 0 = ee =
fre = ie Bare ¢ heir
h =i Waa) fEa
= j eno
1 ot 7
PQannon donity = 2
| Be
| Shake 7 Triangle
: which plone in SC 4 clorecl pack plans 2
1 Anus Plow, Dasgest Pannen clarnty wil? be chased peak
|: : having - 4
| (190) od
1Q, whith cliaehlon Jy CAsyeat park in SC.2
P44 Dim > atom uy cinriclened ay a Ins -
I aam mi v abe,
Bolivn a ” 4. apne,
Lb? Pane having Doogest Dine deunty wild be clorent park.
Peng Che ‘ a
bat cl, fst, OT, lrey
Cee} oy te Clowrxt pack dim
© (in ditiene a dhe wet ate (has I) fe dint caaiy= 1)
[2 BCC
| G00) plang ;-
No: @} adomy = |
(No wud atern on facts)
Aen gt /
Plownen daly ie p p '
A oo zi ly ;
oar : ,
Ea =e Q2eeeenonegg O07 98D
pO Om a
LeoeeeeeO ee es Oo Ooo Nrs
‘ is
[ a o) ~
? Nov ap tomy = 2
3 Rrea =fi0>
Pr PQenner dowry = JB ya
; Sine = Visa
be
[=~ Noro} ctr =
t (body ieee a nok combs bude co (11)) plore )
’ onnn daily = fino donsity =
( Penna iy wa y Dine dawtty ie
pe for BCC: Cloxedt pack plana Ss (II 9)
e é : a cise oo [yy 1]
BLO te
(0.0) Wane :-
Now a atoms = S544. 7
P = 2
r Planner clowitty = 2.
r Loe = i
P I ne
e oe Nes afedoms =
b Plonnn danrity
p Sins
(WD = No of atoms =
. 6
Q cov, = .
Planner hownty. Bot cy Bia tclanaity =
for Foe Chesed Pook phawe CITED
4
1 din” fhe]
rd ayery enpial Bb associated wlth 2 dye 44 Dodtees a
*y disact Dodtice ;
“Tiy Reripooeal Aattica
Need af Racipmen! fae -
i Auch dade, Dates poird « comranged) ve ty
| Phat
* dn Rociprocad dati, Dattce point are
ascnranyes qcensdiny ty tain Wane vector (R) +
oo ynome nium ( k)
“Hane disuck Lather by defined in Position dpact .
Rocipwoced — ” oe Pomeontum 2pacr or
Fao me ws frveunliy wlotel fe pasion raem, 4
ane Conjuugare ap each ath.
> direct Lottin i) the writ of Lorgth .
—> Rociprecn) " a [ongth Jo!
ewe vector J No: of ways fr unth ulate Sorgth
$4 godly, dn whith lin? wowe roboge tiny hee
I Ke a |
Pot” engy in pasion spac,
“KR in Mom Afoucr.
Toto) YB [Link] KEL PE! at nvwurt
bie fie 4b a much PEs ny 7
BR ey completely free then ty will have KE. onl
rons for naod of Roo Lathiy a"
4c J spat Yo vitualize Ha eaytal felons. as ovdlin
i cy hp MLS ,
a
ee ‘ eee OoGDeseo28e0 8 OG88°C299OR8G8OG8H8H999 FR BN8
. ¢ a ®
As WKL By dneg-d —
eye Geoplane —> chpbicadt te visu. Y)
4n Rorifroced Lathe, Cash plans LS ot09
Li yeporesetted by bs normal. iA]
& Dongth of he normal) 2 inversely
propostional to inkenplancn Apacing
> So sinedly dro" » Rosy bs the Loryth
op the normas
=> Plane near in direct Daticg will br fon away. wh
rect Dahil . maa
Bey pryricel pooprdy af ¢ Jal is purwodic «
To calewlats o> concentration (& cone: fallow korrodic prop.
A facta given nie) = nlrta)
To calculate e7 comes , Wwe nord ‘to expand thy fal 4 ;
co expand poroodio pus", we nore fouciin Agriny 4
frows Serie UU He concopt of Fourie, apace Or yeck
Ayan.
® Srey Physical proputy of cayrtal sr fensodic Dike &
Fed conantretion & magnahe vnomant.
fe Faun toarrfor of dinset Joti Ue accipoveal Jobhice ,
Roe» ’ cline +
i
& davoug " ”
ty acim: dud Latticg , drow ana 2 vedtors at X ze.
To move from 0 to’, we Wr
h
z
iN sort Translation Vector,
Prone 3 b called Lode Translation
2 Me eet The veetor gaining 2. Lathig pebtty
veubss caltel Lode Translation vectors
one — 7?
T= ath dn gennad ———
[= ALENSENRS
gt bs dapining tp divert Lattice o ,
uh, ra,b,¢ Ub Primitive doust Dattice vertor. i
pare fotning neasert Docttice (points wedors i
peez they { Y lane
| 4 aie jorn far Anitia. point thon how vedo will be nom~}
|
j
|
poimitive.
i
: |
Be Be BCC Uk bars sduchne , ic
_ acti poramedr —+ fon Ind i
suon= Foe , Fran ne Lyhbaw . i
Sadie Hane , Lathio vector connat—non -
weet nearest Lacthio points -s&o Nom~ primi
\ ee
: Printing
: | ,
| 4n Roc socal Latico ) A Be ont Hu primitve
a
° | G@F= ann 4» 7 ome arheggn.
Vi =0,4,2,>7- SSHSHSHOSHHOHLOSHHOHHOOHHO ONO OANHSOHK9BEOTHRRHODA
Recifro cal of S:
Poimitive Lathe Se,
(3 thoy oye foutng neaseat
Dothicn vectors )
w= ar
: > _ 4%
Baby |
e=ck .
<——a—>
aa ere
fe St, Voluums af poimitive unit calf = dotlice ape
conventional unit all = a3 i
Reciprocal Pottia vertors >
R= an(bxe) _ amok § (a=b=6)
a> (bxe) a’ :
2 oe
oe
ws an 3
8 aa
c= ane
The Aide ap cabo in clower Lattin a '
ny ne Reece 4 > BAY
= Rocipocal af S.C- BSC: with-cubie aide 27/0 ies ak
Racipmeal
=» = took jy tu Firat Badbuing Zone.
fr SC, DBT wD Cubs of aide 2m/a »
\fobome of Resibsroeal unto fir SO: = (& y : Eas a of bee
D
Beat
bisbz
~ .
eel
UuPrirmitive Dacticn vectors
i A DAY .S
= £( itf-=k)
a
B= &¢-U+i+h)
ee
(Bx?) > Valum ap primitive Unik od a bee
A(bxe) =a] J 1 - ‘
pele | & i111) 1
pee
[ee si 2x4 aw
@(bxe) = oe : 3 z
RQ
Root pooeal fect veel ,
P= anlbxe)
. a ( bxe)
B= AN (ex
a (bxC)
i=
Those cre: the primitive veotes op Tan Oattte weed.
1 Roijrocal af bee dy fee with cube sidey oh COHOOCOSHOSHSOHOHEDMHMOBENNENHOE9HH8F99N99H989
'
}
B=. Brena)
}
\
}. Rocca of fee, -
}
Prirnifive vectort ap fec,
@= (i 9)
R= BrlbxC)
& (6x2)
am page)
ahi d-k)
o)
tt
anc-lrieh)
an (ty
a" (BKC)
ea Qn (axis)
G(OKD
=) Rocipeocal of fcc —5 bee with euhe tide te.
Vallee Of Reci Bo unit al S Ves Ar (Bxe)
an aah
FO d+k) Racibovoal of hep.'~
heb 3 Aelp xecipoocal .
X- Roy diffractbn - (XRD)
X-reup ane EM: wauys ef very oe
pvmallln the Wile , enw i) ko Dan
* wl J ai * _ |
ae X-vays ane wen high enongy EM, Waves, !
Ditfeaction ~Canding of x-rays.)
Atl dhe Long tednal A freengvensy aver f Adund wary,
“show dafpachdn, (Sound Ware —9 not shou polasigt’ ) i
Banaling of ye - aspunrd the comorg af An Obstache |
iy called pian,
Conditions Size af tha apaxdurt ds aize af de abtacle i
Ahold be compualele Jo the Wel ap unre for |
cafpastion do OO ed |
i
$n cablaarhion grating we wren ALA .
grading ae ured por opstcal disht (‘Joo A- Foo A )
“he~ (ony dm 07 7-um ).
vey small & rush a fu grade ean net be avi
+ df we indduat store X-ray on coystal hon JH!dl |
boc, alifpoasied frorn atomic jedan, Ceaystal 4a mace up |
| boy placing atomic plarias) Cas¥ pom 1225 40 om )
hs By One pQhne-» JoF= Jo S th pant @ x- Ly dace |
© ho de diifaact X-ray , we nied ae a !
I, Gwvacting can net dilfresr y- xeys eo Wil of 20yl”
‘
‘ COHHHHHEHSHOHHSHHHHOTTHHOHOHAHHODMRHOH AE
ptomic. plang ane Liky rivet fos atomic planusacfechn
Thuy di}praction Ja Jike — Mirsror Like Roplootion bare thou
ane dange no: ab satornic plone ee
5 i)
. An . Zz
f , : Tae \
3 [>—,
‘ ‘ : w
AU) dhe planes uill fallow, edaekne & z-pninmad 40 Hy
mog- fisls Bondy comolations, jelane
The. Rapdochon ll continu HDL dhs-whale
dlifprechen a completed.
: 03 — B "%~ Oo
Qg 2 meawnre fom dhe caprtal surface.
> Bart bo dhe Wks & forq! of (neidont boon Han *
usb: of dipjeneeo! baa ett be dona (he- A/ becaur.
midium iy fame,
(5 shasta of Fair clapanol upon material of grety -
> 1 ” qo dou not ” a : L :
i p but thay
Tre dijpraced Waves can. be intenpoe YS
yur be Cohvent (fe: phase dip mil be constant withing
1 boam 4&2 pravells clijpraent path Ro Hun. sb poh
dif bo aha will be Johase cif }
mn tn Copfals due 2 bumaic omranymat of atom ad
dnp g remain comand olurenys, (oh da combs do phoned
Pith dil = 88+ BC ~
= aly PHS + diner whe
|
? > a a | setecor Jy placed & path itp bys clifpracted way
Gi Mz Pan -cdalentor wel) datect the Sptenatu [Mavima
srt wil) 6 cbistuelive interferon a, (nail Menina
a bath dil}. 4 then Contac Irdopbenonte & deters
4h. path diff :
Pil) dalect doteraity ‘Manima :
j= dp [zasine = NA) cand” Aotised then ctatector will |
obsenve O diffea chon prok .
fas fee Constustive Inteferane, as Saber f teenbity P|
an clip UAL be indeyre) multtilede of uit A» My |
| Aithn $x A A vou 6 Cure Monochromatic Keay Jo'By J) !
os Hx 6 & VO Ato Aadisfy the cond"
[adn RO = nh | We l2r3,-
Bo thet, yyy can ke caladated & caystalabaichne |
can be foomad, , i
Tras cabled Bragg loa |
A nts dvdon of ctfeaction , |
|
}
|
lets Sn Namoironls, Use Tstordar. jee n=|
: 2dsing =A
iffog abn Pale -
| frrgle b/s indclont wore “> differ ved Loar,
[Gapecin og = 2] eee
angke = Og |
io Bragg’ Dour Gu Concrguanc, of. benodicity of OoctHrta.-
Ret, * Sifesk of. Steer & Steain on XAD fatter »-
5 X-ray faction poutten is Indwstty vis dipfecetion angle.
1 £ & Toys 20g dhan - fee
i Th & 20.4% a
} deo v
5 Oy hos tha Dimit 2-0 do 90°
}
| Aa as app angle de A
(es)
Apaeing ad. 5
Trae perks one the | 1 2% >
Concagtecnte ap ‘3 cane”, > df Fneaeanhng
Qdgino=n) whan dy conol? 4
© doctiified., we get Peet.
Maximum trterflann spacing 3 of (160) plone,
joo =O 7
—> & of Mani Hon Os phauld bo mins A fs Hain popadluet
semain consent.
=> Bo Hut, Lat ponk cowerpord 40. rmallort Brags aryl
1g Basegert alinen
Induning of Tat faook > Cie) a
| % Suppose we have a peak of noma sampleltohich
unsdeeashed A UNComprured.. acartants) .
C8 7 BC rbetfist dant
:
:
SSSSCOSHSSHESNTOCHSHTSHOHSSONTTHDAODRHRABZIADHEDS
—8
' Spjenaty 4 habe iy moma buh
both beaks have diff poston 7 4
Shedchad fosak Jy at different ae
cif cng fy «
an a |
bo,
of
9 Bwkly sista 3 In xed & compound | Mn re
| 4) ”
we ae
He Laie) ORs bd Were a a A 7
[9 Sab p Jy Atratehasl wrifomaly | » mts dit
omprerted
¢
[Link]- dnifoom Stretch )
comprerted ” Abeetehasl
(Non--wniform Compression)
Bids & Ov uj
th Unifesn Ahece/shein Thane. Ju No ony dn-dhe shafesof thy
or tn Unigorrn feonk & Tnlenvity
Cet hing ov Comer) {
dn Nee Us heyy ov atealn ,-abretutin £ compatsrion wan
. bin ath Nore. fo non nlf -elpast and nob sr fin ll inn
in dita cour , thou no change in ahape of beak . ‘
Ao Units 2 but 6 3 incaea se iy
mo od > dieratte
ae dace nrins roars Cormprevvion .&o (b) Js Lsoeehy,
Ie fe ant) con, aah egg) #f ne
Modijjed peak 3 boo. Ve
. Stress. 4 Adsate wil) lex | |
“Non ~ untfoem. (Waycderedt | |
| Nok 9g peak ts shifted pownrly 0 : =a
ower Boagg's angle => Sreicluly
i
» STSSHSHSHOTHCSSOCESSCCOSBTATFTOHSFSOBHOO*HHN HH
f
| Cffeet af temp" G—> Peak au broaded
Shock of Jompradusa on XRD fadlery +
Conviclin nosmall & mectiad,
*
domple Maxima a A*B r (emp, noel
an sama je. Hoy cut geri)
Dycngen same value. of 2p, \Gse%)
Tine u No steekehiny & 7)
hist [J
No Comrremnion beaz in ° SE
Ahrdehing & Combrerion Oy i
PO ay Ja the la demote
The peak which 9 broadin => having tess Bass indents ‘ihe
pawelr talonathigh Jonpratus . i nen
Tha atoms, of any solid can bo conridoud ay posemmir
oscillators ,beoz adorns Vibeades ab thaiy 2quulibsiam perition
Fax |
UK
Ths SHIM i valid only whan, temp: i) net hish
beoz ot high jemp> , vibwehiond ane Sloxge £ a
wid) break.
Bo Simple hasunoix motion iy coneclanad oy dh, ou
No thuamad exbarhon
Dye to Vibestion (No° Hhyunal expevion) , inte polar apy
3s not changing , Y dng 7 Nob changing Phonqerak 4 Bix
Bact Sridiably Boagy cond” Ju xodtiufied for Ahorh fook .
& dua to vibaatien , Boage cond" Apsishias fror a vahge of
sniervaty krorea xg
=> Peak parition unchanged : ( Dijjesdtion pooks ang abio cabled Dspprreshion Lins.)
@p On dyeing temp, Ling Apacing (distance bur due eck) ;
3 I Hi) ¢
le No: op f 3 Jneyenies - .
q Seifea peaks in compaction of poerious feaky. called
cligpuse Sent . .
Atomic: Seattesuny facie G)e sw dafind a
¢ = Arba ghey ‘calned by an adorn
Ampbitudly of. MBA Beahened by ane.
ctdensiy of K-2ey beak dupandirg ujoon 2 factors
~> Meme Sea fedbor () ,
; _5 qeorotvical Afucdue factor (S)
Tndennity oc -(ampbitudi)”
| Smallot Scaterurg conhe om?
oe Anes prduadne with odoms Hon amblited ore
dlipeastest X~[Link]}onss upon - how many & on each
| Lak dupard
| shan =
| fomplitule, 2 gs
| THE Seunplituy” > b= Ps
eg: bi &. No
I 3 ; 4 .
et Wea
| Bo F wf be dypuort for bath
I abhi point
f —» how many atoms on tach Dates points 4
aes
|
‘
unkenunly sp => dnewsty dapandls on f & S abro
3g _» hows tu atoms cou assuarged |
0 :
> q dw caystaly ane of differ ishucte oy Situ have oto
shu? Hr Hutn Jntervay Ls nok some, oe
4 Stucke UU dame Hun - wud be if | sasame wa
ani(uk+ Vj k + uy L)
ju te gaumisnen on NO of ate An nh coll,
sup Vj, Wi and Hie payition co-arclinateyop gah adtemy.
(Siac factor for SE ;
dn SC, Pay jy baton at position (09.2)
ant (oht oktow) a
o- « =€
Sl po
4 moans , Scadtned apy F = § cFafs)
& Tnkensty >
Tndernfy doy net dupard on Wk, Q. |
he: ’ ” on aurticnod dy pe oh
L plane je- daeme fer all plans (ai tho apiece
| ane allbued) No westichon on ky 2.
‘diy § for_bee te ;
| Sypettie n0- 9f atomy 2 2 LPP) eG%43]
ani(ete te) , ani ChtE+h)
re
E
i
Se
S=i+t enc nrers)
cts capancbing on MK fl hee npudlar dye of plans,
San
eeeveetovasoesesHoe soon TSasse se SOT IOS do Jnlemity a also Aipanclig upon ponticullay dype.
pla.
-1) htk+ 2 = even
eit (htk+2) =]
_ Be. [S=2 => Pa af
y 4h ntktl = odd.
e
He CHER) Sy
[$=] = Fro
$4) Che een)
I @ heey odd )
Br Aa Ae alles fo be ablawes , |
[Chek t) aisle Gam]
Gi) °S for fee»
Tan ak 4 otoms ak (2.99) (L4,9) 0449 (bio)
a sett htt ks wa) Al
i 5c ae OH) 9 MlkHe) ert thy) : |
Ss lapandling yen bk, D,
pO Seopa) oe all odo hoes
Sz fit) 4+)
-Feauf
( rep ofa kF .
i Ref Doctors ase allen when kL) aw all even or odd, 0000002008 HHT TH H988898F89999008
i a w.
PEER IIT ITEP
|
)
@ Yb kL) mixed , :
Suess (00) hes h-rodd £ fk, 2-1enen Phen Se rel", o}
S=1Fi4)-]
S=9
Fao
So Rot Prose seplochens wl) bo absent,
(IV) Qimond Cube (dQ)
—Seleation Rude
—> AM Odd , Hen alll reflechons ‘alfocad: ;
> All Gren. den (hERHL) mutt bo diiviste boy 4 enty
Hore reflections uill bo allowed 7
() Nach = Combiration of jwo fee,
whan .Nacd coystallise, Nac? — Nat +07
tad ae 18 :
local on Dathio site
Beoz es Ae a do Hain Sa. factor ~9 difpercah
Fu # ae
That's why Tac Polous the xploctony of
C.
Lowe KB. coma in the calagony ra Nall. ies KBy alxo Pelllow fee ,
; © Rh clout net cy dude! c box KOS Ke
Fh fey: -
dn thy case , X-wsy can not difpeintale “ 2 dyes
of atoy ( KT CL)
7 ei tlle Fhe efbechion Of Simbloe cubs with atte pawmitre | Honee Reflachons of BC» Choo) Cle) (IY)
4
«kh 3 (2 08.) (220) (222) {
(
ben 1 |
4 {
4 09), Clha)(iti), (209) (40), (21D, 229), S39 5 C5
Gu), 2227, B20) , (a2)
«gil demain ool |
| Thay the dereasing oda of ds |
This of div foom (KY) \
|
for SiC+ > AOD sepdection allowed GZ -¢9 (rQ—>a=dy,, |
(be (iio), C200), I), 220), (319), (222), (321) |
Toh peak of bee: ra 6). Comuponding to bel Fy |
da = US |
fox $22. (III), (2.90), (242), 81) (222) |
/ SC > 112531475 161g -- i
ta gt) es 7
(HEY) => bee UGB 012 14 1S :
- HM 2tBs4yiSibi FEB -- :
k foc D wea eT HR
fede > (111), (22 0), (NN).
[Nall > ipome as fee.
i Ke, (zoe) , (220), (228) ---
sag ank ing fox
| SCi— aig = @
REST d= Cee oeOe ere oS eeO2GE0H709e299388 9
Qu :- Caleulale cleo for bee.
r
\ Fee
x a fo
=
dn bec A Fee,
all the atoms ang nok
covtied by (lao) plane do
clraw extra plang. >> *
Aur to x exba plane inteploion apacing’
=U.
Due do entsa pune «pathy Ail) 1 with be half.
do pilase cliff wil) be hol) & cond” af
cousuative Int. wil) be changed Ino disbuelve,
z-apbadhon i afer
Lavgest
| © Tie plane whieh is not present ive def nat elfowed for sthad-
PML mutedy bay d
Zz.
| foe Se > dios! dito! diy = Logie > Vein
Bee 3 dio! dno! dw = SOR aR D> Jig fz
a rr
B
Fee D Avot duo tdy = b+ - |
Ce Adieo ! cu due git. Ly wes |
ieee Braga 's Lous sin Reciprocal Dadtien -
: Zdzine = nA 48 the Bragg’s Yous tn ist Dodide
| Gay Reciprocal! Dodie, wie nia do replace
aaa 4. Jk
Racal Sadie oon vestor eater of tho
ath G and )A k are Invexadly ‘elalel
H | EK ba the ware veetor of Inaclont /
x-rays & Ee be dhe Wane vector i
of Bppracked ae kG a thy
Raclproced!) Lothian vectors. 7
Magnitucle og Ru ~
[R}= at ~
tp Mog RD [l= aL x ie le Be
© beo2 hls al indiclont 4 clyperacted Wave Ly some ago
Meng - oF R&B ane same lot thoi ABP ane Spel
Theet 13 why Shay ar difpnodt,
: Langih af Wave vettoas depand upon 1 Songthaf K'h |
IR “Gal) be dam baz.) Jy Aare. :
I. Trace a civclo of readiy 21) A than
DAM he pointy, Dying en the since wil) rabitres thy i
|
|
{
{
i
i
Bag er mean)
| S K+) —————)
oy =<
1. 1 3 ak =
| TT] Th B the foum of 8
17 3 echncad anche tt * 2244
he. clffaronc ot ma toual to Foe Matiie Vechn
_ Gp inci: aT clifpacted wove
co )
POP2 SOP OHVCHOSRDPMONOBR OBB
'
eeecee SGeeereonos
G! gives He differance ef wo point), hewving (mibleninoliey
Chx2) and CHRD. fom ineldant do clifpracteal.
Now squesty, wry,
(Rite AGH RG
ak G+G*=0 /
This ds He Bragg 4 Doro in recipnocad Dates
qn QDime yy Circle
my 3 Dim —» Sphorg called Ewald ~Sphow
Fells parition ag Bragg" cifPsacted Lens fei
35 dn x-ray Machines gemallly [A= r54 A wil], Cu Ry eel
dy used.
dio Ky di incident On Cu crystal. 2 monochremas
Brillowine Zonw ( Bz) = BZ ano Mo baundsiay cohen
Bragg’s conditions will be sadtinfied
in zecipeoce) Datta’, : :
Bz cy dhe Locos of call K-valteos which ana Bonga, cliffoarted
Rocipsocal Lattio anit colll of any coystel iu ths ficat BZ,
ine- TAF BZ of Simfele cubic. ij° Sc. iat .
Cin RL. , Afbays Jake ongin at .°
conke ) .
ke ky Re oe shore K-values
which ane Bragg diffeacted
to X- dua |e = Ta JA dn -x di?
Roe
[Kx= “Ta], Brags come” GH gorbesfied Beg 5 bow | In Recipeon! Dodie
{
4
EG + G*=0 Th
ee Aguasia gt side OX. | 4 i
4y disudr Lathe ., fost veators aug oma
awa ‘
Babs key |
4, Rociprroesd Dottie , tor cack {
— |
Ae anlexc) .~ Qn? o-_+—__5 |
a- (bye) a Rey
“Ala Me. !
3B ee ea i
a: (&Xc) & i
oral muon 1 She oe 2, |
wh from G , ehh
a
& Re Ke te Ky?
BGG = 2 AD (h Ket Ky) =e im (Hk =o
2 “AE ( hkeetkhy) = “8 (Hg 4
> ERG = EUR)
Th ds By: Bagg '4* Cond” of sbquase Dathig .
Minimum Value of hi, ko ( 0 Not fonble )
Pe eal ea
=o:,k=t]
Thaye ara the porible veebuoy of h&k Neos oe hetl , K=o 2 of pao, K=t]
tke = > rye 14
$A Kyet Ma enclon Ihe
Ke t
qua ag Ler BE
Bz ave vevy imp» “in: ehoctrtca)
a3 well a5 magnatia propidy «
Bz dacide the ev & phon.
2e07OK G93 99009
* elladie popup “ascidd- by the mahi ap or ia th expel
4% & more foeady then coyptal Ui good conde :
dp can nak Yreve fredy dhen aysted anlator .
(9 gf bared gap dy Yoxye , Fran rare ery hauls be froovicad
do feee Ha @, . ;
* Bev moving Snwdt Ha oye shan; gt LD houre alow
mom then boxy Do. - Booglit hypothe Gr /g0 nowe sone
A ah
Pp pe
0 3 “3 Cand” db gakugind, ther . ;
a He oceded with noe in packwad cia” insleacl o
yond tin" do’ band 9p agoulat . 8 :
art ec i foes. do, mare JD Bx. dp will howe, He
| onegy of VB" or GB. +H hee entgy af bem’ HH
| Hon vr will do pack & fort, maten-s Stanley vhua,
© Te comer 4 Bx 4 abv applicable om , Phonon.
e Area a Bz. Jelly thor em can move foealy in this od09
[7 gad ip abet om bewunelry than plmae changes by 18"
| ing ware foomstion eeestt J brand gap asciness
IL
1
i
4
eoecoosronoseee eoeorreT® Ql BrMowin Zona >
Nett Cond? a k ah ,
> Fhee =e |
Q
“t Ky Ky SB
a
| Bo Ting BL: Lg thongulley shape (4 a)
| Sop ke
| Bea BZ
Qo) (29), (08)
ro3tdaz,
tho aw Ga,
|
Tase ae He BZ Y Squaw Dalle,
© Ractongelan Latice “> shale afrB.z- Lu ectangular,
|; Hexagonal 7 5 hope af T BZ uy Honayorall ,
Gibe ye Sheds ap 8.2" iy Casle ,
F Square " “4 ” 4 Sq uoe .
Oxi Which of ‘dhe follousing otetemont abut BoL-for
er jearticulase: secpovend JothL one correct , 1d) All BZ howe dame onth in 1D, dome oven if ad &
game veduire in 3D
Thu by due,
10) Tay ofl asses stare Ahafer. — False
| gity Tiey eld howe shame atymrnaly «Pout.
1 Qbostions
six Gpleratoruie separation of Ph capstel having fee shucks 3
os 3.5 A Hon calleulase the [Link] Cette tn Suet OOM A
EA (i) (lee) plane : a
di). (UI) peane
I Quai eco has hep ahuchat with Late pacing a= 214
R hijhk C= 407 A ans Fee With cube Ailey
ass A, Caloullade the ifedier dfy densthcay aj due fear.
| Oi. Fim Xeveys cata Fe J found do have cubis shalt
i ponamdler of 287 A. th dansity & atomic moss OAR
(“gato yh? & 55-85 expertioly’ Find aut the Boavins
Dottia og Fe 4 drdenademe. reeoihen af Featoms
G4 Sadiam deemapooms fovim bee to heb caystall sfauchre
od abet 98K wlthau change of density, Jn the, cubs)
phare Lottie paxametty a,=4'234 and tn hep prow
“cf, w= J. Find out she latree comsact in eb hose (24)
OS @ Colleulae Be ditfeaction angle fas He Tat 3 feosks’in
AL powder difpeach’n pattern. Note that cxgstal 2hoadune
BAL B fee & dothee constant 4 YoY 6 & X~ohy Wel: we
- \
1
_ sya a
S9HSCHSSHNHHHHLHHOHHREMAMTATTFTEORPOFS HOO ITVOOND
——
| 4
(b) s-dhe Lett const. of AL 4 Lassen than Hoy A Resesbe — «
hav patken would chang. j
‘ . n F §
QE i dn powder W204 olifpaution pattern, wring K- Bays of hi L§
bsy A. Thaes congactive Lat oveltr peaks a chrnved (
5
4
{
i
‘
ot a9 value of 60", 90" 4 112°. | dyskm 4 cibie & ook
at go’ cowres}onds to. (220) plane Cabenudode
(a) Value Lattio conttont 4,
(b) Obtain the Milbor indios fer to yest poaks, & idantity-
: By uptemn -
Ot--A bee call has a Lattice cot. a. Callendake
} @ Spacing b/w (i) plane '
5 Boagy aprarbbn, angle 85 for dffoactiin foorn (100) plan
@ ap Xap ot Wee A aw Wied, |
Bie A bee al U wad do meawwud the Wh: of ell
arene angle fer the miplechion from (110) plang
is” 26027. Calleidlade dhe kbs of x-2ays Jp Lette paramd,,
q ake copay 215 A |
touting iy 4or30 and donvily Us 3.58 x iS Gry? at j
298 K. Colealate iyi Oatice pararneley af the caystal.
UW) The values 2 (Sn8_) for che jllanas (100)., (Iho) & (WN). ,
L puto A pourker szample of fec Datta with Last const,
Yog A ds wed for. X-aez. dipaa chin Aluclig wing
monoehreriahc laos1n of X~ vey gf Ihe 15H A. Find He
| Qar The rnallan mass af Magmiviam oxide having Neel dyes .
' 9eene9089 0
( Dowert value of 6 fer which Ahr Breage aeplartin would bo
| daxetvedl-
ti) Find Ro Benge angle for Ivd peak .
.
: i ie abot city enbe side yA dy ded +
mie anaes uA, Qobermino dhe Miller inchiaw
a al acts of joan whieh Sottity the Boegy. Condition . de
| foe each peak, find the Broge angle. fo.
}
Neuken diffeaehen & €7 ctifpractien i=
[xereuy dipproen { # Calculate de enrngy of X-rays }
roubons 2 electors coavespording to 1A Wavelongth,
I
i ENectene em 64
) 5, = he
an
; E, =. Poo ht By De- Brogles ypathut
) 4 =
; 2th, na” pene
5 Fo= BE OL
; 2Me. “am, jE 7
pGen HA ty dame, Hen ey, En» Ee ane dipuent, 6 £0 ve
not mas-los, Moy of e 4 nan Aiifrent,.
Ey - oxgPvane oS) _ nagtie®
yo sy = NGSX lo” 7° = hse
i | Raise : 16° lo
iH E yay)
Ey = (worl
: 7° ax leryie? (io)
> Ee = Gere _
' AXGTX Jo! Kf J5"9)*
}
ae Enuyy y tRoxe Siprattons OW Wed foo digerunt
= ——
@COSCSCHSFERSSOHRSCeHOBSMATMTRBAOBe lye For X-zay’ > hot oe AKL yy comedt ?
‘fine Vu Bu cube valltoge # ie i
rot (eva t 2 Hay |)
coca oC 1 in
ioe HR (eve de >» dat )
¢
{
4
{
‘
4
foe 1, No epandoney ef dom Vi bcoz 1 Ang (
choagless but they can be accolorates! by Amp §
: |
(
{
|
| A= rem Thm Som ah]
dsamajenvay E,= BRT (3 dim)
ces | bab
far, KT
4 Ipes_:-
| X-ray dlp ued in .coystel athaukiae dottaminahbn |
| bowed de determing magnate Qhnhue of salléd and
ditebubdn of nuda .
| Gi Bootren Lijeaoh'sn - :
° b wred do dodesumine susef-act morphology, hey af & used
Jn auqace dtuckins of dhe caystad.
1 Ey > Ee > En for LAWL
ak oe i
Eoee hone ve change Bo th can nat ponebrate Ja
J sed do ured, for Merfece Busty, \ , Bae ar = 35 peda
Aven = Bq _ B xy , x lo! mm”
dn TUS andy, Bx (499K, = 2 arom.
4) fmmt = AXRx jot
SR aE
| = BK I4xho!* atom A
es 2
Qn) 2 move chord pack,
jmm* Ayeq 20
fe fer, az jeen ’
= P44 (3) | [2 = Fae,
' = u94 A ——
(Cae) feea of aquana’= a — (494) AT ‘
5 No ef atoms Jn thy arog = 2
\ 1A = loo tmm
\
Lootne GaN yio mm. Avea = 2 cater.
i fomm> Area = Axtell.
i Cag 4y®
| = B16 X lo otomy lt
| do (Ut) plane 7
GU Rea
)
y
oof lave
OOOO COOLS OZOH SHHHEDTODOHOHOHTHTFHD® 3 nma
a aa
a Pm
2 NA Py
L w= Lethe 2g ate *
7 & ¢ a?
| - bP8a Xx (ROX YOR uy 3596
h (3 coe YY. P38B
093
Since hep fet ci. asl fash
fr: ; anti, pais should be ofepr 4 1
OBR anne A
I PTT K4/m?
I m,= 5886S
ops Aaa oN Jee
Caan => n= ana
| Na Pom Mp
| = (2:89) YG023K 0° “xX 1870 -
SE Lea
mea] = 20063 7 ce
for bos ‘Sy 4c
=O Fae
eet
ef) BIBQe 6 My |
CoH SOO SES HHEHHOHHAANTTFSOHHHHAGHOHIIHDG
trienatomin peporahion > ter bee
2n= 8 a
ane yx gys = Layee
20 = 26 2A A
a |
a= nme
Na Sen
3 an
ad = Ame '
: Na Pm )
hee + (33 Arc) = SMa _ »
(2) Na By ”
Aude fy aad
agape
= agi = JT % ¢
Q(ya3)” = fF at Cr 633)
151393937 2 3,
ad = 151:342934.
: VSWY
a= 53592 = fa
2 2
& A= Ad — fea
(a A= YoY fp
1 AS heya
TL, 3 packs — (1) (2.00) , (22 .
vy
aene =A
oe eee
diy Jee
dy, = tod = 233 A
iB
Qddn= AD AY 233 M9,= 154A
> SnO,= —— to = uae
| Ww),
“ = si 13304) “=. 1962936
O.4 i 3B
dypangfe [20 = wee]
(28), dn = pes = gel ver
Hein, = Ao >. ax202 HG = NSH
> sno, = 1st -
> BinO, = LEA = 913812
o =a 9 frees] A
a
| (9, d=. “ae - sol = IE
2d =]. 9. Raa vidya JES giney= 94
= on; = or Ye = 0537,
D O52 326)" = [2= 65:2"
(b). Endive. bade will &o ships to Dower ctippechn angle
ab at el L
: 29
1 CHOLHOHSOHHSHLHOHLASHHHOBHTNTOFOSHHGHOOTTFPEOD A
Qo '— 2d8nO = 4
(8p Rage Breed Hoe = RGF
| Ee TREES Aton
$n°o Ac, (ik = a bo
gin’, + BYP. BOG = (nt HL) * (gt Rath) + ( Reet)
"| + for 20= 90°
+t 4 RY) % fereze
77 8 “Ps 28=96', well get § whan
Ln | rox 6) fo Pebiy by 6
in a0 Sin > 4,81)
Go" Comesponds to (220)
Ngo ce » id
d=
ae
2dene=) 3 4 sinvs’= J 2D ga jXa a psy
Zz
QE dy) bee~a
d= Se.
PUD Qdye BNOEA | 2x By Oe=
|
‘ i
3 - be . i :
—— ey Roflechan of (jo) 20:2"
i Q= DISA » ABP
2dis ¥nG =)
|
}
= : au aA fa
A= axe Kos A [ai. = 4] OI1- MgO , = 4o30
(Nad ype, Stouche ) Me = 3:56 x]0° Gm/n?
a=? did eins
d > (Bint)
1) @=, Mp
OR Ne one)
at = Tn Mie NyMe 4 (Mpg Mex)
Po Na In |
a= 4X YoRo PDX for i
ae = Be Yay jot
“$58 X o® xGodAI ~ 3.56 x G02
A=HAxXloPm 3 Aa Yag
|
Sno |
O27 atmos A |
: ;
A a dite = Ss cn = z
asines ) Bn 2 ono. . BB l
BnO a7 V2 d” axipa
“ALO — =e |
Sind ey~ Gar :
RE = 0123(A)" a4 |
. i
Oil FQ) No ; a= YA '
SER @) Sowert vaio ep 6+ Ol ea
du = & fos SC > al faaks algowed i
z ie *(100) (10) Cul) (290 ) G29) |
“a F 2dsno=NA 3 sno = nA. |
yf |
Sway DAS EL ano=NSIA | pe = Ae gap ai cond” Si.)
Aatified—» peaks ae adloweal,
2 [Bovap = 1203 &
Ow Hr 2 (Ban = 2686] |
te) Third book (220) :
dois 7 Fo. f.
ax 2 Bnd = SY
Cin) plane re
ob x SR
wh
Not pasviblr
So Only 2 peak3—s (100), ) 10)
Sin O45 = ae 15, 58-05 | mF ;
| = Be es nCXs By hody) | Bonding sin _S
5 dn Sabids , a an atemu 3 vey ateong - -Gonsally
5 How One & sqft of bonding ,
iw paimosey bonding.
| iy Seeoneleny
PD bone agit / equilibrivm alisente /naasust raigtboun clitence j
Unter te a » two atoms au fined. ep
Net, force lr
ies Atbrachive owen Tallancas he 2epuilidse fore :
Pot” Enagy = = Minimum
Condition oy Stability —» Net free mit be xno & pat”
entigy mutt be minimum ,
ferea =- ve 3 adjective
SHE 2 repulse
xo Dighke choses > aepal..
atom’ ane at fan dtene thay
Jnitally cetfraction yo Sham
when they eure. nes Then Hue
wel be gepiulrion (very Loge
Wan 7 =e thar Albradtive
fowee bnloners tre wepubmve fore,
Rojerlocise frends Qe sherk range U
feoees:
1
. how |W % ~ Squibrbsiaum point
B For a table Jaijalem | RE Ahould
ba ne minim sen,
OTe Nena eo ene : ; !
i Primaseg Secor
| donic Covalent — Metablie ed.
: ad Myaletigen,
Seeardasy Bancliy oenerally sales area
mt 4 - é Pave after Peimary :
| _Poopihiay | onic [ Graled | Malalli [Vala Faia |
area Petmasy Primaouy Poimary |S once canola 1
Nedusee | pena | Shesoang shasaig” | Srducwd — | Pasmanent |
Laioati, | i abe dips mori, Shale mon.
Wes
eas Ironside | reanion bated j
{
i
i t
?
fl
i
i
4
5
2098000999006
i eeeeoeteeessabengeangot
Sonic Bonding Thi Sybe of benching iy foamed ‘by rampen 4
: i a
ey Na oh “glachronagecvity (power 20,ctthack the ey ator
Lod ° ae i
no oTt ap od Di heighn than No.
(2,8,1) Crb/FD
Ao CQ dake 16° fimo a,
Natal” CAnsallato]
Jhb Js called Tone banding .
5 Covalent Bandits | my type of binding Bs foomsol by hase
of em bw 2 oF more clone
“a@Gn) 9 HH
Pa i WEIN), OF aayadl bound .
Th type bond i petmad ww same elae apathy atom
pS clle No, Highly dnehnad. —, CSerpicortecty,
| prodalllic Pondiy ~ ra Hale benching Jy similar to covallont
binding excopt tho shaved e poly 2, nat foals Ft cay
meve form one atern +0. anothn atom, Cl i
erg LY Nay Ky eee elt (mately) PE
Shasad e° fpain i weak aly bound Ty) ineolaly
Paapdbre ( gerably ) CRocallired )
Vanclarnioal Bondi This type of binding 29 foamed bya
aloms. or, rnalacetiy there do not have tendonuy to Deore; galy
os phoning of 4) Lily Sells Argon . ete. 2
5 Ctrank gas —» drachlise L)
=> can nat Loase, gain or shane thee”,
As we put Raton. fogothu , by innacion
EOE DS This otby deg do the Inolucad clipalle mao
®
Vanderunal bordiiy i vey weak.
(Manat cbineetionaly : atem & higheby clesbenspatine adtorry Like
Oxygen or Chhoving. Dia to dh chasud em pain athettes|
nme towards Ihe ellache nse atom, Thiy foamy &
panmanont dipole, nage
eng. $80 LCE (H20)
GO)0 OH
LLlocnsgaltvity cof fs
Momynre of Choetonegadvity — charge om nolo
At O, Nucluuy > +%e Sama
He 5 $1é h-O-F.
fe
y oe BANE
RUARR OS
ey OH P
S$
Moleiule hes acciured purmanontd cipile momouh
. due do parmanet otifalk mom... gmebhy. boiling pt- of
HO ua. loo*c. — .
Cf due No He bondi — chen ~$0'c_)
F-v abso direchonad,
Constant (of tonic cystal ). (i) +-
Mactehiny Constont Ute om)
dun do Wrd roast vayhoun
U, = = 2e?
“3 > Orem) ®
Total Enoyy. of dhe dyrtem ,
[Bae = IF aa :
to Modan Constant fer 1 Dim Fonie capdal ,
Modobung. Combard for 3 chim Tente caysall +
“eenmgy due do Tot newest naiyhbove U= =6e?
. . ones, ~ W)
Ind « ” U, = thet
Unt &e(Se’ eet) oa)
en + Uy = eee.
Yr és (3x) ~ 8)
a a “ee | °
i
g rt
; Sic, fee, bee Oe
ma = re] (se siante capital) |
Keep = #63 “|
Kans = 1638
| gerunallly , Losger dhe value q Maclalune Conant , Mare
Atedole 34 Fhe ahuchue. But Nat) dy mow sate Hoan 2
F ¥Beoz near raighbowmy im CsCh ws mose than pycg ,
I. dy Oscl > 8 ONINY an Tab team [ove adele -» pa
Neth — &. 4 4” y | GBP AMP,
' Qua i- A mondatorie SC Oatho with pet" : : ’
Us be Gorey L perms’
Whee m= 28 m= O5 Hy Brot De
| fing dv equillibotem Oaths Corastent> |
Ia Bp K— peas of Wil 28 A dy bo Used Shen minimum anole
TREE Gn be dase eaten tant Stas ytd
j well bey ' Oar A fee Lattin auch a3 nti gas dusrad oll ab Sou:
t emp. a pol enuiyy can bt-eeiaetsad ©
\ p= [ie (gy" mis (5 =)*]
r whe 7 a distane bus reosuxt y jloaunm, & od a content
(of copied. Relermuy dhe Dottie constant in seis oo,
Oar Caloulake ts Coulembi pot" engy af Cs" ion jin a
Cscl caydtol by only convidoning He neat reightbou
ap Cot While cathe comat, of GL ws YA.
1
4 Oye Agus thot foot” enatyy- of 2 atoms Jnaldy a bec cops
Li gen bye) “4 a+ urflong oP ane constants.
| Calase Gp equa lala
| Gi) Latha paramesea
dit) Rolabiyn baa athrectiose enory 4- ve enn
(Wu) porenngy at the ee ep
} Baluchions :
P he dy Us LaCa-%)*- ip (ry?
wv. ee dtr-n) — bp ate-n)
\ =A [BH — P(TAB) ‘
i WU
( Felon =O D> K(G-B) - P(&-%)* =0
| o& #-B(%-km) 20
; B -%) = of
eBWa kK yD BH AY
{ Rae e 3 > Oe Go + B
\ forse gaa
: [foe ee) w= Ba A tes fe 3 R=
=
secorceverorersosoeeesooccesos eee
5
f
Se
°
Iie [ ee
Vd) wuega =288
\
4
|
for SS > 2820 7 |
A= 2(718) = 15 +6
d= = = [S:Gmee a5 <6 eae be
3 pe : =) We
i hte _ i ditefe bea
ad 8n On tJ
2 Ax nO = 2:8 DP gine = AB = 010994
{
BQ |
Bri 14637
|
ae ‘ (2) |
Qaim U= Nhe “(*) ~ 104s (=)"]
I +
E N [193 ¢ mh - par (-6) =|
f-i4S: 1m Fee].
oN [W586 8 4 069 26) |
U = ye os
Belg =e D556 Get ORG
PD Sia Behe = 14556 yo4
{ 7 we “19556 = x" 36°F)
| To = W556 Ves (1478892) or
[ me © Cet ¢ a
: lease cieeacreal
A = 090194 7 | &
i key yeh a :
! : Cf Daa~prte
fe Aa pyly xX popol Wo
a= SOSHSOHSHEHHSHMOCHOBRHSHOSBEeENAS FOF ADRAOBROHRHHA
pon peermey
a
Oa Cael —> cot
Qatio constom- = UR
Wes ate ae
UT En Fe Yr eo (EB)
ra —he* _ Hee pie 2
Gar elif). SS Are yx")
s ae = ERR KL!
LB
= fh Yo = £4 Une xie")*
_ © Sretenyrie 7
= ~26' x loc
A
OY Uae 4 Pe
7 oe
JU
U ¢ =the
ye af
du
dthiwso DJ A= g P
ae %
pees des ra @
= > xr=
nr a
W) as?
aie Bo
O=Qn _ 9 Vp
= B(a)
1,
= 445-(a8)” | a )
a
-A__4
[on te
=
(a5 7
VK
— tlt
Sep +
git
po
pat
git BY
vga
= 9 [e+] _ s)" [Hn]
7
p?
—. pce yla. fF
“Ei
- “ee ]”
ahtetohve
fy
ait pt
& geferlyve Feece ey
: age)”
gt pH ia
eas 1 Lattice Vibrations — Vibrations of ARiv atoms in the
’ Polid. Thy vilration fi sreoted-a3 Simple hasunonia’ motidy:
i Zooh atom JU Aol can vibrate Un 3 moles. alo ach ate
i can be conriderss 03 3 dimenmonal hasumonie eseilfater,
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Nous; LLatticg vibvahlrs -dacide the
\ —> dha) Poportics oe
— > Oetkal 4
—> mocranical *»
I Of any aystem,
| A Lattin making vegasisled ae a, zegulley asmangrmorty
I Ef atbony which ar: joined togetfor by elosite apehgs .
| aap we haat a conductor wise Hen heat wil) move fart frenron
end do anothin but if haot o insulator whe Hen Raat wil)
| move stil) move but dlowely bez yibeations of atomuane
| Coble jer atemy Ahift He Absalon 35 naar obo Ta
| > Amblitade of vibzahion wild br) Pot x :
| > Thin a) joossiblle at Oour demb- ve! (Pax 4 Vor x2)!
| oz at high demp Losge. vibration povtoom in any. aytleip,
| > H Vid of atom do sHm- thor dhure will by ng Haag
x pansion, sf
CH thene. b Arnal expansion dn nl SHm)
SCOHSSHSHSOHHHEHHOHHOHHT NHHMHHOHOMOHTHBBB9HODD
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| | + Motion gf each akong Lr courplad 4 shased by each. ateny
| Atoms can vibrate, fiyst Poealy 0 Ahta nownall moda -
dur do Hay anternal entry This dybe of vilsrahions Doools
fo Srfeomabion about thawed pwojortuy Jikp rpecific haat 4-
thermal conductivity ap dhe solid -
ZX) Thy can expydmed food Vilsatbny undley dorms
eetesinal foece This fore may be mochanica) oo elactsomnnte
This gies wine 40 Alcausntical (echanead’) and Sptiall projeertiy
ap thy rolids.
an caw of feocad \ibeahony —»
Py we incidont Sound - wavs ( Longitudnall) Huy otemr can
| vikeate along dhe dis” af wane pepegehon do Pound WOUre
i. can have ovby OMe ede,
2. df we incident electerres Wane ( dremaver) Fhe atorns
vitoate along He 47 cli? af wave propegehon alo EM wane
gan hae. 2. moles af vibratdn ,
From His -prokedy asises —» Optical peolomties .
Vibrations ob ene-dim [Link]. Aol -
| Lot w toniden a ene dim: chain opatoms and havin
| mass m & Say ane ‘caninaded . to Hie eRartic Apring of
Aping constant c Distene bis 2 atoms is a. '
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The 27 of motion "by considluring neaseeat ruighbsun only -
Thu motion follous the Hoo ky? Dower,
FAX & vax
Fakx [oc cisplacemont from moan pondion]
F= (Uh? Un) — C (Une Uni)
dluflacamend ag nth atom bem (nH) Hatem |
Pa ote C [Una = ~ 2, + Un. ] -———()
Atoms are farnferorniny SH Po dRait dyplounont 0) be
Aimplo hasemonic.. &o we wate the diploomont in _derou
aimplr hestmonis Wwouse.
TUBE= Kina) |
=e a
i) ampli of ware .
wo ‘fre quany of vibzahin
ka wave weelor
xr din? af propoyation Ce =na) ,
from whore dalid Aba - Tyb atom ata divert Tnd at
Qe, Mt at 3a--~ & Aeon.
ee -
Urey = Gertler Kowa] _ y,e-ike
i[wt - k(n) qa t
Uj, = U uel a mete
ot a mae . ¢ uf cape]
5 ~ Muy = c Yate” co Je
D w= 28 < [ewia 1] = ae fi- cole).
_ Sila | 2 Bree
2 urs ae cml 714 23H") a Puma -4e. opn/ka) |
=4O op 2/ka) pore
[as a [—
Thi ds The foes oUypwivion selatin fer Q yvnonoatomie. Kodhce,
dipvion Relation => W VS k relation .
jee how uw & k changes usr" to change cin each GH
snags Guards of Lattin Vibvetiin 34 Phones.
| > Wave of tottia vibvation »v Phorrons follow Bore- Rinaiein Atatinti (p-e st.)
[> Lke-photon Cenmgy duanko af 67 ware) , ‘bhanen 3 abso
Boson. .
| w= fie [et] |} 2
Modulus u dakar hari beow reg: wv can't ban —ve
=> w wu Auparcline upon sin (2).
A) 4f lo= Adin, (42), hen whad J spring conemt 7
= compry With B= A = fe
on
—_ A
| o{o= 2B
II
ty adlidd g= Ca
> oy is velocity af acu
mM
a be : Aprig.
| 5 Sam = OS Pela. *
i Vg = Ope 3 ay = afFe
| BENE] oon
|
\
WE | in ( K
E
eps
2
—
Me
wy)
I Ss dangitudnad atfrew & ae (mays denaty )
on ; . f= |
} aa hardly as gertely i
|
Pe HH
4 i pti Cores ¢-
L(y At Bow foeg: & Rony Wavelinth =
i tam PIE Fen (kaa)
w oak | sm)
“foo dong Wt Ko fag k= 20] |
j Bin Kas ka -
Qa 2
= Ra) 9 [o=[F ©]
a
. yn.
Grpup velocity yy _ gu
+ Ad
Vp = p= Us
At four freq & Lome. Webs, Maclin 39 Non- dijooryise.
i Honee, dt can bo convidond aj Continous © homeyenaans
| macliary C His “iy abye calles! Continuum Mockel ~» dn: Condinunm
model, Vi is indlaporda of ky
(2)_ Ad shoots. sel of high freq in
0 Nb afpeximahon on K..
w= I PY
| 98> LMU
—
b= “de = $ fae cy (KS)
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Hone irodium J disporense ” ”
| Ak what value a} k , Vp =0
ae = 03 (+2)
Those ang tho ae op
he: At B Xone barndsin (at k=
oy
=> At Zone Bowrdsuy (x=t) 3 Vg =0 do We k geaph's
. 1
6
come flat,
Commesanding Wk do ket dw |
eo
K=qF on
> [saa]
dp any’ wave hoy Wile = 24 chon ay quoup velocity =o Ao |
Shak ware can Net fravemilt Hreuyh Prot medium gs |
beoz phat wave ey nob camsuing any euy ,
(group velo + iy dhe vel 3 ware envgy peanamivon J
& Ths Wave til) datisgy the Bragg 's cond?
dnskead of rane dgy ware , we !00 get Sending vlaus,
Bro
Zont-bourdsy [sep of die
band J
Pape eran band
K
—2 G conte of 82 $77
© Letom af thekand) a foeq: band — Fhe aMlowed yalury af prey
poopogate .
{
| quoup veliak se dop af Je band Js tho,
Wax = Be Top af the band
+ fer mono atomic Qaticg | Wrox
> So monoatomie fotticg bohave die f
. oe 1 Lattig pts he: 2 atom -basu,
(Nor of afoms ain pomibee unit coll = 2
hep actos hove mares m, 4m, At
hoovies than ™, .
ey
Rejuoniy : Wave will not. Poopogate (Poet “forbid
Jo" yee
pars filler,
beaz face: greats than Wax can not, prfeget. ie ‘pas Hh
freq: Lowey Than Wma Ai Atop the frey- mort dhan Whoa
wo > Une |=> Nah fae
beahin, of Ono-cim Di- atontic fattie
m,m,
= [ae lot Ke Ez
High fees) tahoe of ofaticall branch di panels when
Lighten mass.
“fis whith Kwalug —39°(KL)—>
sin (KR) = | = ale)
Se I
at
A hots
n
iT
te
2
5 B-Z bound ay
Ab BZ baunday , fre depand upon Lighter mass.
uplk=o) > Wy(K = 23)
| &@ Acoustical Beanch
1 wt= (hth) -¢ Hrd) on
7M,
/ @ hong Wil {-Sow fs.) '
— :
At kao, Srey af “acauistiaD branch willl be zn bub
ny optical “branch will not 1 (20me Fintle
alse)
& dong wir (Low fry) ‘ley tn 4 R= ]
K-30 , )—*
ws cla ne [iri Hy, re -
cde fie j= Tae es]
mm, 5) _
C(m tm) Jfi-f- ea mim]
One,
korn” Ao Key amall. do Expand oh
= eGkrk) [a pry een
it
ul
ti
a (Mrmr ;
pac (mame yf Kamm 7) 2gr
: ( mms) | “a(n ¢mye | = SO
2(m,FM,)
Ke lees |” 3 We] Like mono-adtomic
E
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| (C) heh freq: (Sho (shooter Wik) &
t kK hgyh 3D on W{K8 Js ;
, {
(k=#3)
we thd) — ¢ (aay |
|
w= CCH e(bo) = TAR S|
w= /2c 3
At zane band y Pep of acorutial bonnch cleparl sper
the fonviswr Maus.)
do W Sf Optical branch 4 Weofacsurhe beach at —
zon bounday one efferent There 4) fome gsp bw Hein |
known 23 want Gay.
ee
§
of
eee
Je
3
n
pK
v
x
Thaw thu dispeoten relation Of phonon Aiperrsaioa th
clicternie Sothia .
Thre can net be any phoran comesspeand to fogs gap.
Band wsidth f allowed enoigy bard (Frey: wid) 2 ee
(aoeatstral beet)» JH, = we >a GG000S8G08999000
S9GCHOHOHOHSHHOSCHHODBDES
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fri ORY » JE ~ RE
clopands upore both mares
dp m= mm, thon fees Aap = 0 redisappoans
bend vidhy= Jae | JEFE - JE]
fer_obtical beech _
+ Allowed Geequery wane cp probepiom of. uae. Uy aputted nk
wo pools —
@ Ophcal beanch i
i) Acoustical branch
The 2 branches pepurade by a ‘beep gap Width of au gap
ational JO fm. he.
te Fri ‘ dab 0 fi
~¥mt, Ped 1 Lighbey mans
dem, gap t 1, -9 heavisy mas
—> mem, , gap dinappoors. gap=o
dn monordemis. Dathie, we. have only aeeuskad nae
& sn diatomic Gatti, we hove both optical acanttteal franel
hes Gb Gy nocomadup fr a ofteal branch that there rust be
Qatems per peimibise unit oxQl. :
dn optical branch, % atoms mover, 4p oppositt dixections -
hante conbe ¢ mass Ln optical branch pemains fred - . Optical Wane —» EM wove (Ligh waste)
acoustic Wane —9 Sarurd Wave
Ny ck
Natl = @—O——-©——9_ # mq mores upward
svelmth % — clounwonsl -
CQ hao! er .
Bi Th, & mz CUL A
reo | Rumen Mor
But Conreaf mays v2main
fixed. |
4n Bletical boanch “+ CM Optical brcineh, can be asin in Nach ; ZnS, GaAs
>
Ge —+ accent +ve chose (ut Bran ex of de)
Ase vey fee with 2-atom bas
> Dimond i Cech J» Simple Cubic => optical branch can rat
ae : asvutys .
ratory 9 46s, ict} be.
optical branahi care avis ,
J No-eftbranchas in a SelidF Sum on p alors Jn the
pom unit clly ox p oder, basis y | Beanth \ 1D (br) “2d bb) 3D (3p).
for Mono atomic athe - p=l
arausticad = |
opticaR = = b+ = IF] x0 ‘
fio Diotormic Patigi- par
Gtawtieah = 2
Okting = 2b-2 = 20) = 2
| No--of [Link] Vibvation * Iap p- aboms in He Pride
|} unit coll % deta primbbive unit call an soliel wv
Total No: ¢ atoms= PN (atom hoy 1 Dagoes oy jesslam)
[ Modey | 40(bN) 2D 4bN) | 2Dipa) | -
| Reousticnp | PN an 3N |
L Spit | an |] pan | Gran]
|
|
|
! 1
foe 1Dim Monoatome Gatho, 4 Arolid. cardeins N nov af otomy,
i Tetal Mody = N > acoustical 7 N
| » bptod 4.0
|. for 2 Dim diatomic Latte, ;
| Total Mody» = 2N ©
| acawrteal > °N
}
optical NM
SCHHKHCHHHSHTHHHHSHEOOHTHNTFTHH9SSCSOSHEAESCHBHBOTBD
| ys Phonon clueryion relahon (W-k) Ub obtained by Inelsstic |
Phonon. Tht as dhe erngy yponde op ollortic, wave
wf os Lathe vib.
—> fellows B-E abbot.
acadtening. Of dhumel roubory. Akh « !
— Phonon deoxy nat casey any Phyvieod momutiun but indole |
He cystal , at Ungrads with nowhon, X-2ays & eloofons a4 i
af tt had a momentum Wk. That Js ayy called Crytap
Momentum,
=> Phondn may abrovb oo ernit Ennagy « i
‘fio momentum clijpusny = entryy olifp.- b/es inciclont 4 40e Wad,
Most of, the Voads) wild’ be oAifpracked bark but a Diy fork
* EL) be deanifn do Lodticn » : i
Phonon gornades by pelative motion af atomi ,
Phenon can nat exit In free Space Thats why it deo nab
caseoyy [puyical momentum '
: {
Results of. hastmonic cfaory of Latte viboations |
FOX yUKK |
UW Tivo Hettice wausey{ phonons) do not interact with each athe |
‘ie No_phonon Scattering. «
@ Tow is 70 Hoymall exparwton if atoms ane vibvatiy heen
@ Adizalahe 4 totaunal constants axe equal)
(4) Clostic constants Like + fowei consdant C ang inclopendoné :
of promune I temprahne .
(S) Beast capaclty (sftcific hos) xo conshank for semebe p Ie
ATS % 8,9 Deboize temp, “| ri
|
eSOHOoSeeoetetocroe sea epef®eooon502e09%96600
dn reall coyals, Hoscmonie. Hoag dew nat Follsw exectely
Meaning » Potential endagy alyo contain) dhe anhasmanle dorms,
Ut x 1X2, te
dhen themal expayvsion asl) be Hine. Honte Dottie orusant
will Inacare. H horemonic theory m+ Not Faldoe thin phonon 3¢a,
4
|
i
! Phonon Scaring Phonan sca-gorernsd she Fonnal
| psopertiy of ate Acbidy. ,
| <5 Phonon’ sea: can be of 2 tybu >
i Wy phonon - phonon Acaeniag
| Giy Phonon ~ impuouity. acadfouing
' Cphonon > impengeetion )
—> Phonm- phonm rca 3B dominating at high i,
> ° 1 ingpurity + ° » 7 ow at
|
| Phonon Phonon Sea» is ef 2 types +
| lz) Nosmal pavceys (N- poveess )
' (a) UmkQaph poset CU- poe)
N- Prews = This id 3 phonon poverss in diy, 2 phonsns combi
[de form a 3rd phonon : ;
e+e = %]
Mom DEK = RR + HK = HR
Ao Mom. i» Conenved .
Zangy Commvetion , [boy HU. = Ws Saugy= hd
Tw, + HW = Tw3 _
“hn shir footy, No FRuumal Rquallnttim ain Dishes] « Hance Mo. i
~tRanmad rutena & thumal conductivity 4. ; | Hf phonon proce.
a
oT =o
£
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» U-Process: df 2 phonons scaitoed do give a ec phonon but |
mortanem A Endy. ase net conserved , ton for the conrgvaltey ;
ge mom: & enogy , lodtico runt be invelred. Hone thy is a
:
!
Ti rexipoocal attey veetor, |
[wire = oy + |
ome enogy will transfer do Doth;
Sn this prety Sharma sguilibsian iy atablish 4 thenal i
aesislence LU finite. Honty Trorumal conduetiuity is algo fart. |
Ry = Falke
|
-Srungy of 2 phonons for U~ process is of He orden of 1K, |
k—9 Bebtzman Consent, |
Theswy of Shocifiic Neat.
+ Shige hank! Srmount ff eruyy seyuiae to vals He Sep, |
|
6B 1 rooke of gas by i’
ce att
. lt i
Se ay of 2 , i
We Cy > Appocitie reat et corstant vedume ,
|
BG ie CeeSO OSES OHSEHHOOTTTGTOSHSBOBISTOPTS
a
for olen Coy,
Cd wa supply heat Q fam oubide Hon dt well he upd’ fo atnere
sho ikomal anngy GU ef the gas vncleeutes ,
Cp: haat Wed do ancoeate dhe idennal enmyy U
g Jin work done against the external previ.
That's whay Cp dy more thon Cv,
Shocifee ah Said (Tp mare fam
Solid clo nat expand much on hooking o constant —
(expansion > Gad > Liguid > nodid .) ; expand the gas
tld, TQeqec
Solid ahawld nat expand on hosting. do Sfalckt manning of
Specie fant af oti 4y ale known 04 Bod Copaaitin.
by Bu poli - There cre 2 dhungy i posittve. ton cows 4. fee 7
ey. Na* * ons [sediew jon chain 3 callus! te ton cor’,
Solid Specific haat cn of 2 dypes ;
, L .
+tveton core free em _ :
motion of #ve Ton cove CThasumal math)
> Lattice vibeation
fz dy abe called Phono specific fab. Theory | Lato Shai ha hears
1D» Classical Haw [Link]. ~Petit's Lous)
D Quantum teeny porinstin thoy
WDebye choo
c Clasvical, Thamry : fullong Rult's Lows
~ Askuunpibn of. this thooiy {
. icodrding to JR Manny atoms viboale Like a Aimplo hosunonir
oseblater k it can halve. 3 modes Of Vibration . tems ave udonti |
\ ~call call, hascmonie. oscillateos Vibeecting- with ane feurdamo|
| dob fetquoney indopndont to each athosy
: re Sach adem J 2guivalent 40 3 dim classical HO.
gh atuns as N olomt in se Sobid on nlernal |
|
i
exmgy of each hartmonia oscillator iy) 3 KT.
for a Cdarcal H:-(12im)
: Tote) enowe 3 E = bmetipn
th 3Dim, mE show ane 6 Pry , 2 due tox 52 due
doy 5 R deed Jo z,-[3 KE dem, 3 PE dain]
2 each emery, conbibubig do U3 aly [ Ler] :
he FX 6D 3 KT
> dntanad Samy of cLosiicad HO 4
E = 3NK,T
|
{
1
4
i
a
if
E=BRT] fe [ExT | I
iz
|
‘
Se sesh a
. Ace to ea theo, Apecifie heat i consiant at
all demas SIRI IEF SIA INES SET RIS TPL TB
SCCGCOHHCHLHSSCSHSOHSSHHOFTTTFCOCHOHSCHSCHOTHBBDEDS
|
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‘But eyosdment shows that, —
Thu shoo, fabs ot. Low aa
At Low: demp , : +>,
Cat
Honea, Hos HReoy Fails om Low semp-
© Einatein Tony (Quantum Hamy ) :-
Thu vy only ene change y Etnatecn mada, in classical than
AL Hu ‘atuamplion of Einstein Hoon unere nd. 2s
clarvcal thoorsy But Hao only aifporones Wd 5 now tha”
Josvicnia osallabes ant Quahkin Hanmas Oxlade,
& Ty ane orcabladinge wih qusantbixed frequancits'
reg tt Quantived in tommy of AG,No.(m), & ncan Foke
valuy form N= 0,1,2, 3 -—- 5 /
Samy of ore-diro Quantum 1:9 oy
fie a
Ry Lew 3s not tuumed., :
Thés DB the-enanrpy of + WO, But Hor N, 3D.
Le HOB oquavelant 30 3N , yim HO,
ee BN) $ Dim Ho &
BY hu + ete + Be
ew. Spaifen haat, Gy = G) .
oT
Cy = BNR [e _))? e aS he (54)
2 belkeT Ty
ey = snipe) ‘(&) e ;
(ers) 1) ne
Naw pub, ¢- a
I Og = ny (Einstein ten}-)
Oe \t bey,
= 3R/2E
EN
ar fe]
Einthein temp Og iy vefrrance dean »
Case him Pe high Aowbe hur << ET
2) On << T
wa Dy very “wing asmall) , By Binomial exparion
Ck ay
-
Ths matehor with ebarical Heo at high demp-
wo Hy oe sewulh at high demp:
I
| Gare A low sempe HY >7RT
3 OQ >? T
|
|
|
|
t
Ge 38(9) oS Cun ”
i
{
‘
286,
e It
C= 3h sey" ease (rajlecd 1) .
le
j t
Hore aa Hen ie. a i lominating
4
4 S@eeoscQoe ees eHgocec seg og 8 O30 TB REC D
ee a
At Low term, spocipte heat iy doce vig exponnintdy.
wth docsense in temp. E
Sxhorimontz rhouy dhe behaviowr f
@ ab: haat 0% cies
done this Athoory Dd Loilos} at
Dow emp « :
0
: ls
G) abye Trey (Quan Tn) |
Enstein dheoy cusmuned Hat N oseitlaens , ose bles” with
dome natunel freq & Andopendontely but a3 Hay are coupl
ahow feeq of vileation. can nat be ame 4alss a abi con:
peepogate a Large ‘no of foequmncles feorr Dow rey, +0 (Sound
wanes) do high foe: (visible vediatiin). This moans a crystal
can howe a vier of modes. And donsity of modes
$t Uy called Dansity of Stetes. ”
Denaity of stades of EM radiation >
Dovvity of Atocty — No of enogy staby available for unit
enogy arta}. As dP, DO)?
A captall can profeonk wo dyhes af ware
(i) dongikudnal Woes (Sound waves Jim A Oonpuitudnad wave
con have only £ mode of viboattean fon hosemonie. O8allastor
(poobepakian of uiave along tthe din” Sf ware) ,
(i) Fanwos Wave + A deansrense ware hove 2 mocle ap
Vibration 17 to he din af ppozetion, |
Spocipit- heat fem His comes put do be
a= 3 )R Fy —+ Debye fun” oo
. ? xxi
c= an (SF 3(Ey feel
> (eye
wher 5-5 Dadys samp.
UW 4 Tabye ang rey
Kp Op = AW = hd
[> =P)
St behaves ay 4 refenenar demp' irvicle tho aystal (rots)
‘isis tates:
"ly EHP X< Kat:
8 KT
PET oy
f 7 2X oo L (Sy
3 fee) 3 UT
Pe
ay high Jemp. , Debye theo. mately with clarvical fey
fos dhiy 2egion ,
| Caer ~ At ow denis: fw := hs>> Ker
; 0, >> 7
f ort dx _ a
0 (CN 7
bs G = EP Ey
btw eet? 9 [ETF]
A thus vest matches with to experimental reyutt,
|
4
4
{
{
‘
ot
Js
\
|
1
:
i
|
| Snjenal enya} Lottie vibeetion ( Phonon Enoyy )
At high emp, [EXT
fou" feats
Debye Temmatwu t-
exprenion for cubyk demp
8, = AY [ern y?
are ( ) nt + Kabuin (K)!
Vv
whore > valodty of selina -
V > volume , N > detad ro: Pater
hs Atomia donaity.
ona Lippananct ter each Solid .
E \ ith Lottie paramo,
Suppor for a beo Dota abuctinn, with ;
a=2A & velocity a mound = lowe m/e - Caboubote So.
. an 3 1
Os BE (SER)
“hl know that 5° ; _ : i
le Cron = Coat fe Coded ad
4 :
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“T°?
xT? :
aye ObDIN Cayie, sconpully but could nef explain
b Coed .
8) Het fees Han PESO , Only ennyy KE Ao How
e: wil be only 3 Dagees Of teeadem ,
Ose =a aaa al . | .
be enunpy hauled be 2 RT. Buck 2) B nat 2 Rrenactely,
&) Clawical ( Loventz~ Doude Jhemy )
| diy Quantum ( Sommenfiald hava J
Classical free elootren thaw ‘< Qosents-Lacla Tesy)
_yCloctons ane Aareuned cc foee.
—5 A ving poe mouroundad by Lasige no: of free esd.
tye jon cove: |
+n thes Hany tt autumnal Hak whan ae feeely mary |
“in feilid dRon ids PLE Salto. he e7can mone fotely.
throghaur dhe Caytad, PRE=o
> tye lon core Nas +ve
e7 hove Sage
fe When a fee O° move in galid thon An ahs Heo at
| aszumed thot tre ions. & athin free edo not apply
| ANY foes Or Movitip face C7,
_ Fect duo do dveion cee Fane =O Feo
bee can move facody ainsidy the aolis. Bat i+ can net
doave the saw bez Cwerage foace, af pnd fon on foes
e- ay at at can nat Joare the sunjace, i
for aimbliclty this foace 41 taken a4 2010
* PaPenoigy of inside €° Jy ux than aulticly ©,
beoz grvide PE -ve, ( Otdsice = No
fooca one: bub inmide a constant force on€)
Thu Lan © haste 2&6 No e cay “yo +50
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i - . . el -Sey
ip fllassical free ev Fheary ‘follows M=B- Statubey ,
Quantem + , “ FAD «
tae tie iol
4n classical Hemp motion af eb compantd to gos malleerle: ,
Bo sk Gs called fren & gas. & ‘em will Follow dhe M-B St.
Festeos oh clita fate € Many (le Brad tg)
© fren €'3 Jn a rolid compititutey o free egar, ae
Composed 0 gas rmOlacules of an ace) gers .
di) This foeo e gas cbays Maxwells a Gebitics .
diiy dt suceesyeplly copines Glum is four Soar:
(uv) Thre foen e's can move freaby” ao sibs aks howe Righ cleats
& Houma comductivitieg,
Y Rettls of fsenall conductivity to ellectstal covct dy
constant at a porticulas dempraduser,
x k— Hwwemal cmd"
= cor Teall
This ohslank ty Goblod Loonie. 0+ & dtp volun
Ku = comb. = Imenh fb: = EASY = ausce wa Peg
| Se (Rapoeent) cae plabonon—foane Ja
| vi) dt alse exalone she Rip Lube © comple Oh:
ob slotted Chrightnoss) / paca
Laduray' > TRB Feeoy can “nat abbin Senet dlepanclonee
| oF op. ellatoieal vesistivity .
3 iy st fails to explain elochonie ast copay & porcinaanctie
°| Auceaptadbilty of fore 4.
$! . ad Auecsfeterbl li af fee <, at
@-———____.__.
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| Cye 6 T
Bud @xparimonlely, Ce Phauld bt — Cye « inclokonclont of T.
j dil) Tardive Valueag- hath: cope far seme mates , can nat
: Ry should by —vete Ryan
eg: Be Mg Ca. ete (Ryztve)
wv) # can nat explain. why veme Aolidy ant goed conoluctre
Gelaokrity & Acme ant bas} concluctors Sf chastity he
dt can nat oliifounbale bis sie, conductor & buulater.
_ Quantum free & shaoy : Sommer fil Thony |
~ Chlarricad thay assem thok os in fee eo 923 fallow
M-B stetudis, but ev fallen Fermi Dirac Statlitiy ay
faudi Sxcbuvion Principle’ afpbicalele one -
| —> Aad the ayumption of Quantum fren oF Hrooy ang came
5 clazvca) free Hany exeaft now €4 falldw ths i
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a oe eee eee ae .
je By changing the stabs, He prokendy af solid uu
shot oe nes PaschHon fact u change facia fu’
clucuibas the distsbuhon of ev.
Ausdo. Afpachon dur to al +e ton codk Cue
can nat Leave the Aunface but-. frez 40 mow. in! sabal ,
— Sommunfiald eepfac EoD valid by 1-9 patrol
box do cdetenmine the ennngy yyy Steatey, |
1 Dim Sch* 24” fos pat” (Pot? Vee Vax
Ju constant with dime) : .
LY, 2M (E-v)P=0 i
ae tae - bese) veo
We howe so. pind al? ¥ diel, © 50 EEL
tig solid . (V0) vox
eo have dual nahue, Bho can. be Commands a
Wome 0 “id con bo ae? by Y.
lot 2ME 2
aye k
Then dE + Ys 0 K Wave. vedo:
k= ot
Pot! of thir 2, Y= fank«e BLK Sanat
Bound Conditiens , At x= 0, Y=
o=0+B) DB BHO
At ocak, PHO sy ge AwnkL +0 |
Ado 2 sinkL =o :
BHkL= On NT
tiling ne I) 2) 30202 2. KLENT
n=l %b" gound atte .
neh Fy exdied Stoke
who Ware Rune a
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ey | S Ae Jt
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Snmay Level stration f withn. -
Tar yao ki &Ne ee
Vz04| ae é etbaree
je extbation)
add toe in: qoound Lowel.
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Duel at Took calllad
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Cw bes Fermi Dovel co che Rant fillg
[ne Fermi owed 0 the highs
xeo EL ocerpiesl Duel at T=0k.
Th uv abiktdly Tae at
T=oKebuin.
Eniiyy of Fem Covel iy callad Femi
ALO Ho Dame ‘endow Feral Laval cuk - complaley piodad) -
© above, “the y ao empl,
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fom @)D Weger p we
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E.=hke = Pe /
“nt 2m .
Who op = Momentum = 4K SS
whe k=» Romi Ware veator
eM )
Qk
Now, Fermi Velocity. k=my, = ENT
Ham Teresi ,
by CE, = = Sal © Cg--Begrran ' cut
2.[Te sks 2 ake | |
x Qm Kg
Groaned State Eningy (ar Zan0 point Eraygy J ~ :
At a8 T=0K-, ald She e-5 ane an Goound stale,
je: thee 4 no dhounal exsitation, Sum of all the
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Lwitd iY clue to Apin nay , hore 2 shin Lovely
m= +h & mab have same enyy . ¢] we pub the
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Wo Know that, Fr - A (StI) 244)
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6
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pon unit enenyy ee
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. ) » dE. { nb nor a ens
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= dan. adn :
De) y= adi]
Avie? dew to Spin daynmacy.
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et
Die) « ET in £ Dien
Now gennralise db in lim £ 3 lim,
ee a. Tabla, (or feremiont) (Het appleabty for pronon (boven)
Dimowion | Ke Ee VE be | Te
~ =rnme | 4 Na) | > _ (Nn )*
4-Dim Nt (ad 5 (4) KGL cael a)
~ Vo) a2 \ aan)? omy 2NT)
sm) (aa EO) GT Marae
: Ya] yn | any i any
7 a2 | (arnya a [an sm)
vain] ety easy tea as anal
: |
DCE) & oe
aya LE
Dim Fae ee | 3 °F
: mf Le
2 Rim Cary. Ep
. 2A
3 Bim pe eM) SFr
Qenslly of Sadr an genial >
G Enoyy
(9 te a,
Eek |h
E.&k*
& 1 massive’ pashcle 5
Lets Mune potty
E Ys K qrabh > ennyy cluparion relation
a
Woe &
~~
try:
”
=r: =] fer mas~Qey prete
phon 4 photon Marre pool, |
r [gs fa) fess Masg- Des pode, evs k geeph 9 Ling,
n Moyaive " yo re
;
{
tv Phonon > “gy quanta of elortic ware
’ v Photon —> ” ” PRostic 4.
ty = Bled P
,_v Mogren ’ sein
} By change in spin , tha yoowe gennate , called sin
+ jane & entyy quanta of dhs afin wave rego.
\
{ > Most of the fermions. falles FE x k
} * Bowens Eno -K
ja anons can bi marive or mayitea remeting ,
| ce digpuyvion relation far magnons canna Eaik OF EAK
—> Semotimg & brhowe Dike relotiits partie dhan
E«kK
2. gr’ Graphone 5 EX i(ecoptton) . |
> Tipkal erdot of fxm erty in any sei
Ey» S-Fev
eaeeeeeeeooeo2Oees
condathon, LE
ip
Efactrora can't be ae [Link] T=ok 7 ae
ev can move.
to Chawreall shaory 7
> eee can gain sArmal onwany at a pedir ;
demb> Bub’ Quantum Hoon Says only KT badow the
fermi Rewek ; ea Qaun the ae entip.,
dlinaty of Atty — D(e) aE $e
}
|
2 —> Only few kT ao 2 wat participade in Raab
|
|
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\
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eogovreseeegoeegeonre
al d — dimennen ;
a can take vals “A =l, 2,3
{
i '
n=! D(E) n=2}) DE é
1 Dim Eo || 1-D aa Quanduun dot §
2 dim E! 2X = Quantum whe:
3 Dim ee [aD] em | & Bak {
, {
lonwity af atatu for quantiied oadiation ( photon ) 4 E* |
: i
{
che heat |
Spe iRe a 7 |
oy Td tas Cy KT when Eck” 5 Boren
n=) Gy (Prawn) Nad Gy(Boxen)) 1
Lb To s Wa J
2D T aD TT!
3D ee _| [Ls-2 Tae
Sy
_
Graphite - at dy contin 2-Dim acesto heat tean,
glo phonmia. Sp-heat for goaphitty Lalo eT]
ari Onaphite > TRore-wil) be iniradoyenr vibsationy (ulthin Sages j
| ber dame wu nat, interloyen vibration bcoz no bonding |
| bp atoms of fayins.
Gyaphite 4s poo dnlator , (tau Clacteical conductor |
| bud has boos conductivity Sf
|
Fon Fewrniong t- n= fesmions >O
cx T <<
Ay Total Specific hoot for a meted
C= ar’ oe
=< © etaatein'e Dous ,
A ERT]
eloebroniic Sp hoot Cootactronie wu clominating
| Locher ap-haat Gaus, lomiunating , |
Tenn BT Gy pragnch ot alll dems bub dominade only at
Low camp:
| fetal, [ESA]
lot as alse calles) Phononie, Sp- aad,
P| hice
Romasttic Succapbality, u
Aca: do dasrica) thor, 7 ot
Ht ds, now andapanclant of Jem T.
¥ Slonting 2 fellows of Chatifeal Hay ax has basen soled
by Quantum feea er amy . :
S Quantum free eo” Heng succuspully clepiny tha temp:
| dapandane =p leatskal renustivity , elocteonie specific cheat!
| panaringnsht “yucupialilily a fect evs Bur ts fall
do eylain dha fve valur ap Hold ty Coppictent fer sora |
I
motels & distinction hw metals, tnyulaboos ans |
i
|
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+ Quantum free & then Ly bE ly K
nO pee 4 y oR 3 Ce . |
|
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ip
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aunics Ce ee Oe Oe en ee
fermi istibution functon =
FE) = CaF
Tha dascwbins Tho probability ag occuippacy by N es:
Behoviour at obiffmont dnb ».
(i) Teok, ESEP
F(E) =! '
Probaliliy of pp ato do be pillad is L ie agate ts”
foo Yo flaosl .
Wi) T= 0k , EP Ee ’ |
|
de Ly fooy, swe shod no atade absve Ep it filled: ie.
compl etedy omipty. oe
diy Thos E= Ey /
Fle) =& 1
ee ae Jy the Dowel) af 50%
seu Jove J Bigg ble ° ESE, 5
d H ‘ ; :
mpi filled 4, compiled [4354 peal dilation af gre
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Temprotune dabanctonce: af Electrical Rovishvily or corduny Di
The cpfacstion of Condluctivitg Ly ob}asned theaugh. i
hum!s Dou, i = 7 :
J= ck ——y |
Abo T= nL (2)
44 we haw o Aoliid’ 2 connect Ub wlth baller than face €% I
sens moving « H No baimng Than @ move -freod.
sone r y dite
ae of calQechon of 2 ts Ao. Then no cubed
vu ee _
ag we apply Eloehrie piel! Fhen +79 om
on will date Fe do mation by :
Fave Tor) tone lo dhow u fing 7
that eel) collide with Phy =
at ee
& loot enoyy
| Free a7 ahtory She dheory: of rnatals (no habs)
Now ex wel) shack naw mation, -€° WL) acerdenake por
dine TL, Tig da calted Rotanatien shine
= E
t (a= 82 > ws SEE
| , Relarahon smo > crating, dime bw two ANCES VE, cotheyions
| Se comes from Lan dyeo path Ue Li CLeLOge diidan
| bys sw Auentsive celldyion,
j J= Ig Te —b)
[7= net
wo
This dy the elochical conduchvity af metal danivedt fon
phmn's Dow. Jed algo called Qeucle Conclustivtty .
“Try a de_ conductivity Beoz bafteny a proving a
constant jth” Bee
> Now, Hf we abbly a ac ,SBUte , $han conolteehvity cu
nat ematent', now ap becom a
tha ue" oy fost + -
| o = _he*t ]
(Aatym
|W fap af applied valtage. “QO!
“TRG Ls ac concluatvity, ER Btinwt
wo den ac co converkel dnto de conducttvily,
| Relation boy TAA +
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v a 4
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0)
; ‘ale, Avennge velocity @p o> insta “Hh Ashi) ob Fharnal |
[wr Cea
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Wy) daft velocity,
Fats Duparcanny oh Eleahical Randy & ConduahVvily
“ner
e& m ane constant
Temp: cepandansy of o 4 dooicled by T becaun 0
Dd nat chanys rauch with © (changy bit rat rowth) |
Car i
Mean callivion dima Adpard om mean free pot), |
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{
(1) T >? & ‘Chigh serip:) 1
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a can scaler, with, Dattice or cwith dnather ©. dr
ay Qimiteel by dwn ty fr of Acattitlne = phonon & &-e7,
‘
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At high dempr 5 e= phonon Aca, is dominadiny wad this coe
ea taAe Et
Ae T +, TY then tho us) by more feequant
sealdiviona . then ae
Thu Ly docided by e-phoron &ca-
Gi) T<< 9p (Low temp>)° \
|
dn dhs Aerie wang, bath e~e & ex prone: Reabeninpy
ana wsporrrible For Hep dapentts “Of conduotyiy-.
dua do e- phonon , oat >» Par?
durds eH e7 sea, rxts, Lat
eta
fr Rosutivily aa % ae
fp 9. Tempeature. Aoponciant aesbtivitg ,
f; ia Independent on Jempr T but dopand on import
conconisalon a} chofact) .
4 caper dn a ; ; et
fw Sbpardont on aes (doped pd an JeomprT.
Te en ne ene .
pte ae
i
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A+B?
Buds: moe pure.
oT
> Conductivity of rafal 4 With * Jemp, |
> ie oe) eee
Teyunal Conductivity op a gsulator + I
lectsical conduehion “can dake fallaco cir to mahon af j
i choxege partie 7 : of
reaps Aha dranshoriasion of Snimpy, 4 Curcenh|
Condluiutton- U1 Hae clue do the change . i
—> Vibrating Datta can pooue hoot cmduchin buck can. nab |
* preduta cusount donauchon , i
| But fete em can deanspect bath » enetopy & cl pe
cam pads beth heat’ < chsount conduchon. Maye
=> A fre & ‘can toanrfin Rast yore efficent than
ee Thermal cond” K
| :
K K But we aw nat dalking abst gos rnalouslg: Clive Phonon .
J vetodty of phonon 44 squal) #0 velocily ¢ sound ; JE too}
| rst dypand on dmb Vp ws vy
? a
: sa 2 Joo
> P
fee ane [oo time more ee than phonon in car
of hoot trang.
Thermal Concluchvity of insulator,
[k=kp= Lage |
} Kk =Kp = LAGU
| |_3 Transport phenomenon ~ cafnliety s Viscosity ; spenin)
5 An Moan freo + path et phones _
ga Speciyte Aact »
| yA syelioctye of a
[gksT
ntip veloc fos a gas mmalecula oF Fay ram
i
;
K=Kp= Llp 4
eCSCSCCSCHSSCHSCOSCHOSOHCOSOSHSTT9H89ONF9ECHSCAHOSOD
| ) ow Hp T <<,
Cp xT
' Ap irelepanalank of T.
thon, [kp & 8
diy High Amp im T o> Oy
Cp’ indafandont of T
} Ap > :
pm
} Tiemall Conduct! vig. oh a Motel) -
K=Ket Kp :
Re Ju dominont owen Kp sto bohavtour op motal wy
* doviclod by Ke
doi y K = ket kp # ke
K ke= bree
2 Ue = Up (Feami velldty )
A Ve ds indepenstont of temp .
Re= tele Ve
Ga At very dou demp
T<< Op) Cyc T
Ae x indopendant of. T
AL Jow temb — No phonons or vow Ly
Whe lee
| : Ke &T
ty) Row emp Te By
Coe T
Ae %T?
shen Fke oc T
liiy_py Hiph dempi Te> Op
fe xT
Ae & =
sen
“AE Boom temp: he aa al fT. Tas malas Gps very Lay2 do room
dem 20 high mp
a te a ele lt len pale rh el ih ante b ase. ata tee acne
SeeeoeOoe eae eeooenrn®*oaeceee0eee
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Dowels
by shape of Ae fom: surhace
| 2): Fesumni auvipace found only
& of
| valona cxlove ay ate fel inden, depos on
ap me
Enoyy of fount Suapato 44
forum enoyy Ee .
' Roshi of form gxphort au Ke.
Ks constent (at Room sem.) 9 Weidman Pranz 7
oT
ber Ro incopendert of T
ox
| Foun Sunlc' Qenni gi su dconttont elbngy sof
| in k-space (momandeum space) ,
Chanackeastig of fermi ausyoct
somal dhe infllel avs fo, fl
at abrolute x00 - “ellachical posperbity of-matals clafernin
Jn watals . how an jaulakos
aprouute xin Hemp 7-No “foes e7
(er canes enor 4 fee pan unit Vealeme)
concontsation ,
| nd anapanabact op Lattice
sphine J4a conoid ac suse,
Log ka ,
Hon eneyy 1 *
a ke
ES on wm
wad k= RE)
Volume = ‘Lar Ke’ = Yeah
me dipardy un € come. x. ,
ry |
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x at! leabrbute zero emp: “Aho aw prea es Hon thre
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2 tm Cmductor —> found dusfaw exh |
‘>t Sic ov insets» «Not extuh ;
| 4) Shope 4 op dhe formt Avifere clepadts, en Yatiy pot”
ndohuadank ‘of &° coneantratbn
eb Completely free thon shape of conifers
mie wil) be aphnical, ae nek fore thon habe say,
<> ec daide the motall Jy ynoving andy peimodicalldy vary |
pat” ta. Datta pat®. .. i
—> Stronger ut). be Ho Datice pal”, sabe will doviate |
speem aphonical shoes . |
Dortica pot sy Atseng i) Sfe~,
ibe free 7 doitie pat? iy tos
a bound > * 4 & Morr.
£55 »phurca) Shape Yath's pat®=
Shape bf ther found. surfance wil) be sphurtal only for
rannsdy fore os complately fee bat as He afeength |
of fe initia pat™” frosearneg iH shaft dovictey fron
ap
Kp? Radley of frumi. surfact
BUAe = diamoebtr » RO
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dni modu, Valor e7 = Concushbn e- ,
cc Yee, insulaked = Vane e” £ comdudin em a
oh sare Quy (4) Tekke the Found erongy af silver do be 55 eh. Bd
Gy The corvespending velocity 9} conduction eA (valance =)
ciiy Uy Resulvity of Aven oF Brom emp. is 62. Xo"
Colleudate HRs avery Hime b/w auccaruve callixion, °
gif) CoBestale Hho moan free beh at aha,
Guy Cadeadake zane pe C797 pare
|W) Cadlowlacke Germ 3em-
Wi) Cabonfate disumater foruni dinfact.
| Qa ibumintum AR dovnllard Wit acbemia, weight 24
| Qunsily 2# amen? . The maar. cablixien time ya oa 2B
| ty jo“ atc. Caleudose Lae. i
| @ Cyvwnt oui Aheosgh the AQ whe dip at 34 emi
Sony coy acchenal coun d4 2" agony & 0 pot” of
2998600080 00085006 0
ahy vel applied do dhe wire.
(b) Calculate Po Datla ovatant of au AR.
: monovack For
QR Given that Refaebm Sime of e° Sn CORD. Cu ik
gayle! see. Caloudak He Humal cnolurhlty’ op
Copber ot 300 k Ayume Weidman Ganz cout. do be
23/1 Wedt—2/k* and falta cortat af Cu 4 #5 A:
es i @ * ,
1 Feo enngy an qa Au is oye Cabrlale Hearaep
enayy free edn gold at xaee OK ‘
&) Find dhe i : oe
( Pind coouspndiny eran of fre
(0) What ot dhe demb: recanorg foe avenge Kees ap 993
yoleules do have. GRs values ;
eeeeoP eevee? Oooo ®
foe te ree er
if Ot Sebye Femp Ge Tron ds 360K , Caloulate Jha maximum i
| Oar Dunvily of Cu 3:34 dm/em® and 4 atom. wocight
Gy 635, Calaulade the fesuni entigy af Cu by
_ assuming dhetench atom give ene 2”.
QE: Find tho poobability of eocatpaey of & shad of enoyy
(a) 0105 ev above dhe fast
(b) 0:05 ev holow ”
©) Cul do dhe gov eniyp edguine Sa dompr 1 300 R.
NE i ca a
fey of, Vibeation . }
|) [Link]- Sodium has bec druckue with, atomic adits | a2 A,
and | Valance e per atom, Rasistivity of ralichiers at 20% Sy
Pa hF2 ylotncm , Caloulate
d) chasacerie dima from Lauds - Medel
Gd) femmi enn
Gi) Fimaten of foun spline .
WH) Mean free: path A
()fenmideme: Te
on 3 vedocly op und yin Na id 3000 mate « Caloutatr |
dhe, dobye ok fos Na. i
Oar ioe So at whieh Sone yk % penis
dhat on ennyy soe © Dying 0-2 ex) blow He -Pesemi |
Dowel 33 emply » . fe
| due: a Gadain qrfabs hor simple ciebic odbuedune with Lite
comb TA RB ejantasyemad Jo be fotd, COHOSCHOSCHHOOHSHLOOHNTBHSSCHOECHOHHO9FG0O8
(a) 4p mstall ix morovellont. Wha da the 2eallus ft fount
4 Mg. - ° ’ .
(Fac the & donwity of port (2) 4ouni-aphorr dos not weach.
thy Brillouin Zone bounclry. Colcubie Hu er dante
' Bt, fount sphors put fouchy the zane. bouncloy ,
Qui Calculate cto dbuigh velocity & rralatlily of & 2n.0. Cu
pine of Longth 24)-% . Whan a pot" diffeunu of 32 vot
mointatned acxeys ib eholl. Assume Shet each Cu oto
asatgbales - conduction ef. Given P= bez xl 8am,
Pa = 89x10? KGfin? 5 Ma = 63> S (afemle me)
“ebfien (Lat BLDG avo SC as shown LN ARe pager, Cauleultt
ky A d) Ratio wf the enney EA. pf Hu
Ee
AV cca hanase
| OB [obi coke
’ 4 |v i E = were) I
}
}
i
}
| mi SC Dect with flatts coms 2 = 2A, J 22c/proes
|
i
Mass (peer) = VI xpos FY
QUAY Latta vedtoos of a vadarpalarn pomibive Dorie ang
geen os B= 2th, B= JA + Caboubore :
prea of all dhe Bs Zones. i mos
Ciiy Radius of fermi uborface assuty each atom conbibubes be.
f
|
|
|
|
|
; > Bane Tso (Neosdy fea & troup ) i
; Thay La the eay of valance ea which ove naasly free,
Je
Fee thoy uns uuccarafed Jin explosining aR. vase
ig A chhoemal prohanbiy of matals Dk
oeromagratic. aurexpldiity
_» dempoatwe. cdlopancants of electrical aeaiativite,
But abcan not expaia -
-y ye value of Halll, capbiident fre sore matals and ithinchon
bjd Conduckeas Jneuloted and ALmiconductess
+ Faloer of free Hhowy. - 4933 cuss 40 ty Ove inplifiad
asvemphbn Hex patetial firkd af +ve ion ceaes Ly constert
and feo oainplicity at dy deakon ag zano Hone e* was
¢ foe: |
mel actual xaclid mation of eis complicaled. for - |:
saoren able approximation +ve ton coves may be coniiclores)
at west and their potential fiold ‘Ja- porwodin “with the
perisd 2quoll do Lathe consent «Hane e 4s moving Jn pewo-|
~dicallyy vooung Pot @ tue ion cores. a ;
Po at each +e lon. core willbe vy, @©.6,.6 @@
Voce) = VQ ac
V (4 Na) =Vb0d)
exact rol” of this poruecdic pat" iv not povsille , itis a.
Coaplcaed pot). to pind att rag” kvoning ~ Fennay, medal
Feswodic poi” Veo da a panabalie padenta) . |
4 wit chaak, where dhe boty minimum amon the tve jon core
_ and at tho mid paint bus a pve ion core then we get dot |
el i el ll tal a tall Vite
|
rds
| eeeeoer797 082 e00800080999909080
no rE NN
eeeeveoe O2eneeos
| -
FEN RAL EE
potontia) is minimum ok the Llottree pont af +ue ion core
Baste ptt
PEs Mos,
Acsuall fosrabobic fetid ahi
Keerning - fennay 4 Ireland thd as ‘ULE
» Now for” bass J not infin”
X Pat” inxicle te welll = 0
Thaw ii a pinue proobabddity thot Siig Pot?
& can penthate Hy. basen) ,
This 12 callnd Simplified Pat or. kepming Pennay bay.
Tho so” found ky tu Ly wry much aucerispud hey ace
do dis eiponinardel perult ,
Keoning Fennay Jee this radanjularr jt” do stallve He
woe fie” af Shay. e° vane «
Bloch Thoowm '- , |
Ace: do this Ahoowm , Pot” inviclp dhe solid is pousaial
vesdny with the hewoid opal do lathes tonstant
VOe) = V (ray
once +00? of Eleoton Wave Uy nat wo oe" may ay the
oll ef plane wove ie rol” of ev une it net lone worse
He 43 completely free thon Shp AOI WED be plang we
[But pM ra ome Pe tn tof ce
Hiren My Pog= Uiwe™
Wh LY00 -¥ Bloch fre”
cae
Uy 08) Sty Gg a '
Honee, Ye) > —_ Ube)
{
ve
> Ferre] |
feat ny, yy j
| yt feta)e Yra)e ~ CQ (29
yp ceiay yore) =" PC) PF) (3)
Posb-donsity 4a dome. Prob: ap finding the e° Ly game
aplou a peidod of a. Uta peramaty ) he x, c4a,----~ rena
Waise Theowy af Band formation - |
Condustin e4 4 foe fom fe hock of ruuclews + moves feeely
Vollanea @S—> a7 ane in tho Ha effect of ruelods
ok Atom, have odd Np: of
hon Buen ~ ao Complaely al
. atom “have band Hon at sheuld
|e if ory i
«4p adom vince ha ila bad dhan e- can move in He
Ppdid d (eg. pobum) dhon Gt Ws Metal, \
wt and he, on te oe —> Se is Motak awraly,
. “ > Cheak dhe banols ane
3 6 tka
veined ox
4 nad empty) overs vith enen of @°—> Ja
‘ —>4 Plt even 10.65 € band art nat overlapbing Pruwlatr
ge sumicartdat
a i oF a 4 ara Ey] ev —y tnsulator
Jonge Ego 4 Sey» Semicondurtr ,
{
i SOCGOTCHOSHEHSSHSSSHOST TFT SA OHSSHAOODSHOSBH9OO
a nn ea . :
ere RRR oe
Srery Ye is insulator at T= 0k,
Solid stake Bb concernd with afttal & elloctiica! proportiy 4
optical & ebaobsical pooporticn ano cocidoo by Valance ens
lave = Gach e° inside chine solid’ us dep" by oqste,
wh dhe wanalanyh jek oh :
Po fome
Whan a © moving “inside the sabid is saacsifying ‘the cond”
thane” instead of moving, \fonuand , i wild
sefaat “back . Nowe axl) comping byw the Plaga Fuss urhan
this cond” a5 satisfied” Han Band Gap asus’. :
foo a contain eroyy —* No mahen af em, dhis
tr Recijrncad Jadtiin, cond”
BZ: boundsies aw thew K-valus ot whith. bragy 's con!”
uy datlifind & At dhat “Zona baunday » band gap ascizes
[Te erty au forbidden fob that .em whith hits he
es bundy. < can not exist én band gab,
EZ
enmyy > Mom 4 wil: af eo iy dopand on Pathe Ennrgy .
To avcount this Lotto enoyy .. mass af ev is comalorad a
~ Now accalnation of egec M* can by pve, — Ve oF oo |
= Ee
a=. She
when 7 move towmds Dotti fob tana. moet & ee
Jo : v Oanary ” ” ” v dusy 4 me>m
) ee
oWhen e° 38 net moving! iy force (eeketinal) 7
5 ——e* ex: J > WN" ==00
Es i telying em i) cody heory.
|
| | thon Docthlee bat? > extoually afepoliad pat? thay,
[Bo ev» an instead ; |
t Nn instead a ae
| < ss f hg ong a om pve, wae
| m* _, ~ve
mM = +e
‘| edn. divalent mately Be, Mg, Ca, ---ete,
completed filled band owls wit} D b
Hy basmes condudes, a ae
Hall 'sitapiccent Ry shows sha “charge af majesly charge canriu.!
Mayissty casd4] in motels are.e Ao Ry thauld aon |
But Ry = +ve .
Sts vanen 2b ve effantve mass,
Band dhosey exbboingy Hig tve Value af Ry cohich can be"
enpdainesl by foee e Hamy.
Sum
Erangy te portion- Relaion fore: = By gy,
|
; |
© has dual natu %-ace- do Me-Booylei'hypethoss y wit. |
qv une anced wih eee " |
Hence ine eo jrvdde ey |
movi | a id can be chy { in |
usa os © beam incident form autricly pisces be a
dnnda the roled hit'on cayrtal Jellant and aasispieh Othe '
Brongg 's cond” 2450 = n) \
The €& move instead Sf moving dy foowerd dir” ; |
, : Mm
| a baekvoard his) & impose on Hye incilact wee |
i qe We doa Sanding Wave pebbesn ,
bo |
i AK 4G? = In ree procal Lattice 7
é Re we knows No enoys soansmission’ ctheouyh, atanoling was
Honeo these enw values ane not allocsed for dhe o.
A Tex enunpy vale cUppoan in the foam g enuyy banalge
The K- vabusy at tuhish Ahy beagg s cond” AOLUf ind an
the Brillowin Zone boundyie. Harte €- Ju fee to morse, with
dy BZ .
‘Enongy) Rubuvien Relation pose
Boen a compliely. freee ther e+ he
E . 2
—> Ponabalio
° kK |
Buk, dnvide thy solid , (e> moms invide the soled Hany
~s eos: ff 5
NE AE
Poctive Mars (m*) fin e- ina coystall dintenacks with the
Dottie pot. Hence i aespenca to external feoce differant
from freee”. Hence the cdoviahbn ap ens behaviour ino
solid from freee” bohoveur a token shte qeceawrt by.
Considoring &4o hae effootise mass m*. fe can bo. ~ve
SCCeHeSHe SS SHOHSHTT SHE HRASOHTHSHAHRDAOD
i
| F
oo
ov tve or dnbinth, Ht Jy given by
ok, 44 dobancls en cusupatuse of E
-K chisgacem
© Nean dhe contre Of: Zor |
os battorn ag Lanil ; [t= ave] = 4ve
| oAb midaf dhe wer, aK >
ahh
Whang moe , callloc), point af Inplorchen.
sNexn te dop of ie burl
Med | m* (dsp) = ~1¥( baton
a dé
We GR = 4 SK
At stop of fhe band , Uj =o
es Nonny draumvien .
For canfllelly foee €”,
E = RRY
am
E Ah ay
an
v7 ‘a
Conc of Zone ( Bottorn of band]
i She 4 E-k ciagrarn guia Grrotp velocity,
La a lL a - “2
: i
: we
£
4 8 ;
£ ~ |
|
= ce
\ : b
_ aed
£ uv eS |
y >
: : S g
€ <> u
> se " o 4S
QR =
1 5 4 A
aS a ney
a aoe , f £
Be go we * it
7 As . S Fy
coe c vec eceooorrr cc voeeescoveeecoeres "angen id He reolius of crowesun , -tmaller ba Hu
| efteoktue mas 4 heighn the spacd of “the partite .
Total, No- of Wane guniions in a “Band =
' Féball no: of portlela vuiates in ong ertagy band is aquell do no.
of primidise unit colls N in the aystals Hence He are 2N
jofal no: op @4 in a” bond became each Mate can qecémectale |
ae. . . ~ |
Distinction bo Matals, Inwilatoos 4 Semicondiuctons ~ A |
¢ can bg inutlates only af no: of valance 6% in pamikivy]
fant coll op caystall Jo ever L , |
! => AB Acapted has even ne: of, valance ealn de poimitive |
ud call 5 2 ad cla conviden weather dep most
i flevell & ase avert, ov yet if banols” |
oa i Dapbad jan at uxt be a rafal idend i aula |
Gf a copped has add no of vallante ex be primitioy unit cal, |
0 i
bo LR cid) =| . |
I Camb 14 band juas ech no oy thon 3-N Hi
er > 2N |
band is comnplately filled “ise. it mole.
* Ladom pan pomitive unit oll ap viene ome
PC —9N
asZOMY —a N
ey 9 2N_ fer Novae ape clauble Jo Hu no of Pic,
Ahan benel wilf be completety fidlad ab" iy @ motel;
SOGSCHOSCHAHSHOHHHOCHHEE2TNT998CCR488999089' au
v
2 [AXSSx"6 Yio Ty
d Se
Lm
——
Ve = 1339 x10° mise | g
WW Ps pérzxylo fam , t=?
Lae ae eee (<> conmanbay
,
} ie » a
= = [eexemy? fp _ (55 x6 xy ax gine ay
Re an (105 x19 84 } 3 (myt
“Typical ord of nan wate > |o®/mn?
erm 4 ate
Noe) C= See F Weaxie® xegerisidonis")™
ne 367 Xo Arce} ie
ay An?
E A= Vet
[T= oie Kw A
i
i
WY : i
= 1iaa eto? Cae
i
\
| CCS SSOHOHCCHSSOHHSOMTODT AF THHROOCOH8TO8HR98888 9
(IIE NIN REIN I NINA E SR IO ENT APRON I NP EON POT IRAP ES
: >
i
1
>
S
3
>
"
wa
+!
) Te =? :
Ep =Kele 9 Te = fe = SSK Ko” .
eo Te = Re 123 Xloe 5” | signe
[Te = 635 . to! k A Cin Taste) Cn wv)
a i Kp = nod koe?
Vi = : a
(Vi) diameler of Gur ampere 2 ke =? [elen ro" ey
Ke = Me
|;
ylocd! & kBgK lo” ® te
Ke = Selo ASOT aay Xho"
Ke = ad At
ake = 4 eA
A
A CQ \
(neh adem a conbibuting 8a sto ‘ny multiplied by. 3 /)
ne Beg X10 xX QP [em
ATE
n= 18-06 Xlo*= PBIX lo fem? — ogy x (be8/m?
1
te «
— aiXto! X26
~ PAX fo x (6K lo) XY xlon XX Jo$
> R= 3 _ Aloha mena
Ply 4 xh ey
= “Se “it
aes X le
= 9g yo a = Yd On
Joe Ne 3
a BH = 2 00 F
a owe riet SN a
a BR
ee oes, { S/e dow nat folla.0
‘T= 62 Amp Ae olim's Sour, Only
L2 61°09 fmp 2 mated folleny
(6) Satta comsend QQ a2
1 fee
re A = Ne bn, = 62 Fog
Me cm
1 a= f4 Ya 30 "3
a = {de 8
| Gorn) ay xlo® am
= b6ey)"9 x Jo7® om
al = .
(Qa T= 23 4p ee
eo =? , T=300k 5 Weidmann Fong comt. 0 = 23) x)o°8
Ce-K_L > mk =
Ge
nerUr ’
| Assume Monovellant fee Hen 7 = XD fy?
YX Jo
SHO)” TS gas
n = 0486 x Jo % 73 oe (eu
m
= AB) y lo Py ogsen Fx (ext x 209x107 x B00 |
Sal Xiloiga aoe
144 SF33 xX Jo”! ,
ay Ht
= 11478882 x 07!
poececeee tena Oe
pK = 11978882 W/m-p A
Olin | Ee=sisyey
@ Exe fe 3 Favg =. S:S4 ey
WO opRr
avg. velodty @ a free e-tn solid iy Up
y= RE {fk as eK
SIN RR EFI PP AIT
“19
Bsy XeXlo Z = SK aK 10? xT
: Jo) FX)
, Ve = 139X108 mse,
h
(U2 temp = 7 foe awe KE for gas yrofbeuls to howe
> dh ved, .
, : ’ ; ,
? Eeweape = 3 eT : j
?
r
i
Ta AX S5Y XG x07
BX N23 X]o™33
4
T= 48OYRY XY Jo
SCSHHSOCSHSHSSSHOHFT HOFF SHAE AMAGOHOHOHEOA2RHBOD L
A
n=
Ne [m?
Fe =)
Ee =
Ne XxX]o !4
Qib i Prob: ef accupary = ?
Eo E= 0105 oe ’
!
tY fl) = =—e——
eaey
eae
F138 10641
+!
eee
fee =
@
+|
F(E) = 88 »
borylor?x B94
Jc?
635
>
kg T= 0102S ey
At Room $m)
(300 K)
Seon
co go5ev, =
@ reese 4 | ent)
rs ;
532906 OV LD
won I2
= ld te te
) Re Tab Bee K = 97028 ey
c eeceeeeseHoeeceeeesesn79FG0OHC8S99 0888
| oe 2 fe
? 7 Hels yy zh 205
; ey
i
[Qti- Be?
t
7 Ka = hy
? Ki; as
ae
{ yy = 23 BKIO™ KX 360_
, 6:64 lo
, Jy x 6688 875-¥ o™
19
vp 2 Ger Kol be
QB t— No, bec |
w= 182 A, ) comer
T=293K , P= 72K lob arm
@ 5 ars net fohm's Low fetta Orud's fous,
Ald He expressions of foes 2° dere wil) be cwavertedl in
band theory by >eploring yn by m*.
= 1 _ uy
pe a 7 & HE A : |
a= YX 182 Ff _. 4138823 A ;
Be a
~ = y203 ylo
) Ep = HKe
2M
(Gy ane =e WD VE in Na = 3000 m [pee
8, =?
Oy = BY crt Wa
a eet =)
i : a
ai ME + atomic (coninbaton) dansly 9 Lee
r (te vat edackenic cme: brow ebeye temp Oy Ly nat conse
with ey )-
0, = 105 X lo" re BX QM) x &
: 123 Xlo (4203 y]o)°
a. ~~
i:
%
. Oar ty bob: dol cuay alte lyiy 2M bolaw thy
Seer Qunal
Prob of abke eke pelbd = F P(E)
empty = 1~ FO) |
° 2 I> oro} = 0194 \
aa " E-Ep = orgew
° | eT ET eer +]
ee
e ' e 8 = ota ba
°:
e 3
a
of
et
o | Mer so. ‘a=2f :
e. y Malet ai Monovadent >, n=
& , ae
a ke = (Brn) = Ape?
e . (a ») = (rn a)
Cf hea (37?
; V3
6 = LL] 3x Gi)
e ? Ke xl ”)
® | Ke =
oe!
e.
e Y Gd, Sor chee danvity, ye slansiy =2 5.4. fowmi sph fat
@ , doucha the BE: baunchy , ke :
ee
5) a 7 OF A ( «
oo) a ophus te bt on 0 Hen ak “2 ee y
°| not tech Ho zone bound ry - Y
el ke= psy An a
eo
e. Fer What value afin , sohye touches He Zone, horus
hes for WH? , Ke = ISTA
{Ke = @ nn)"? .
'hs7 = (ax(aye yn)"
D> n=
Qutk Ls a4m
Ve a2
Le ptixlotacm
fro = 869 x 107 KE /m3
Ma = 685
bo ped ney > y= Ve -
I PE = Pea 4” flne |
n= Nabe 30 ron Kile? A B19 Hl”
Ma as
n= Se Joe. 9g y9#5 ¥ Jo Jm!
cot neu
atte inet ah as re a (
[ QA a=24
i E, = x( Kote +h)
; = (Pyrtye
= 55 (Geh+E)
; = 3k
, ama* )
Pog.
5 Eg = Eo & +0)
ye Lyte
\ “ La Y
5
c= we (Tat te)
=e
. 4 trstead of 3-D, 4 thre 3 a2 dim - gust Desig
. by |
a,%4 74)
Oi s- Late Factors,
a
_— ae
Prea of alt Ho BZ: 4 game.
Bo find wren O Tar BD a
Roctangn fattiio un given & dh wpe abe daclenpedl
SOHHHSH SNK HHOHHHHOMFHTCOHOV®IAGHHHGHHSHBOGHOS
SR RU UR FE POT
&
7
f
ee
ie Ek
28h
Acca a} ur BE = ant Am
a fata all Ha BX = 2a% A?
6 Racing of Roni otnpace =?
2an be
for vackoryular Satie,
im 9 Laken & cach atom uy
eee im = SX]o° J in Conrady Le Ao No»
Ao fren a nes Lathes eae
Ne
= 2 x sexe)
= [le en” FF (em
= Iw fF
abet At
ty 2-D- Fenn’ wae a Chea hes femmi cele uf we
sketch a etrele of vad PEF AY hon t!20 douch the
Bex. bouncy .
. | |
No
rae
6
ean are eee SA90FCGC008880008 8
feeercetocostees cons >:
l Tight Bundling Trecwy
+e Band) dhasey 4 valid foo valance evs bez on valance e°,
etHent of ati pat? wiaak.
| But 9p Dathe pot? a atseng 1 eeu sighed Barenal dot
(atta paint then Tight binging Sharp 3 ured
} When Lodtio pel uv 20 sheng thot es ano atone
5 bound do te i coves thon Aicelahen ob elasfonic sheuck
| shee in denny af nearly fous Aheony becams app priade ,
} Tight lindlinp ynethod iy wreol to ctiscrtbe che sth bind &
gig q-bands of sransilon motels, and valance band “op
j
{
\
\
durend dik Abustous & Fnwck p25 coystols.
Tight Binding Srunyy eapoerrin iu guren by 4
Se aere Sairee ee eae
JE® = -x-fs e®™
vito ty xf > constant
k = Weve vector
%, 3 Posiben vedo of Nt ator
Thy expreion Ja taken erly in’ noosist neighbours .
Tight Binding Exnyy exp n for Simple Cubic. Re ke tig
light Bacing
Ler Ft) ere iets eit
i
}
\
19°). a
| oe te for hp go me alka
oe 0 e roth?)
cae)
ei ene alae guikga
=-% vf eat
cw: a te
(2,2-4)
+ elt pe st
=
A E k) = ~a-ay [oorkiat carga t cata |
“hoe a uy odttes const Tha wu for 3 dim «Sc
for Zguare dette (2D), [EKy= -o-27 [coke ternal
for 1-D dete |, [Ew = 4-27 Ok, A
E(k) fee Bec s-
Taking conbt atom at seferone ate,
thon noasrt aighibaury are
A I lh et
Beant of
5 z z) , (Eres, 9)
M,-a say (E88)
CE $7t), (“E72 2)
ee
ee eae he 18) cay (149)
y [Link]
Elk) = ~o- uy [tes em ojeroresy
ve oe penamatts = Qa i ¢
Theo are 12 rearert raighbowrs ,
> (4800), Ch B20). (-$5- a2: (£4), (8, 2/8)
e/sI 273)
ree) ($.0%),(S:erk), =L 50, oe (2,- 2,0) i
(erSr Sls ie 2) i
amo Etkye ~a—4 yr | os Kel coy yt ' ,
[ z t+ coo) Ka coy 2 coy Keay
Cort
+ Radticg: paanwka = a,
4 ennyy Expeeirion +L given, thon Quarhors’ may by osha
d) band width
diy olanaity of Heder
ail) efhechve mays
) Spee velociig.
Ke
atl.
whnr Old conde of the BZ. of bof of She bare]
4h both digas 0 pt: ws aguivallond,
Zone bound vy ang Ke cir” - (Bye,0)
1 ” Kyo (OF ee: ©)
po ae ~ (eB)
Snagy dufpeenee =) bon wietth® ¢
4 [190] indias pen
oterdo K+ Zorte:bo
2H Q2O800808S89HA08
AE = EL Etta
+ L
* (hoe) (0,9,°)
ie
eooeeeeeoeeeoors®
\@ Je(k) = ~x-a7 Pews Ky + 2) ky + C23 k,9] |
whee a oo Sette cont This ty for 3 dim SC
foc Aguary Saito (20), [E(k = Ta ay [co kat coke]
for 1-D Loti’, Tat 2y wy ko
ER =
E(k) far BCC +
Taking conbe atom as aefmanee atom,
tron nooo netghbouy asu
found ot
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Han latte panamaden = Qa
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($1450) F (2, 250) » (*Bo-h59), (733), 8408)
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oe Gunny of Staley i-
©, 4h we have a carbic caystals with wide L,
ef 4 aD. Aguare with wide L :
©) an aeDy Dine with Soyth L
ef
© Danwiig ge Ht, DCE) = oe dk.
et dE
wRne n= i for 1D Packer gS dae de opin dogonseeuy
j =qQ "ap .
=3 3D
K—> Toad kK =D k= Ke Hk RE
H §n Quy, Aow 3cim is given dian Huu all bo given a
condition , hes for Arnal? value of k
yer Longe Wavelonyth.
© fir sc, 4n 3dim, [ka Tooke
When cuieth of ii band Js AN ected ay 207% , Caleullase.
tu x change in tho qfeckiue mars. ap eat the bettom op
HY bands . ' t
Qu:- of ‘type fecica) aonuconauctes has a conducten band
Bock dy Avseribad oy Eye E,- 3 oy (Ka) and
Eye FB (ER) nour Be Ge.) 4 jE roiatiy ap a dn Si is freater tach mobillitg of &3 Ji
Ge-
Mobabity ~ Raift velocity. & /unit olootre: fialol iy calldaa)
Mobabity .
band gab al Sif Ge => Si > Hl ev
: Ge — oF ev ’
29@0000000099°0006
Silicon B Fro abunclont material on He. earth, Cwut of dh
easith maote boy Sidr.
St & He ana indirect band gab ges , choy can nat bo
wed in Lepht emitting diedte,
Seoimiconductoes ~ :
@ Sje can be duvided acc to dwn apblicahen ,
dy @lomantal + Si, he, Sn ee. :
dip Compound +» Gafs, GaP, AlnaAs etc
Ls dF dhe Ss sourie ype ap sje on: both side, 4 a lomo
| i 7 difpeant i a" “ wa» Hecdregunthon,,
@Seeesceooea e009 [ |
Ha) Semicatdudes can ba dovided as
— drtinve - Pare
(iy Exteinine - Dobbs!
“\yhsisic. Se. can be of 2 dupes
[pipe bye
i
| (a) a Drect Band Gap Se
(iy task _.
_ dnisinwle Semicmduetor :-
St, che axe dhe cutee s/c.
+ Tine ae Ye” in putermart orbit of Sid Qe
+ band gap af SE > blew
” ” Ge ate
- of pas dimond cubic (de) Abmature je each Si af
$ ; CN di ATOTN)
dy cowdinaled by 4 nanschy Si atonts with ahesung ap
Let each. a
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+ No e par Si atom 2B feo: abo ib must ;
: ly
coteagony of analater. But beo= of B a band
Yab,, Si Bo samicondielee « ° !
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At T=ok, No eit foeo Az Th, sora’ e mou bp free
but ons concluctivity wil) ap very Low 6 Hey ana of
No wie-
_> Minima of Condurtion bard. Ee
—> Maxima of Vallance bans - Ey
> hab bl Ee *& Ev Be Sng band Jap E,
at T=0k, valance bans Jt complolely st
be cenolustton paral is completely &
od No erly fee ak T=0K Bo, ~
“pour Rover wil oy. He Dovel of Sox My 7) vt
oceupacty |e: uni -Lovel wil) iv Uh
exactely in, mid _way of the compllely
Redded & empty band »
4 Temp * above Teok fe: Tuends to xvem) temp: Hay
Bone e May’ bo free beoz bord breaks: When e* become
thon dt Qonve :@ vacant - This vecanesy ay, clos Hales
fin. ecchele pale 1 called “Excidons. % xcitons will
“‘gellew B-£ ababiioy
4n sie, ef will do molion in dhe conduction bad 4.
hade» ” . » Vallance y
Change hale , tve = isa |
ae eH
pee hale it toavien dian ex a more peal bat
hale can not move foetly , LOL move ont by ore
+ Cuswoltve f COBY > Crowodturd of. Vs B.
+ pale oa fermi Pudtiche . én dntsinwe Sic,
eo & habe conan willbe same
Ny — nor g fee < 7 cal vallume
a >» hely on ow 4
SVxdsinvic. Semiconduator
0) nm
? my 7 me
Mebal = eRt
: iH oS Be
= & yon Ste
Ly= = g He= mt
m™; n,
Because me > Me Alo | He > Hy,
do fn n type Sle -ve chasyg oarhiles fe eloohrorny
ane majong cansiny .
4m fp ~dyhe Sie, halls ane majeoty casmisy do N- type Se
Jb katie, than po aype yc.
hen a! pordeneloxt simpusccby added to a pur, ericenobuake
shorn tt foccomes n= sype
“pe & of pordevaler deputy >! "P, As, Sb, Bi ete.
—— of. lefts. vast) from 1 dopend aber pos to% do
oP atoms of St :
han de of phospheny ds at Jo® St atom tun, haar.
clofing as compre do iatom of P at lo® Si ator |
. EF eM eM RR ret
ITTF EET EEA EE PEP TOP
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Lev pen Pakem wemaing almost free , Not ‘comblolddy toes
ot
Tie Deve Ey is the Dovel af 5th 3°
Phosphorus e°. ° i
Now fermi Gavel as ah) byw Wah ~
hight files) ) Daweh A hiphet embly
c ah 2
str See ity ran Jo She TTT ITI 8
conduation "band.
Oren of Croyy b/d Ey & Ec = oroj-o. ofev
A Jemb: alt th es 4 Ey wal 96 dn CBR ey
bocoms free
fos amy Sle, [mp= ne | => (ow of May achey
mn 2 en concentration in clojefed Ale
Po Vole ” 4 i
Ne Anfeiwine Cosarclty conconteahiy
n- type sie au Nutra he chosge on vistyee ye. = 9 |
a sk) Mb = MEPL bat in nthawie! sie nes by at}
Mp = "e
= antec Devel an mid wey. a E & Ey. : (2) Pe tyke Semuconducbor i=
| p~ moans ‘positive > hales ana dhe mojeaity chasse canny,
I Wien o tohvellont Jinpuscity Like; BA, Ga, ZN ede. adolaol
Jn dhe St Se Jt behawes as a p- dyke sie,
! .
i Sts
| | _ (1) gt eboney Chl
| SLO OIBIS TS
(2) .
oe
At aeem deo ,
| aQ0 the ampusictiop ang ema E
donded » denization “fe ==) Fe
ewer ee
Nabors i cnet g,
) An Mntinusic gfe Lf clea) 77 Ey
i¢ with 10% Been atem/cm. Calenlale MY Ya
dive & hele concentsrhn at 300k
. 4 Frbink cassie concarteaton N= 15 Ko fey
halk p= NS [0% 8. akonjem?
Cones
& conconation > np=n;*
Dye ML alusrto —=-
rn an
= 2askle®
Ns Ree = as xl fem 4
in p-type S/C, foomi Qewls Diu roa the VB.
Es dia pied “Quel Jb Ov yo EAE.
& & we dohe + Sj on Ga site + ntyke 1 Thin dupe of Impurity
A as ye Of tmpuury
(ats) Sh eae “> ptype | Arphoteaie impunity ,
Generecllsy Sj is clofhed ON Ga site. 4
AE at lt Ne BEN a El A rt Na nh pee ne eee nee ke eee ene ae cae ee geoeee8 8800909905
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Lirect 4 dnolixect band gmp gfe:
Yrect Band Gp Se dn direct banc gap Se , bottom af the
candurhion band & 4op af the valance band ies at Same valu
4K. iy dha, & can dicectel
excite or deexite by the absorption
er enumen of photon. & thon no
_ phonon invalyenett in the proce
of exclatibn os duexitaton.
AE A photon. cuneldent af enoyy hY-
hod > Ey , thor uu
(GW< Ey No abronptin) :
” then e- of V'B" will ebrer TU erin
K exdke do dhe CB. & when at deexctte
do vB: Shan at wil) ernit aome entry
tes hy= Ey. : /
n na Nuh ‘i
Ane e notontan pal comes Bathe in the comenat
Direct band gap S04 ane Wied in Light enicltisg applica
eo
-ons dike LED & LASERS»
2x - Gahs , CdS 22S , CdSe eft.
Andivact Bond Gap oe tn trclouel Se , dopa
the VB. & battom of Hu ck. band GP Sk, af
Linat Lppownt values of kK. oa ae
He gen fom Jeb f ae
ViB- do beta of the CB, tt
fas do change itt enaipy as well
a8 Warse-welstor K
for rom: (Hk) & ergy
Comewahon , dane av invellvenont
Sf phonon dn die conservection Proce , - fa Sausain of & , Han not all thy enogy will
2c emibled in fomn-ay phaten but dome enngy is ermilled
fn ferm af fohotons 4 Aeme posh in foun ap phono,
he Arne pont Js beansfond to Ho fl ti MS.
Dotto wil) virate & haat genmrale , Lather &
Ao Sndirxeet band - ,
emwion « AP He i rot auitabbe foo Light
ex- St, he , haP, SiC ete.
| Bp
‘Uibrium = 4 hole concentration jn a Se -
CEE,
Conn, yy 2 SE —o
Nom efpckive corvety. of ajales ab dhe ag. edge
a8
= a(anme ky,
Ne ( he 7
me" fhictive mans of e~
Ee >, Gry af ag.
Ep 3 fesmi enangy.
"AS. Temp’ f exponontial stem wa lominadie gy m4 exporanbably,
- hale concoritabion 5 b =N, ov
N= 3 (22m wry
Na
Must (0X0) =
n= mp = NeNy oe
Mh a INN, [oe] = frat, oT
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Exact Position of fasuni Dovel ina ‘Sarl daue -
© fn_4nbinwic See Ne = Pr ;
: . (Een Er) te -Fy,
° > Ne. BL Ny e “te
; mero me Hore Ne sj An
6 h7 Me Ne os A —
7 Ect ble +E - =) Wy. We _{m,
: ie oo Ret a rat 27 THE 2[ PERT The
® Ne 2(ne e
° ~Eyo Ect 2Fr meee
of. Ae Br (a) m
° : cm
e 7 er ee ee an (™ me ra
@ Ket 7M
ie |
® KPT Kat = me |
° 7 E+ 3 Q uaa) |
? QEp = Fer Ey +3 ket dn es
2 7 ( my . 4
eo; oe ere _. ee
f= (EctEvy4 Sher
ae Cs yy
At T=ok, 6 = Et By
2
Fermi Devel does nat depend ween vat & my Ree foun
emp: db capand on im, & me
4 demp' fh, dhen frm Lawl b alightoly Moray
an prasad diy? out this movement wu ray legible . :
4b can be noyfecles| at xrom dtm,
N- Type Sle i
Jenn Satke 1. kot Na
Ee= “Sgt 2 fn Ne
whee, Ey dona Dovel ennyy.
Ny ” n — concemtechty
As 2€UYe SP, then intstyuric. cain cone ne ft exponortiall
Aste Py found Dorel mous Jn downward dir”. [rat)< ni]
cA when ne Ngo Sen Se wilh behave Lik Sntotrigt
han foumi Lame move Jo raid wey.
Gath vedoety Uj = WE
Bas mobility
> [axe
Vosdahon_of dosift velocity uth applind eboedre. pid in ngs
Ol SO AAO Al
a
4
te)
7Yy
¢
el
oni b
: Hance dsapt vali Vy * with opplind fils Meionrly
> Fox Nasye velop E, Vy beams wy
> conttant a ee
? en apply more, ele. pad engi. SS
r uid) deeunrafin i the Latha instead of
5
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2 Tobality win just Fhe alep of thy —,
L geoph.
5 bh of mobility UI Lab comstant
5 fakin | doo. oe
5
i
Tembredwie Variation Mobality i- duit ily vohen imperil
ane not Jeni di, we dawn
pt gue sly get riobality- :
per ae aeadtr from
eu hems: atom: tren
ae a Te ty : Se nod BCa,
“a -3). gY @ scatter from Si
r Gol cefom than th -y latte
Aca.
ew) holb ao Loe Hy
whim ouscily + P impurity
l Sis Latha,
To
At Room emb, Mobility wil) bb KT ;
beox at vavorn temps, al the tmportbiry iW) be conired,
= ot high temp”, Dothca wil) vibrate Mere. *
5
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m 7
frequonidly do 1 | Bou +
©COCCOSTCOECESEOBEDNTN7F9OCOOO8808909 99008
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Dyped Yo, oF = Newe thet,
3p ibaa n-tupe , 1 7 P.
T= ne het Me Ly
. n
TA Net,
# poighe [ES peng
Temb: clupandoynee of, concuedivity oH docided by eT conte.
» 3, mobabity ~ (Ee Eg
ord fee Slur, N= Nee ¥T
clonases exponendieallly choix with demp-
(Ee= Ey) 5 dona denisaton eroyy
nlkan temp: 43 30 high
hak my —2n
_g
My o¢ @ ‘Per
© AM dhe 3 Sle doylied works din exhsvux aeyion ” bcoz. 07 Ty deo
* tho should be no variation with & cane .
Fer o vaniaten , Conveiry He vesuation af n with Ma
T= NEM.
A al lL EN a etl pl Na ll and RL Da a a nl cE Ne DS Vs ell LA A LA EN RET SN LN PPL IOI
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[accion e
p-type A4E=fa-B
Donan ionisahen eroy
n-type, AE= Ey +t
HF geeph o/WCDrP & yz) ded Alop= + Eafay, in indian seplon
for dntsinne Sle,
ee? .
The sinfowmation of band ih 4y NETH only in Prine
iene :
Teanimited Pt ._trelenavi “Ena Hinouwh a domi -
Supper we hove a dami- conducting DL, 2p Hirokno
Es A Light wave af intenaity Io & oe Sheidert on
cut. [ Power > drdensity foto unih anon J \nne ho? Ey
4 Ad 2 Ey then nome port .
of dha power’ will be absorbed
z rome will) be tears). fe
co ae
Hue, In sfe , absorbane t+ Feansmitant, =)
[axtet)- hh Ly) Hl
1
i
i
|
i
cia
R= Re
ene
of. absorbtion cajpieinnt
9 Fhickners of the cayptal
Ip incidont drtensity
rs Fremunnited ”
pe
ce fy < Ey dhan No abyoophn
=o
AL the tehervity (tight) wh oe goranimuled ,
bese. thy pheton Ju not capable cto genorate e-hole Joadr,
+ Quantum Epiony =
190% Quardum epficierty means , each photon abseoked
cpesde de & thale.
60% Q). eyactonsy meant , only 60% phaton , from loom ane
capable cto gennate e= hale pol. ue, orbscre asl
ben Sinskivat
p-n jue? BB a combinahsn of du dy pes of aumicndu dors.
pA vi dye Thir Ly fonnad within He ain Yo, On one
wade we have aceafetes impurity jon the attr sick we
L a donax Jrpuidy , 2
E Ss of
. Quacem efficiency bs the mroasweument of Dight omitting dovite. |
BOA mR mm aman e7900006080009999098
e@eeceeeoeosn ee Geeenoonor
bua do comanteehon gradiint,
Hune. Wild be difpixion
= Haley wit Lifer from pn
dopdahon region eA” Bs " n—op
Deut do olifperion Eo from n dro ws) Loaue bohing Hy
immobile +ve ion cow® % Nhy holes Geom p vile wt)
dooue behind Hu -ve jor core,
yp nde cs edly chasiged 2 p anda a -velly chase
& But junchon asa tehale ay notebral . j
dablekon vepion ig cliploled af free (mobile) char, xvi
A ioldth of daplalion veyian pan : :
Net clippesien cunt 7 Pn
Thane is a. internal efochoe Pidld in lefolotbn aegton , E,
$i) apport Fhe difpunion » will fey to Atop. ha’,
aajpunion St wilh oDp Ha minosty charge cuouvy
do cx0ws Sho pus? : F
The motion under His eledek. . pald da chit mohion
if) Thong well be desig curen
= CY In (datK) = hop |
Tp (48H) = yap
Neb cupsent 2 229 A nO exlernal force Yep Duid In Cds) + In (adapt) = 0
Jp (ULE!) + Tp Caleiph) = 0
b n
Ep Ey
TO Ey
Eep —
Evp ee Ew
Fewmi- Dovel LR act as a wepenonce Dovel »
H we [Link] Ye tan Hair pom Sorel wil) be
cdlingned ot epuiliboium.
Ep p la W
The pat? of Slee fistd E iy called contact pot” v4
This @ & fidd dy oviuys) oy abmingincontact p 4 dupe 4c.)
TRU Conduct pad” Ve Jt the chanacterrhe Propody of Hy '
La : |
tee
bannir > eN,
V, dopants af on demp 4 dopjany concankathen 21
kesth dhe side.
i
| po ome rebkts je hale ence on p wide
: dyke 7 :
Pr — > Neale cone: on 1 Hele
Mn 3 eF ” on o4
Ue oe Meee ee ci
>
>
b
4
, a fo p rola & mn aide ane copped: by Na + Ng aan
p Po Ne
5 :
hy SN, /
Pn My = Me?
Py = Me | ip =n
Na os 7 P
$ ‘ P= Fe = ee
bt = ne | 7%, Ne
Ne Te = ne _ nit
Pe Ne
ve = AD dy (Se
e
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5
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[= Bean ae
Contact pat” doparsls upon cloaing. cancunirobin
4 doping cone heavy rt Cie fue? ia homily clopfersl ) Hhon
Yo wil ke more
a ome noe erie token Reece enene
Pen Jue” under Foowared blay
‘Pata p idle > ve
boa yn 4» ay H~Vve
2xlemal @: fiatd wil) ba pn
by extemal € fiold ,
| ask intemal e~ ald wilt L
Oi pasvian butyl? b pan eF AN
SRenOLe Wienes neat nk
°!
. ee CO meee ge tim
a $n vide do CB ob fp de -
fe ccuuianeritay = 2 hole gee V-B op p Aicle can move to VB gn ole
Tn (aipperion ) Ep bes
Ps s i efy-
Ty, (sypeten) PING Teo |
| Deflation aegion width Ee
wy ; Spb Ne
| pet” dodshad by Er Ahailced TN
Cl wn
Cussrant plowing fem pn = feoreud Cwounh
: Nh D> Romonce vv
i. $n FoR: , Net cusgurd flow faom pn . Thaw dino che
ebook on 2everse, cust.
E Roverne currant Li dia do yninonty. coseriny. At Low
| vebdege, minosity. canonin 2t ncapanclnd by >
Rowse comeert wil) oe samy 23 ib dopard
en minosty casouien cacn, A“ inclepanstont of He vel.
dAapletion uuelth
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be
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antl he
ees
4 VQ dy veph
than fac? wilh
kaeakdoun (Zorn
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with vrmalll eeritance hey cussunt 4 pmell doy +
& Am RB , Cyount flow Cminonly cureunt pow wit
hiyh perstante Cusvent ue mall
This is a wachfing property . Ee Li
Diode will mohevele ara Raotifioy
(Minority cromrant 4 forge in Ge to ore a) lox Hruoumal
N\
athe ) Space
Shep charge ot the Tunetion o. n8
Exfansion of dipllohion Douyer on \
n md Xn, % On p Mido i=
a bere] . [:
Bo [knot Xp = Ww Jw ao ee a)
a
A> pe asa Whale J noubral
, vee \9-| = 0,
Ng —* donase cone: per unit val .
Na asteepter @ 4 4 9
b= e No XnoA
Qe =e Na, A
Ao e Ng GA = e Nap, A
> [a =m} —9
fe dspletion Onyersesiension uel) be rere om Diskdly
_deppad ridt .
Ng = Jo! P aboms fem’ , Nae 10! 5 atams om’
Ben 99 >,
Bo capdoHion Layers sid dt moae on Lightely cofoal xios
foes (N&O) yo
WD %, = Wr Mp,
@> Ny W-%) = Na %,
— MWe — NaX, = o— Nal
Xp, = WNa
Nate
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' ° NaeNe = AEN,
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| free & ve chases in dha pus Thy ds fowniay a parallel ,
pobocke capacitor. This ds algo cabded Doploten 2epon. 4
Hance .
ane dominant urdos. veverse bias and j
Cp = EAL [te \
j WwW Jn Bee space & +e,
fe Coons daatonad ora ap he ide
@ “Chaxge Ssowage Capacitanty Thi Js osusins from itopes
c choses on pA 1 wide Thi wy ays called) dy ie Capeacitoo
This cu dominont Undo’ forward pias.
' — z y Lk I
Cn bee Mee
G2 elle
Ney
| & 2 ehorantiel depanclaniey env
SBM > ve 5 Cy Ue clominatay ( RB.)
WW es Cy i davninading. ( FB»)
\
Diilfuuset|. Length - 4 reay be difined for hele oy well a
. fer & (tpt) Thi Li the avnoge dlivlance dravellad vane
| er hate before Me recombmattn # ang © dite |
, rien app Aiea. Re ecliffenen ength Ls reansueasl sn Pale. |:
— eee haley, dipuvien Longth measured :
ae T
Depron Longth iy dafinad in the
obparite aegion. :
[Ly = J Bet
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ie : : energy. emillesl peono th 4
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He we know power Eno Jace
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i I= Tae nee
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this -ve. a cosesponcls to spechte rmas.d veloc
- og?
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, dc) Tatas paw, abrorbad by dhe sample,
Ui) Jatad no» ap EHP genoroted /4e0 Foor the dbrerkton
assuming perfect Quantum efficiency .
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costae Ke) ack which Fhe sc stants behaitny Like an inddntic
Se The danxtty. of tasty in conduchon 4 valane'berol
ana yxiol fem? ¢ yX\o8fun? yafecbvally, :
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me euchve dontty of arate Ne & Ny beth Quad to
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ws what iu Hie bandgap of He Ye,
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daped with Ne = axlol/em? thor caleulak now e& halk |
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6
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eto Gate’ brome, = a hae poy
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° : jar BL Racipret und cold KS 2
© § Band width =. Byp~ Esotion —te> :
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. = 8Y ev . Stik ea
. ADL jhe comsn pts of Aquat Dates 6 4 Centre of BZ *
e vill be Hue dope He band £ rem enal,
; A to the &, the band ie.
° cael do dhe kate af he band ive Catto Ocho enoypy cipro
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et Moy (o)div+ topo} the land = (Mh, 0).
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be ae =47
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t
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niz| for 2D es. |
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me
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» Nok + for eD jo raed of contrat but for 2D or 32)
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Rug in obone Quy He consfreink Way 4 faons h ¢
oer ae
ee
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vy L
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an) \de)
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7 a
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i 7 afe Vil 3 aol
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k yo eee
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PE eecc
| bottom af the band
POa:~ &
: | bathers _ J dé
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() = B=t cos ka
2 + tasinka =0
sis ua Tepoy tte band ull len a te Ta or We
bottom = K=O
“3a
ea eee ae
AE = Ejep~ Ebotom %) E-k diayam = 7
. Cant of the B-2 (oF abbotbm ay dhebend J 5
5 eMeatve May — ye pr
e ahve m he :
of” ape)
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e , — # by 20y
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a 20 /ae =o p dT
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e re oe T Ralatire Caren
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e :
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onan 4) Desai re 6 Kio x Jo Ly
Aemrty of shades =»
PE= 2 (&y Ge)
~ *) “ia 7 [pe)= Gara
(a) Wome mabediy = 7
vyz= tae
A dk
fae)
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\
4
| Qa | b= 046 yen = 046 lon* m
| qe
|
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{
| fe = Jo Xlo™ Camas Fa fower abyerbad '
| nes iy Pi + ever frarerrittes |
m= LmWw :
Bo Po. Qo~-!)mw i
R= g mw
ip, |b proton Je +} hoke :
| eamyy abe Pane = Sm = 9 52 T/ane OP
Thay eneyy 2 wed fo creat a Chale par.
mh, = Vx lo? T /pe
51 aa 9 y Jor? J/aee
Xo Alo
5 n= ae
arysiie | /e
/ n= BA! 893K Jel ENF) ate
Tracane Hua no: EHP cated pn sec ox 10° Sf
photon abybrbed por 20.
6 dp penhast efficiency nap dant dufpore Udi 80% Shan
abd = 9xlo> Xorg
lon plot Of EHP wl ke.
Dal Nal alm Nala ae at ns e
E,= 2303 ev
Naz axlo!? fon?
Ne= 4 X10!9 pom?
N= EX fo!) ems
fos n-dybe fe) ne Ng = 210" fans
4H Se behave Jiky intsinnc Sj than y=:
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2 n= few e tM
223°3_ey
2% ax o'er? = 2x foe” 28T
> Exo? = 9 er
‘8
a Boo k Jo
6% 0026 6x 9
T= 2sco K
Thy, eis hypothathical keoz at T= 200k gc wel) behave
Like nine Sc but OE i not petvible in real Dye
ciradiiaseaadiiamiaasiiettinaimemeennateteaie
x4 enoyy op Photon Gwen then Use hoa 2eW) & beyond 143 ev
ant the aceemnne endyy wel) clviped®. In form op boas,
ip. 49 of land ep Atgiven dn Guts ton wore 1-48 oY J
gai ne =! x bo” em att ook, |
Ne = Nye fo" for 3
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~9%2303 = o, :
— _ 2KeT
Og P= Meh pox’ _ 44 7
a EAR = o/c? |B =ieYer’)
Na>Ng sc with bohave Sik Petey
P= (Na-ny)
| b.= Jo lem? hen i ee
Fo, © & hale concentahyry ane Jnjerchangesd «
ap Ng >? Ny? dhen cabculade hale cone-
Ny or Na = B en» _
Fe 7 C7 wee eee
oo ri) bane paar
= 0°0% euX 6 x Inllo) ee ee
Er-E, = 0836 ew.
b Oar | & dping with Ay” Cul ken aye
' . | n= 10! fem? a
NE = 15x 10" Jem?
=m _ (usfKle”
’ n = | iS
: = asx lol /em?
n= pe-€ifey
Ep -Be = keT On (FR
= 0'026 ev X 99990908 OC8COHOS99R088
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m es
ME = 05M,
Ey = 14 3-ev
Nes Fray e rhig
- DMT
i“ =a bey (mmr) e 7 Qa T= 2 = 204273 = 293 k
. Fe HS rem
= 32° = 3212)3 = 305k ‘ A
he 2 2-M Ee
2kgt
TG lanek & @ 8 [Kay MP ke
“2 ice a oP
Pe Prhigy [in fo, comah, ae
os A e@ cond” eu
5 Sn. / :
. Flos
ete sg kL Ble
eo oo hh gore
> Blt) = a8
Z aks De dy (ws ? Bi Gaad= Ins) |
> B= wes ase (kq=0: 926 69
6
3 Ey = pod) ev
Qtr fra doped Se, conductivity ill ke
TF Nee + pet
# seus ne Sc.-sRon PSP
: c= ee hem
far Minit Coda Foe p-type SO
ce ne Hy these,
Pe, = = He
PNY Uap one, |
:
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‘foe doped Sc , Tain = neue t Poy
= Ne [Lh » [ae
= 8 [ SRR + Jae]
Tain = 2n-€ Set
QBi- = o72eV , be \
He = 2 Ly : .
position of foamy Lowel wearto y.B- copie, E,-Ey =?
Zract postion of fermi Uunel yy
Ep= EAE y 2 Ker ta (RE)
> &,-Ey= cate , 3 herb (Be) ~ &y
me comiaverrr oar ‘m,
— + oT in Ge):
7 vb
eee nm Bees
= Reg ert ‘ ‘
set : .
— me wd gah, = iF 3 adty= EL Lg
me
6 Gon > m*=r2me :
SOHGSOCCHSCHOSGOHCHHSFEOSETOT T9299 OE HKOBHE8FT983808 Ep-5y = Ea + B-yowss Ly (29 ew i
| Ep -By = 013640103
- soy
| Gps sate] Pao |
| Qiai- sq Solan call, yy = 5 moa
0 Tee = 2oomn fo Laps Toe =f 20mA | |
Noe at B00 =? =200mA
Nhe = Ket tn (ort, use ‘
: Kat An(| z+) mae) 1
_. — Aljn maar ceemroudhy |
OBO tol et 7 [ aig in rerenng dir}
mn fom Dy |
= 61026 AW On 4)
aoe * (4b) |
sient “Si Sdlan cll, Caos dection aneg = Rem K209 = Yo e |
Jy = S2mh = 32% lop
Bays ol? ert lem 2a
Lyalp = 24M, Wa] Aum » Tse & Vo = 2
=a rlot an = 1X 1eFany ,
Foc = ~Zop =. eA yy (Ly Het)
: ; EN OK Io! x 4 xfo'® x 5x ]074
| "= 132 Y Jo$
Lge = ~320 WA
Neo ES (HAE) r \ = T 320 X lor” \
5 = Met ewe
P we mee ( 32K loo S Vy :
f = when Uno!) = 91026 VXYK Qn e
t Vic = 9123 andor
; 2
Qui- Le = SoM = So Xo A = sxio* A i
Vow = oy V
Y= O8
i
Fray >?
Fmax = 9 Fse* Voc
= 08 (5xlo74) (OF Y)
Prox = 28 mpJ
QA I— htm > OB photoconclustve l€ = 1X1 X1 am}
gus,
cds captad: =YS0 nm
I= | mwhn*>
Qe =)
Ey = 26a
Novy EHP gersaled sc Gop =?
Trlewiity = Poorer far worth arta
S9SSCSCHGoFeooeoe GCHoOneor* O99 HR OC HKROBROHOHSSHBeC DH
Es We jo 3h)
fa = be poxke kms
ae
Pm = Jo7S Watt
nhd = Pin
n= _lov§ i 13
m4 7
26 Xb Xo Deh 18/2
= UY KoP cHP/see
a a Seaeeee reese oes Py = Ee =
are a= ae
A= 12Ye
| Es, (ey)
i dy he, A= Le yy = LTT Y 1g
: 5 corey ae :
J wi) Rin in TOR mE
@y St J Balievy Jz nm = 1252 nm
:
| Rpain Oise un. ZR sepron, ]
ji) Gahls, Epa |
ty » & NOOO ys He om = 86 [Link] mse |
Grafs Dig in 1-8 veplen
» cds , Ege rhe
w 3 A= nm = YFEF OM =47698
cqs Die in viible region (4000 ~ Foo A)
Jt wil) pooclicee bur Light.
QI im Cons Beatin ANY A = a4 mom x Os may = OY YoY mm”
Cs . PFE 116 KJoF om?
_A= Joon™
|
j
\
|
E =o} mWfem> = 011 x lo whem i
1
|
|
]
!
4
' Py = OL xo X16 X10 3 W
Pry = 0F6 X Loo W
R=? Fop= 2onk = 20K loth
R= Fel) 20 Ko” las x lo"
ae onrer- cl oO
Fy () Berea eee
one a
@
‘ S@GCSCHS9CSSECESHBRETBT79F SO HCHOHDFPHSSSSEBEC8H
3) QE =? at joo nm
(a = KX 1240
7m
b Os '- @) Racombinathin rele wil) be qealert noon the por
As In tHe aevion c.
® Abjror Conngy =? Eq = Abfroox ennyy = or Fev
Aa Pee a TTL Yon
OT ew =
© sptcal oatpat poirei =? t= JomA
four = EV =. Joy tomy Xo-FV
Poe= 7 nw]
) hoctoteal Puew compurnad B? VE hy
Fay = IV = lorloFa.x ev.
7 f=. 14 mW
mw ap appa} to LED 2 tb converste FH mw Unto
Ofetcal bower,
@ OF = Haw _
mw. =9'5 Qidootoieg — Deilucnis ane janfeet dnulaters, Tiny oe of |
| suse types i
) mgt cides
yee . Jury |
7 duobebicgan there Licloshicy whore malenlss, yy
_ chpadou by dhe farumanant dipole memant. €- 19,8)
Non pala - dere doy int contain pbunarunt dipole memonk |
ex- Soltd - Ar a }
40 i
Dock hAty Of Ou height Aho H do it a
Ls cd) aeeensein, meee -ve chosige , alo tt conten 5
poumanont dipole ynorn - aby dhe Inhownt
poopanty of malouile, a Ss
wosppby axeual felsd. en non-palles dialectic hen
Gt ill bp ‘palosered 4 AR palasigedion iy coed fnoliraed
palascixation or anducod Aipohe mayion , [
b, « E
—y
% => polaseablity of atom or mealooue
- Eye > Local ehaotne fisdd
Plosdiahon i clipole mom kon unit Veloing
P= 8% E nae] —
E 3 Maskosesple Leofte pal
for Non - pelos clishdctse# 5
Ap use have a & poralleh plate capacifen 2 wo Kido d
a non palo Seta bho ibs plates Suppoie erlerna gpa
field U EL. Due do thu &. , nen bales cduabeche 30 bog
ENR
lhe
‘
@ ff
4 © 0 0:0 Oo FHSS HHEHOSCHOHAGHUSOCHHECHOHESCBFAZCD®
F pelaseded than plaies accunit sema bound charge .
X Slaotric iol) covelop “1B, which —_— EB
iy Dus dhan Ee, - ~ tt
foyultant gulls , - —E
a
an 4
= > :
E> Ete, iv _ 4
om
aa * Fin .
- +
Emae.
Macvoscapic <- piald Ly avenge €.
E fudld scan bin cho jolatey.
# han 3 0 madoulas hw plates thoy
it uxt) behave a5 ipa © vemdtant fiald on trix maloout
By dipjmont OM, Erne & His €; Siald yw collect ocak
"ELS EHEHEHE
Tako a. apheria cavity out, from the Ateomounoling af
yr@lociebor Thy Ly called sphartcaleay Lovenlz Coulty .
PEL @xtonallly applied +- fly
+ Els dapodosdsation vl
ELE — Macwscoptc fuald
Ei > phd due do
i .
the induce, charges bn Ho Auspace op the caulk
© add due do alll the changes anole dhe court
Rayuljant of oll thee plaboly 3 tho Yocad Piotd .
y te aipala as af Ho antee of ha, courtly. Phan chasis on
YD big Ayame about conke-.
do covey wi
& (due to ayrmshy) Pruplcal Significance Clee Clariius Manet elahon > This |
}
}
# olid contain) N atemn (oe rralloutly) fore unit valeme ) eat) |
ackomy dua do He application of € pintd will bream olf ipa d
I
Ag Haws wil) be N clipales . ;
b., 5
P’=_NPin
P =Nox ae a) ;
fam) 4B), 4
Noe, = = SU Ee (t= &-!)
No Bie fo (82) Ena. 4
Exec _ Se & 7)
BN
= [em . Ae =y Castes Mowobtt
Ge) ae > Rodalion |
To 3 yd oy oor aate,
Kake t Xe
3 dechonie palorcsability,
XK donie 4 |
a relation bid & & Sr .
x ru soyafote quam i
Gea Moeroucnhle 8 stad constr)
o comets to chihale morn 40 Lb GA miceescafert
oe » paloxisation + 7 macradedpet. |
anes wn ain induend
{
| [Link] polonisabiliiy - x = te try
,. i TL Pesumenont
}
a ‘Sachem a ele Ge)
Oy Unit of &
2 , _ ie CoGiS, 9. volume -».cmn®
\ we ares
a So PykiS FO m>
'@ © ® Pe C3? %
,
i
1
ao |
Thu "ype 4 pellsinbily eoouitai dx do bifelacornant of
ex cloud of an atom relachive co it imuollay in the presenae
g aplbiod ebechte: “
2
Rmdins @ dhe atem
This dype of patordanltlity tbl nk a
om the fer of cbbind Sebi Fld.
Thy .u fy dapandance Of Xe
mM mass op thoe. & © ey cha:
Ud. Alatuned fetq> of creillahion af Gtom,
rw —9 prep of applied Qlentrie fishy .
aaa (a)
cg7 Tay tye of "dss wuuily dia do
go ncatare of or deckeaxe in Ha bond Long,
op a dons . a
aaa Thu { palosus Wer J} Indajrelor
° quem es on hs ob
ablind ial,
A pee DO OU GEO P POOP UDOUDODROUGDOU
Po
~ cee ——e m—a mass of Lien (Na')
Ma on anothy foyca
W, ~» Natura) py yf Ho
oe ae (in genmal) Vibaehen oF raalils \
° }
(ily Bipdlan Pallasizabibity - (oy)
| Thy dybe af St vovisy clue do the fosamarort dips)
|
wom: af oe é sO
: [ [a= Fe | ,
p, 2 permanant clipade mom. of te maleenuly
coal wa dapords on bath emp: freq: of the fll
Hants total palasdiabillly.,
Ka Ket oe try
Thu is valid | fr palay alee Spuatin
Frequanyy, dlefendance 4 Tokal Blorisability »
i Me én Visible repion , Total
pice IR “Vial Vy polarisation iy @Wedhonlt
a oa
polariration (oe)
Ralawation toms (x)
— for Hut , Farten
dhe yerponde
>. €xistane yf a: iAdy Ke q
aebands upon Hy
‘
ft
j
i
‘
|
|
}. @COoteteGoseoonecad
2@@08600839200098898
ler)
+ At optical preg et .
ULX= Ke
This dy povvibde if Aepnation b/
chet |
We have ea ing)
mel _ NID Lovenby, - Loven. Relation ,
ny2 , 3% /
Sdatic. Aicloiie Content fem Langevin - Debye Sorat
fatal -paloousabity = etd tay ,
= et K EBD “
ao 3k,7
>. Psa &(é&-) & = N& E
Eee .
4 “ ny ator & malacily wy Ao
“Hot How d) no inlerottiin mj the clifdss Like In
Dupe ) oo QAues,
gio. Pie &e( Een) Of = NXE
Ex) = a NL (het hi) + er
Move “ae > Mort polar, ”
Move futereapt Ss More
2 elaotionie % Leonie
slop = NP,» _polas cf abil iby
SéakgT 4 /
Frebh Ly plate >
moans, yriolooule 24 Non- pla
Fae ae
ae eh 8 A da rose pallor
/ beoz moe Alop > more falar,
7
ox
a
akg
| fret
| 0 r d
. ' 8 t 4
YO CHy a *.. —7
“ily Ora j
di) ho B V7
if () HQ —B Tree hatte jerrmanont dipale mam +B
Ww) CoB
Wi) cg, A .
(vii) 50, > 8 j
(il) NO, —» B |
ig | A a Qustivns {
Que (4) Cabolate aha Hic cLidladbse consent er of ole 1
: ~ Regen wang Cavan’ ~ Merete yn 4 foldosomay desta }
de = VEX foo F-m ie
| My = 3899S
Pn = 8 gen/cm? ]
@ widh He vert of par(A) be efhocled’ Ap ee is colowloll
fom p= s.(e IE *
= NOE
(rive searens for youn anzwer . ]
Fahad) oe Bt roterial has ative Indl What sy dha diellodk
oe a at Me pata ‘eorresponding do tho viable pant
op the eboatsemagnatic Apootmum «
RAI Rapeactive index of an clomordal aamiomduotyr tin Hs
\naible an Li 15 . Find tthe foolasuuability, of pw matent
Jb atomie onatty J 21x lo Jem? ,
ui Aching HU % Of jenic polosrisabilrty An Neth ce
iwhioh hos ophtall index of refraction a5 15 4 ditlestale
constant 03 16» : ,
799CC08O0880000R82998000
©GCCOSC HR OKSSOH BOB
f
|
| Magnetism jin So
Thee one 3 poinciphe runes magreht. meteant [Link] ater
4 Mageatisadion M or andl 40 appind mag fiald Han er
at at dicmagnehe
AY M1 I) tn afpplso! mag fied > Hen para ov ferro
b Oobitel mahen ef o>
Gly apin mation :
Cifiy Treduee mage mom-dut do change in Ae orbital matibn af e~
On de appdicaten Of eternal mag. uals .
dn an ater , thot wa nucle, @bartt which eo” do osbite
yahion & Cusvunt pooducs. % Hee constden ce coniment life
- 2 _ eh ne
Magnatic Marmont .
\
Thu mb due do oxbie
mohin y em
Dis & M wil) bo decided by mehon ye.
tes Erbe) Motion , Mm oe |
c
: mH
n "
™ 7 My nee
San wy
Orbital & afin mation ap em. bar git paromagnstic’
Amlsbahon sf sein motion ds Dosger Hap to frotamag efi
(puarag: When es ana unpainod in atom thon chore wild by Ain
Cantsibuten .
When: adem 3 oe neb pained then ator “2 hove
Apin. mag. mom & dis mom ap abignss “in Sho div" af
acter nally appbied mag. fubd.
> Goatrizahion Seiy Rand do cHDt the orbik 04 compare to Beg |
the apin Ao shain Coniston cy Roses to panema g- Hffeab |
| —> When we apply extoual ynag- paold on ake oxbit-dhon Hore |
Fl be change in speed AV. St unl) sbeadl up oy Adsce ou |
E Aepanding on tho dit '
| > Banco externally: applicd fiold , mag pli ch 4 ;
| emf pod mt ih wW shhore dhe flux. !
Pale dnd Covecent ill opheose the change ime tg |
—sdnducad Mag mom Ly yer,
By weak efech,
Diamagnare “fed iy a unvoual he by found a j
Redd offerh. $6 iy Pound in all)
du ariveryal) bia} net cminent clue to weaknays.
* he. fexarnaa “iit dominant Over clismagnetic df ob
dha. Lb bath Hoe eects im a ralisl, West
Tyas of Magrahe Mabesuiabs -
1 OU Romtagnetic ,
1) Diarnsanate ot oniats’ die do change in Hie orbital
i vate ee dh nudory on ce ap atic th SF extesral
mag- fil).
gy Thue maternal repfitl tn tho mag. ial.
3) dE 0 vO weak effect,
a
i
g all Lo abamagnahe. edfap|
|
i
j
| (4). Meg Fiele [P= Me (A (PET) =A) H> Mag Field inteausity
fos clismagnet » M is antiparallel do M+ Magnotisatln
Be ul a Sucopta bility 1
Magnabe Suceptabibity i clefenad as
Gat
4 m pro :
[B= nee] 7
fos ciamagnet [oy <1
Ge [tn <2 | he- =ve ,
Ao Sueopededdity of chiamsgnatre ynatesial uy negative , ;
Diemagnatic: sucaphobi ity of a ald ccordiiy Jeo Bark
muchanicy 1) giver. by.
o02000606000008099399009
‘ Segre
U,= UNZ 02 cys
Om, ~
What, N —> No- ap atoms peer unit value
Z— Atomie No-
Me— mars of dheem
aces Arrenage. vale of aver, the Pordiomlar obit
| Fr Rydoogen cttom geound Adee ges f phy vde
oo
| Holliuen , Ne, Av, Cr, Au, Si Ge ete.
Ch NEA NN
| Gi) Fanamagratic. Madetaly +
| @ fancimagnobiym ooo, un they sebioly which have pasemanont
| magniio momad: dado opin} ef unpaid & 3 on He “ypbiatin|
i GF rnagnetie fiold . Tore magnotic moment aligned in tho dig |
|. Of appbiad mapnrh piald Hany effiiy attrectivy tyke. |
| Thuy shang effect a+ compart to diamagnol’ ofeah, |
'@ Malodulan Brxygen(O.) has ever mos of C3 bit hover}
poorcmagnakt efhoct ( excofetion ) {
j
4
¢
@) fuemag * ducaprabh ity 6 Hons or atoms iy given by. ‘
flee © las Cue Saw
4 whne C+ Cusde Cnt,
Lead CL [coed]
AE TE EES IE
; ) Foramag.- ag. Aucoptabllity af foee ( Paudé fara ven)
T,.. = Indoptndint es Jen,
4+
Tits can't be ok}Dain by clerrias Hea This ay explained
by Qucntum fren ey shan.
cet Ca, MnSOy , Mats Gd?” eke
s eights ype ahaviows.
PVCs %
ee
eee r
“2 free em me EE
>.
Yet
etc
4 |
C Fe fons /atoms ) |
dnitially Mt ar HF Lindasdy ;
After acontain value aH,
ald He afetn’” wil) abdigned
dn de dustd q mag.
oe & Mw) doderaty. &
Het value ag MB cabled
My 1e- Sotunation Pepe
ee RAR
wots niet anamagnatiy . Sabid + i
M= Na 7 My Bt)
| Whar, N—» plo- of atoms pyr unit yoleme
t= Lands 9 ~Feetor
eeweeeeSeoeO@Qeoooses*sse9e000028208°99908008 | T— Total an} momontun
4g72 Boho magnotor)
i B57 Botldowin fuc?
fF & [x aque
ye
Steel Case r- Fre Spain - b particles ,
m= = Nile tanh (#5
8
© ep Be< Kat
hes Hemp. high or pteength af mag. pial 4 Dees.
ahan bot AMeB _ alo XK |
Ker tanhxw % = 68
= Ny Hed “v
kT
Ms N eB
ie Ke
Pat BeMH3_ Ms Meee
Gi) -teB>> kyr (temp: 4s fos)
bes pr | Hhon tanh x 2 |
> This ys called Sakwrabion Magnetisatio
; thon etl thy mw curr allignasl io
res [Pur | ay dish of cieditd op pall, “
1d Das Dal hl a al il al hl lh AA NaN he i nn
a ——
P= Mo Nag
LA
er indajeon dont of deme shan deimfo: 2 ow ar Bui
igh.
Pdi Lexremagnohie Material
fence Lib punmagnehinn, , femeagn +4 allio axgociales
with pormansnt magnetic momont bud ferornay, mas nels
ana chosactertse lay sfoonte ny a Ce Non
410 magrabyyatin ewen in dhe absence af. may Ald 9.
ee
1
—> Explanation o femroma gration can be given in dems af
feomation of small xegions Garde the sdlid Jn whith magnetisea
wton -3. gocuinsJed | The aumalll veqions argrcalilad clomarns .
a eee clomainy. dnside tere domains Apins ang anal,
abbignes A i we fo a very. feoree neal panlld a
Ex inld ov ploiss Aeld fh
faaser of foomation of domain
Every phyrical process Jy +0
| sey stability 4 raininige a
: a ree eee
The ervey « Walt 5 which Aopinrate
> Theknns of domoin wall—> fow A. Fhe domains; \
=> frflen energy quarda of pin ware jy Phagnon . /
| Mn Guus? Mane On apply H 5 M1 cad © |
s adotunations When H aemaved |
ssl y Shon HM but not paldeee |
small = —___ tho same path,
ane H
. 7 0B “Ramenont nryretbaation
aa OCS Caren |
°| ° coercive fidd |
| ‘gt — > ainount af jag » fal d gepuhed 0 clufrey the
coenctre piold .
4
ORBCD EA + Li tho Mysteserrts Dob . j
This MH Crouse gives the urefaul cinfearatib about Cheesiny 4
} dhe mogact por Q partientos. ype ap application d
Gy Paramagnet Magnet (ras magnet) |
F 4
U) Safe Magnok
| SOU2D (Super Gnducting Quantum Snterdoona chin) |
SQUED ds wed Jo measur do Magnet’ magnetron He by rong. 4
cents . a
> VSM iVibpedh
[Nob ruiph Seneetive .
> forge Hysteresis fren
ARER Of Hystorriy
Loop = Hysteoty
Doss .
| Howe want pequanet mamatrahin ar domagnatisahen , :
% Sox should be vmall —> Smale awa ma i
wth) bo pepuine. bo Peepers oy tn gamble dy .
tse posumainant- magnehsahen ; hysterusir ang shauld
kn Darga os IN dampds HD
Ret Coencivily”
de wil) Acide the magnet tx hand or sift \©o@®OGOOSGePGOSSSCHOHOTBRMTS® OOCOSHOBSHEHSCEBSECHbSB
* Hard megnot & 0% panomageet one Cheanacterire by high. °
Cosenive Pinld or by high Roumonont magnetisahen’
eae Stel
«© Colt Magnely are wed dn the ghbbicatibns where we rood
Se a agente ident pabieb Like in Teens
coves. Sale rycgnels ant chasncteriie by Louw cobserive fuld,
high Ramcntrc magnatintion f- high pouniabllity
ex Bop Foon { foots He | eng wll coy
Susp op fememngrahe _rnatesda) +
Ce Cpeie~ bells Lour
T-k
: < for TT,
To feoremagnehe Cuscie temp.
for T As TO sh spolowr) thoi
[mete [RE
he) Neos. Coitical or Cusece temp + %,
© Sdunatbn magratigabon on Apentanasey riagrehiiction fore
fe Rrvatin ec -y*
a Ag te (Foor above) thon
{% G- Te)
> Mi T=Te she bs a. uch achy | duciptabil
+ Aulus a. cliscondinuty 7 * + 4
Magner i- ,
FE ug enoyy quarter of Abin wave - i
flegten dio besqn . ee
fiagaen,cupecvion slain OV 6 Ks dabermanad by Pagnon Ly Feswomagnatic Saled , folQours lwox kK] pellahlorh
re Not Binaan panaballic with k
i ig nae heat for a borer following quasidradt aclahbisRif
, fhan In 3-D OK 7
+H boron fallow Dinaas selohontip di, Get]
Magnan mm Fevoomos > Cyn Tu feos jelous
0 Bad uoudeate ve" ind
fears more 9 Cue ie He sodig In fooonay
Qanrity ob Shades [ ) |
DE «em |
Anre- FerromaaNeresm-
Andi- fonomagnalinn 33 chascaotenite dl by comb’ parallel Abin
on noighbowdny ides - Hanee No rportenasuy magiatriahen.
} plein mag: movant at vida A 4 ab atdg RL:
Bare aqusd ry = Me
fo they canal each otter. ao No vit magnotichdy a
ahy absence op magnabic fild -
Fone enaagy is munmized dus to antbeable spin,
Sucopshebitlty of Artipereomas: matestul dt given by.
= ac _
whit Ty 9 Neel demprakta
for T< Ty —> behaviow 4 Andi fornemagncht
Thy > 4 1 poxrsmagnahe
S©9COSCKCHSSHHOHSSOHOOSET SCO HHSECHSEHHF9SHOOS At TaTw , thovieus of X ctlanges «ho Ty iy aeference
{ hos favo comp > f dy
C44
Parra meg. Birappbied 1 go she sfin "
—He 9h
B Gs applied I] do 4he afin
: ; tl y /
o Ty a a 2G,
ft (pu te sucrdobility ts mag fil) applied ldo the
H AR of dio Apuin »
He Gpotf moe find) Li applerd |] to the axl of the shin, i
+ (dt dndijindank on dmb |
1. 1, B® aneseous SLaraandy usith dhe der) » '
{
| reel
whine, [C4 Cuseir: Comdent oe Ay
a> Mean, piddd content |
+ in andiporortay. malesiad , of very every dow emp: (& a wary i
high riog: idl) dow exist a very thin Hysterusis Soop, i
Ak wot Yow emo, 4f: mags fidd is applied 4 jue semora,)
hon ain wid) not remain Amma, trat!s why masnebiscity |
Ja non - 20 iN the abner ap ; / |
mos: Aaah ’ A —> Antifesn
Bg > Pana
C —> Fern
D— Dia
E + Pally poms
4ofa-ve Hun > Sorge-ve
4% 7 +e Fhan a + faage Hug
Am Pona
Bm Feore (divege 6 = Se)
(Ge) i
D — Pauli
(J tn Putifers > Net doers
El 626,
Samples, MnO, NiO, nS ete.
SCCoeoGeCeeoOeeooor*oof® O©Ooeoeoe 29099008
PAT RI FEL EON GOI EIS AOE OTE
e r~ |
: Rice Fe Fe nel each otin. | i i
_ Ayamply i’ Fey8y > feovites
—— _
ot Rippon Faldlenlp Por focieerw mp mabe |
fu
0) Mognotisatisy M= ar )
Second - Order Phose Transition - fn Ind ovdoy phase —
Trans. recotd ovdiw denivatise af fren erumnpy henge
clicontnowely at Be cheuaition pol
SPN EE
Gi): Sucophabiity (= 2 BM as Tendon cleave
Gh & m_u Conbnows he Ty}
GID Speclke hear cy = 7(28) ce
i al C 5 L [ov
Gi) hothwuns ompoesnaby = 1 / x)
Laamples of Ind Ovdur Phase Transition -
(> poramegebic do ferwomagnate os ferpes Para
(eR) wate tb
(i) Noma) Atale <> Suen) conduct tate.
5 at T= Te Te Cattical demp-
} ily Diquis He-T <> Pipid He-I
© de Dn ostlru Phorm Ransthen , No sequin by en
heot at dhe transition point,
4 joo'c Water iy converting into ‘Joo “¢ Vaan
=> Lat ordur phase deamon
Waker £ Vapour bath hove tome -enupy bab ery 3) Loop
for Vaan fv comy fom Latent haat ,
pa mere S& f9 changes continously
{2 by 0 aly ,
. Ara «do para 3 I oven phase Tremifbon -
Qu: Nov af Maximo of Minima for a fervro
; at a fom Bd Q free! of ges
qven by Te (m) =F bale) + Mm [Eee
No: Misia Th HH ee ESE]
| (a) 0 to) | © 3 4
for Mayina 6 Minima > BFL
= tn OM O
& for, Minueg ar, she ie aE 0
af. = 4TH) M + IMF = 0
SMR) = 4
= Mm (1-T)] =0
= [mM=o] ox. m*+(1-k) =o
a =AC- Te) +12
fe op
fered) , ne = Ue)
. Hye T>Te 20 YO) = +Vve
we' Dl get Minima for T= 0
foe neler, ~~ = WT) t2 Ck T)
= BT. -8T = -w
Ao No of Mima = | (fer m=0) EO AIOE
SCOCHSHSSEHSSSOHCOSOOCED®T9O@@®OB OBC OBSESE889
ro
\S=
r
ree Eromyy go feoenagut ,
(mt) = G-T)m> + bMt+ cm |
a Debandency. of M on adem: naos Te (Te Te)
{ Behavieur of M noo Te ke Me (T- 1" }
fer Minima os Maxima, ase
am
=> 2t-k)M4+ YbMP+6cem>s =o
M [a(t-te) + bm 4 ECM] x0
[Peo] on 3 6CM +E M+ 2(T-K) xo
m= he ROWE,
Taking ou ee oo [A a 2 (-R)]
L
=tla-
MMe 3 eT)
0 ag Te
Talg— 9m) 1 = Be [141 E-n)]
“
2- Fay}
[
rae (Ros) 2] So thus ae 5 Aolubbns ,
AT frillisns of gears. 1
jo Supine ondusirity can by aisheyed by the abplica tion of :
= heaT >Te dhen $@ supmemduotvily olearay |
Mh fr Pare He, Pb ete.
Sucejarability. bahavioun s-
= (is Hey) agnate. Seu)
° Vortex —» diamagnatic
hee H< He ——> pupest clin .
Ho, H, __, Nema
> yee -h 21 dilbsrentiation ay
bared upon H , not ub T.
Thain one 2 fidlds Hey & Her but only one Te
Hey tp voy Dosage. pho Type Ese axe wory. texefaul { comseipod
Ty yo ” A don Pao - :
Bo dfioy casny [Link] amour Of Cusmortt , -> Abo called “Herd Se
EE ETE
> Fiet Sup condusler whose demp- Te = Fok (abave thay
THK — Liguid nifegen) —” | .
YBa,Cug Oz CYBCO — Yethium Baziam Cabber oride )
Also LaBa Cyd CLBCO Lethium — i nd)
152 3307
Tlermedynamies of Sipurconductor -
Tbanrilion bd auipor- conducting to. Normal wtale or vio -
veua au SRoymedyna micably reversible, Now free ong (HilLnoly
of Bubp -conduching stat ds small: a companr Jo Moya —
atede, This shows Dhar Suet - Conebucheg- ‘Abode U Inove aebl,
23 compare Jo normal atato , /
H ROL IAT to OMY © SC in the absonae of
MF.» in Sein conducting, ateke wy, Flo) (T<®)
Normal 4 Fy (0)
em ee RR RR
cs
| [ Re) < iyo) me
O9COV™SHOHSTRHSHSHSHSHOHOOT OOH SESOHSHSTSEOEAOD > By dhe abblicakibn op mag. field ,
free. enmgy af Suptr conductor changer fom -ve do tue, |;
| > Difference a -free enany Yes Suet, -canchuching + Nomad wat 4 |
gen by AF = Fyle)— Ro) }
AF = HeHett)
2
| At T=Te; AR EO
AF => SdebLigactien Ennigy. of Suupon- coneliatare.
+ Traniten fiom See Normal =) 14 oxeban
Enteby a SC abate < the NS. ho, :
cots a COL SC lade iy moge
SSnbepy (8) > Meo of Randomnay,
To 5 S90 Chor NS) : !
XR S-0 bafase T30 Csr Sc) a
AS= Sy- Se 1.
Specific hoot AG)
Fos Newmal: Motels '
fee free em te date ]
{Heo ]
aaa ca oe200600609°8299808
PO tu te oy Sa orn ig one
eeeeeodceeeeenogooners
For Supur Conduceas
: free em Phono
Whit | Eg —> Supercondacling bane gah
Tc behanour Ls duconfinans |
Tiixunal Conductiiiy > (k)
— Grartnallly Good oe due to normal &4 flaws with swsistance chile dane, to
2 flows without yeriutonco.
- non eA palllow fohmn's Low? whild supen es dow nat,
“Sa9 op mali of Aus - es iy Given by
md = -eF Up cavelodly 6 suspen e>
Supa cusount canny 1 Te ~ nev; ;
4p eE=o [Ty = Constant | ;
Nownal Current density, , Jee cE (ohm); Jou :
Exo }
Maxell 's 290 yz =2P
) ot
ohm's Jour isnot valid in supe-condustor .
Maxwell's 299 held iret jer tk Wa valid imide a SC.
e ss _ 2
WE, = ae” B —()
This a4 “Td London ey”?
“Beaoxh 4 WxTe ~BETE)
Th a ancthon fosm ap Ema London opr,
Ty eB) pPostatak a
Total eloctsong
otal N=MWtNy
Ny subm |e fee aah ver
Mn — nosmal
team (Bh
Whn T=0o , ng=n
‘ T=
London Rnebratlon Repth F(A) Magratic fil) decays
fren spate) Suthus condudae exponentially inside He SC.
ferakation clopth vu He oistenee
ab lish bul of SAC maya
field aside se suf conderalor
becomss Ly volun of Set abut
8n athe Ausrpace.
At dh dutance MiP uy Be
Bs pnp ad surface
nA Ra MB OL ee
Sanat
Rm mR om mm seoeoegf7ee0099009008 8
eeeeneoeeeeseeooore
Pi a UR J
Taking Cusd ) Vxgy gs = Me (Fx B)
> V@8)-v 8 =u nye 5
m =
> |e set F <0 T-B=0
m
Aolution of his 24" a (in 12)
x
=Be
1 ~X]/y
te | BG) = B.(o) e
dys) shen [B0) = Belo)
Bx= 2A Hon BU)= oa
whee ie _/_\e)
=(ames)
Penoteatibn dept fos feet ee - Dae
‘eae
“Te
- ffloxe the itkan e- danwity , Lasser de poration dspih.
embretur Vesuation of , :
A) = ae fi -eyy” ,
MT=0 9 (A(T) = Alo):
Tete , Cohoraned Length + (%)
4 Js onothnr ndepandlik pascametih of atufors- condiretor,
Thy Db te masa of oLintance within whieh Auupta- Camdsecing
© conconbabln dee not ranges drastically: in the nen -
unifewn magnotic fild ( This is also called size of the cooper
pol).
Fe Type -I Safaon Conde las)
Tye hos [SA
. . &,
+ Seound ‘eal 4 & in nosmal atale
Qs fiban een poh of thee”,
* Penabation “+ fos tempat SC,
hig * Aro (Spe)
genorally , dye“ sat ont impurtd + dype-1se at poy.
Koaw constant
i Ra hl Ma a Ne Bl al Lec Naa da bai Lal al bE PSII IN
S©eeoeoeP®eveeeseneor*9GEO8O40800098099008
i
Ko
Hq ond He for a -E Se...
[Ms =
He, = —%e
Te
whore 6 2s Fuxon sx Flux Quarter,
g = h_
ze
h—- Pllomk constent
2e chasge. ©f cooper - pain
BCS noo '—- “This Ju Hy mer Aucersful. Hooay pe
Tn v ey 4 sup)
ambowtent feat Of BCS. Thooey
ev e* Anlemetion vig Dntticg dapermatin:- phan e=fathiy
© athactive inderathon overcome dhe e+ © aefudnon dan
ey ang attrachvely bind Jogethon with He Ralf of Jattces; This
bound paits of 2 es iy called coobex - hair. Thue cooper - paix
aw bosons. and nawing hasege 2esnd than enongy Der than
athe wum of envgy of Lundivisial em, As hoy ans behaving
asa beion ao thoy condance into a yuu Quantum sate
called BCS> ground trate and Rena ua. band (ershpy)
gap opens up b/d BCS ground date 4 Dower ouni sthaty,
Find value gf thir board gajo J& appronimately ual to ds
binding ensayy af the cooforn’ pain :
Ey uo Ey
1G) Bos. Grund State, Coopor- pairs condante into dhe BOS.
qramd ale flows without serrstenor hor da thay do not i
ee scatter vith Ho Dathicy Hono their zelaxation ttn 16 4
. dnhul ishaody . Tense cooken- pairs halp in cthe elaclascall conduc 3
‘ tion ba lo not hol an the dhornal conduction as thay can nat 4
enspuy.
enteppy (Randomness),
o-----t/g -------E¢
acs ground Stale
Ace: do BCS Hemy ,
Vodbus ef bord gap at T=9 ,
Ey (j=0) = 3:53 Rete | (imoxe press)
= 4 kgTe
Typical_coden oh Ey
[Ee fmol fir aubencr
E,(r) = e,@[1-(E) .
AP T=ok .- Tet) = 56)
ee Eq (f)=0
Thu Ey Lies sin‘ iceawave len’ eM Apeutuun,
44, bond gap -u- Borge Hon Git in TR region (far infrarud )
Provence. af dibs band-qap conpiames from dhe duconbinuty.
Sy thy sbelft Root at T= Te and Micswane abtorftion |
an se.
‘Minimum areourt af (Ep)ermyy sequined Jo chufesy thx
Aaporeatouotvity, - Ej = hy)
Jo | Ea< hy
SY
ne tn en RL tal Dai Lil Dana Dasa Donal Dest Del bond
' Er)
Coopatn ~ pala change =2e
Boson Eglo)
spine CL)
Env | mev
y= LHe ° 7 2,
i =a
Asodep Gfpoct ~ # Jy found dhat sumaemeburtine eatdical
am Te,
emcee
- Where, M— saetopic Moss
2 [mm = Constant | _———)
Aa Mt 4. To. 3 height Lu dhe isotopic mass, dower is
the critical temp -
Debye dem: ap phonon sfocksuany t3 abre related to iyohopuii
29290808 0080800909098820098
I
e a ~
a an ae .
° e fir any supar- coud, ;
ey Te |
e P 8, i = Constant
SP Thay confit that psoriasis spit fer
6 P aupuronductivity
of ctu Flux Quarchisalion Magnetic lux pursing thrwugh «
ee, aupuicarding wing is gikntiaed and
sf denM fps ah en
6 \ ae °
oe. —__
je
| whee, n—> Aomng Integer
fh a fluro or fun Quanta
hnhaen Check, han a shin insulating layer ancoitehey
hohyeen 2 supsr-condiutnt Auch a jinttion ¥
4s called Jabaen —pusctin: |
(a) de Josephson oo
Ace: do chin efpeat ; a de cusnent po
acaens the poe an the absonie of
elaad or mn pala
il baal al all
ee
ff
we
a
a
7
©
g
=
AE.
(b) | “pies Tosephxon iz
phono de bais apbly at tho gue?
a radia fer ace cunnont flow ACB,
the jue? thi effect 4 udibized in the
sletewiunatioyy ap value e . Fema.
‘the copomnt a grey
“shut Vn applied valbase of thy zen”.
‘ Tiss gives tho ideal doplnsdin of 1 val,
Ge tuv, [w= 4ga6 MAe
i tv» [ws 4836 THe |
Sustehidy Hume of Josephson qua? c
. 4 vo Jo! sec
jrevs fue? can ON-OFF, Jo sinus an bAec,
TO hh Neal bal Dal Da Na Eh a bal be | ©H2OVORS9HPSSEOSSHMHNOBVINOFGMSOHAHHAHOOSBHHBOHC DA
|
|
|
|
|
te
tutors TT
Gi BE. of Coop -poin at abroluly 2xr0 ace-do BCS.
theony B about 35 kgTe » whny Ke Y Bolbtyman dmate 5 Te
Cattical tempor $f Coifical: temp +p dype “I SC w lok,
(a) What 34 the Srogy geep Ey in ev- ;
(©) Coloullate dha Weyrelangth
Vy at ok,
Hal Chock in metals :- Whona cunnont Cobescing condlunter
placed ina. tvensverse magnetic iol) , a vablags, ay Induced
bo the 2 facrs of the conductor which are ponpencliular. to bot:
magnetic ful A cuscent yr a =
Vy Hall Vala Lo i of qY
Ey Halt Fuld” 2
[w= We |—_p
F= -~e(&yt VeBz)=0
[ner ne en We define a now pasramoter
Rye te aL |],
Bee 7 | )
Ry Hall " opbiceae
. te dels San ppl ge apa a conninny,
2 Ri uve Huan than gaps haa cain ane ens.
4n nabs.»
i
d
i
4
1
1
:
i
1
|
Vy = WEY
T= x Dae
ana LE
\
My = ~-be82 We
wnet
"Hob =n
voltage, | Va = Pare val
- He Bheatsic field along X-dix” Ey, us double} then Hall caffieient
cate wil) become , 4
(a) ‘kL he) i 7) 2 @)y
‘ yen om 2 conor 4 chsings y dest nat dyjeanel on
“edoohie fuld - ;
ao No chong tn ku
_ Shett on Hall geald — Ey
a -
Tease es. double 9 Ty double
R= ZB Bo, ual be dawbles} do ¢ cornpensabe. Ry
aoe ‘. alg hall valtess Vij — derek Qad | P
>
>
P
e
5
eeeoee Peeves Geoornrtog 2@62008090680982980080 8:
-eL
> To chauve tho Halll &pfock , Sangh of Sy domple mut ba
athoast \3 cima of the thicknoy.
> Thinnot Js tho ample , mere pronounced i thy Holl
fp.
Jses Of Hall Spock - :
-W To gind ate mojrity. no%ge cai type £ thor concantrettiby
lo) Far dhe mecuusemant Sf mograbie fiald
(@) To find the mobility of chasse casas .
Had din Somioondsiators
in semicanciector, dow ae 2 typis of chosge casvrinny.
Hal feck in Aemriconobedor , ‘wot onl
dopand on casmiin) coneurbrabty |
bat also daband on mobility of chara.
COSSUWL -
frid Mobility of e 4 hele ans
'
dapporont, '
(| [er]
>
Limiting Cored j- ;
OC) fesn spabsinadc Semkonductos :-
bpan= %| :
any (44h 4)” dn qeanad, Me > AU,
Cee
Ww for N- Ty 2 on sep ; naglnet Ply.
Lal tL
wip for p-sypem poopy
Ry = Pate
eh”
a
ral
|
|
sr |
bo. EP y
&
2
&
ha Nal Bal Vil al bel Maal al Me
Rn =
ae)
Qu Colcullate the Halll captiownt pow sedium'on dhe basts of
foe thes that, Sodium LY monovalent bee with Late.
paramaen a = 428 A. }
Qi Am. coganic condioler hos recantely boon found by. optical
Atudin Jo Ne Wy = 180 X lol? J age foe plarma beep ond
pie 283% 10 vee for the’ em pelaxabion dime feo wer temp -
Caberdmte @) o He cindustor
) — the apa! & chamicad abuckue conduction o> ‘
concentration i yz y jo” /ms _Calaulade the Sfeote mars .
Oe. ‘ :
ax Faprate Sidiean has od hole cones Ga Re =P; =PSKIO/U5
2 Papalition ane Ae =, G0 om?/ vite . My= 45° M7 yaiee
Calcudote, the Hale's cafpiciont :
‘alm p 4 ban of Songeh Jomm & cyois- Aodional ane ans ‘
015 xo mm? cami a cusmrtmut L= 5 mA along. wh | . . oe
Dongth vin x-die"., Now dt Js placed uo pole pulsy of each.
magnat Bg=16 T aulong. zedin Mist pals of vallege fobs across
thy cypss- Aechion of the Sample and LT te both cwmant ty
wld & this meas a valtage yy =—Smv . Sind dhe clopar:
dansity ollso ond thy ype of the womicondlucte,
QS - Hall cofftiont for a Monovalnt fee Ladies male i
giren by Ry= 26x lo” mic . Calculate the Sabie
[Link] 63 He storpple .
o [Ry crmatag] < | ia (serene)
Ria ca —
nN — Longe mm mated wo Ky will be Amallor.
©0@0e0000°9°9909°8
Pare o oa no ma rg dena mage aerrieecinatimmeing finer emepre er en e tr
: CRYSTAL DEFECTS i.
Tdaal coptal — Greny crystal iy mada up of Jatiio + baru,
Teloaly wo arma trot Dotheo st Inpnite dn climanmons.
Lattio ~ poht sharld nat be miAsing
In real wots , dhoe proprticy clos: net follow ie sea!
crystal, ane firicty in dimanrnen, *
dado cyst) can oo, defined din desma of Lote +bur
fn ddoal crystal , chon of atoms un all Hee 3-cLim must 'be
continous upto Dirty Raviation. of Hu veal crystal papa
Jadoallily cup cia do coyttal’ cigects Tay “can be cbaesipied ‘ay; ”
Le Point Aefeck Vacanciy , dupenatinad Sunpussity » sbubstitution
Da) unpwaty etc. (0-D dafect)
4. Ling Aofect ~ Dislocation ‘( 1-D'degrer)
3 Swdfack Refeet Grain Boundary (xD dapeet)
4. Yeoluume, defect (3-D dafert)
i
eeeeeeoSeeoeeoonoonr® Thetwo mort imp debest arr point defect and Ling clifech
4 Pond” Nopeet
uy Vacancy. '= 4 some of dh, atoms aw
Dottie vide - vacaneies dn Ho real crystal
, yninimize cthe fave enogy Of the cagatel, Loney,
yacaneil cn yreryrery Jn the reall aytal,
Concantxation of vacatetiy (.No- of vacancit por,
unit volume) are Yreh
AE gen (
|
|
|
kT Thema Eningy:
Gi) Empubity - Tinfodty ane of. cue dybey
+ a) Substidulional impusily
a) Intoutittal Ampessly
Substtivtonal Ampusdty 3 Anpwrity cceupies Lathia, alte ,
| dpfenstttad Fnpurdly a cliapusdly, eccupits indesurtitial tile J
Point Repost in sonic Addtds
4n. donic Jalids, vacanuiy ocew in
pavu. To mointarn Hu a3 chaxye nonbality,
Yacani. awlsy do pay.
: Be veme cation acquired dhe iidenshtiol O
Bite than cadien vacaney + coction dntevstitiad [Link] ,
a called Frankel depot . =
Nb: of Frankel digest,
n=(un')"e CkeT| “yyheee, N/ me Nor Qf lenstitiod sites
ws Now ee .
2 _ aM pa jp reve cation from fathie arte to
Undeutitiad 31,
Re both anion & caton bath mining
hon dhe dye in Schottky dapeet,
Codton Vacancy. + Anion Vacancy = Schottky. dopost
No: af Schottky dafacth, [n = Ne PPker
N— Tatel No- of abun ;
Ep» Enmpy of vocaneg: pon : .
wy aba roids (Wet 3KCL eb) + Most comfon vaca
aru -Schobku defect and tn Sider hallises (Ag Br , Agee
Mest common yacanciey are Frenkal defect,
é.>
pow Hui, Lottie sites
2060060009869 90°9°8
a tlecotcal conductivity of aad halidos & silver halicey ir «
dus dn the makin of don sceanciey mat dun do de motien
Ob ew.
Colour. Cerdoes — Roe alkald heillicles asce dranaposunt sto
visible Light (Eg > hd). But due do dhe prerene of a Lathe
duject Hhase aysdads adbterb viola Dpht This erpde® Bathe
dijaet cu cablod Calan. core . os
d) F-@nbe - 6 -conbe 4 a -ve Jon vacancy. agtad” *
fe ab anion ay rniusitg from its Mk Hon ee aera
aire foom a vacenty cables! F—cuntre 4 We eo +
Bhs vacamur ye teapfaod , re
Gi) Me Centre v- Conbets a +e ron vorrcuncey 4p cation Jy
mining fav ity Qothay site dun Hie will be a vaeonog
— a ee :
FO IT TEE ETE Pe I ar
See OeCeaseGe TOOTH OD " calllad Y-contee & chi vanancy dt hale deaploed ,
ii) (Cane i” M-cunke Ju tu combination of 9 aoljesent F-cenbees
+ - Met -
~ 4 AQ eG
oe ee
iv R ccanhe > R-canke ly the combination of 3 adkiosent R canbe.
2 Ling Nelocts
a Dualocations *
edge Scxenr
Badge dufocations ix
dt a ap" by Tor l.
“4h extwaplones art abave the ‘bib flan >
u balou ” o oT
“te # No! op planes amt moee abave to the
Adip plane Lk een Nat ply
: itd the cayrtal thon wholg plone is nok 4 doped kych abt i
eclae Ly considanad od & dufect > Tip 1 callid Golge dislocation |
on Vector (b) i Buren Vedow 2 gives Hho mogridudy 4-
&
F
fF
LSS
Bu:
ata ap Hig Rib. Gunger veatoo gies He yrininiun }
alo amount af the slip -
Sbip plane ee
a
¥ fo danulation veetor in edge diulocatlon,
4 » © dadocotion. bing in 1 o . © 0S OG SOFT HHHHHOOTI2THDF8H8HHHH9899808
Scscew Rislocation - Busgen vector Diy porablel yo dualoeation
Dini in akaew dulocation,
Mixed Dislocation + tn Mixed dislocation, BME & BLE
Ling
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