Pengantar Evaluasi Ekonomi
Pengantar Evaluasi Ekonomi
Pengantar Evaluasi Ekonomi
EVALUASI EKONOMI
INAHEA
JAKARTA, 7 APRIL 2015
Mardiati Nadjib
Dept of Health Policy and Administration
Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia
RUJUKAN
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The Different Steps of Evidence
Can it work? = Efficacy
Menguji apakah obat bisa bekerja pada
kondisi yang relative ideal.. Prasyarat
untuk registrasi ke BPOM
Menggunakan RCT
Does it work in reality? = Effectiveness
Bagaimana di dunia nyata?
Is it worth doing it, compared to other
things we could do with the same money?
= Cost-effectiveness = Efficiency
Types of economic evaluation
Loss productivity
Intangible cost
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•CEA harus ada komparator (atau dibandingkan
dengan “doing nothing”)
•Alternatif mana yang paling ‘cost effective’ (cost vs
outcome) ?? Harus ada komparatornya? “worth spent”?
•Tahap:
1.Analisis biaya dari tiap alternatif
2.Analisis efektifitas tiap alternatif (bila menggunakan hasil RCT
harus sensitivity analysis, bagaimana hasil berubah ketka “best
guesses” / asumsi bervariasi pada variasi nilai, bahwa model kita
“robust”)....
......Atau QALY untuk CUA?
3. Decision analysis/ decision tree/ Markov model
4. ACER dan ICER
5. Sensitivity analysis, CE plane, ..... ...CE acceptability curve
CONTOH PENYAJIAN HASIL COST DAN
EFFECTIVENESS (RASCATI)
DRUG A DRUG B DRUG C
Cara 1: Cost-consequence Analysis
Cost $600/ yr $210/yr $530/yr
Outcome
GI SFD 130 200 250
% Healed 50% 70% 80%
Cara 2: ACER
$600/130= $210/200= $530/250=
$4,61 per SFD $1,05 per SFD #2,12 per SFD
$600/0,5= $210/0,7= $530/0,8=
$1200 per cure $300 per cure $662 per cure
Cara 3: ICER B compared with A= dominant for both GI SFD and % healed
C compared with A=dominant for both GI SFD and % healed
C compared with B=($530-$210)/(250-200 GI SFD)=
$6,40 per extra GI SFD
C compared with B=($530-$210)/(0,8-0,7)=
$3200 per extra healed ulcer
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COST MINIMIZATION
ANALYSIS
Outcome/ efektifitas sama (similar/ identical),
memilih alternatif dengan pengorbanan
sumber daya paling sedikit
Contoh: Drummond
Tindakan bedah di RS antara rawat inap vs one
day care hasil klinis medis sama tapi biaya
ODC lebih rendah
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Cost Utility Analysis (CUA)
Outcome dalam bentuk “utility” (unit analisis
individu)
Cost/ outcome dalam bentuk Cost/ QALY gained
(biaya untuk tambahan 1 tahun hidup sehat
dengan intervensi tsb)
CEA juga bisa menggunakan cost/ DALY
averted (biaya untuk mencegah 1 tahun hidup
yang hilang/ life year loss) DALY diperoleh
dari analisis burden of disease (konteks
Indonesia) untuk analisis “agregat”
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QALY
Multiplying duration of time spent in a given health state (years)
with quantity of life weighted utility
Utility: range from 0 (worst, death) to 1 (best/ full health). Worse
than dead negative value?
If infividual lives for 10 years with an associate utility of 0,9
equal to 9 QALYs
Utility value can be derived both direct and indirectly : most
common are direct method (SG, TTO and VAS). Indirect
Multiattribute much more convenient , widely used EQ 5D,
WHO QoL etc
Some reimbursement agencies have established ICER threshold
(eg NICE benchmark ICER £30,000/ QALy gained for NHS, IN
USA $50,000/QALy gained)
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Methods for Measuring Utility, Preference and
Value (1)
Cot for treatment Years of Live Saved Utility for each year QALYs
USD of live saved
Drug A 10,000 5 0.8 4.0
Drug B 20,000 7 0.5 3.5
Calculation Result
CEA USD (20000-10000)/(7-5 years) USD 5,000 per extra year of life
CUA USD (20000-10000)/(3,5 QALYs-4,0 QALYs) Drug A dominant
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DALY = Disability Adjusted Life Year
DALY = YLL + YLD
YLL = Years of life lost
YLD = Years live with disability
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CE PLANE
Cost differences(+)
Kuadran4 Kuadran 1
Dominated Tradeoff
Kuadran 3 Kuadran 2
Tradeoff Dominant