9/15/2018 BLEPT: Journalism

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BLEPT
(Board Licensure Examination for Professional Teachers; Formerly the Licensure Examination for Teacher [LET])

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japanese
CAMPUS JOURNALISM customs (1)
Journalism (10)
Whatever the type of paper it is, the parts and sections are traditionally similar
nanakusa-gayu
to one another. We have four major sections of a newspaper (most commonly (1)
of campus papers): front page; editorial page; sports page, and; special Other Reads
features. Each section is divided into parts. (18)
Other Things (7)
PARTS OF THE EDITORIAL PAGE Peace
Education (1)
Ph Essays (4)
Folio: A folio usually contains the page number, the date of publication and Ph Poems (45)
the name of the newspaper. (The name of the newspaper can also be found Ph Short Stories
in the front page but it is intentionally reprinted in the editorial page and other (40)
special pages.) Practice
Questions (8)
Professional
Masthead: The masthead is the editorial box containing the logo of the Education (35)
newspaper, names and positions of the staff, subscription rate, the publisher Purely
Grammar (9)
and other pertinent information about the newspaper.
RA 7836 (5)
Relevant Laws
(19)
Logo (Logotype): The logo or the logotype is seen in the masthead. This
Sample Tests
contains identifying word or words or symbols such of the newspaper or of the
(41)
name of the section of the newspaper.
Test Results (3)
Vocab
Enrichment
Editorial Proper: The editorial proper is the commentary made by any of the (100)
editors (usually, of the editor-in-chief) on any subject. It is the stand of the
paper for the day.

Editorial Column: Editorial columns are special types of columns intended

and reserved for the writing editor. Like the editorial proper, it can deal with
various topics and it is where the paper establishes its stand.

Editorial Cartoon: The editorial cartoon stands by itself. This means that it is
an editorial proper or news by itself. It does not have to have any relationship
with the editorial column of with the editorial proper. It is usually an

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exaggerated cartoon intended to be so to create humor. It deals with a simple
point which is usually concerned with the current hottest issue.

Editorial Liner: The editorial liner is simply a line of quotations or message

placed below the editorial proper or column. Letter to the Editor: This part is
like a transparent mailbox of the newspaper containing a message from the
reader sharing his own perspectives.

Parts of the Front Page of a

Newspaper
CAMPUS JOURNALISM

Whatever the type of paper it is, the parts and sections are traditionally similar
to one another. We have four major sections of a newspaper (most commonly
of campus papers): front page; editorial page; sports page, and; special
features. Each section is divided into parts.

PARTS OF THE FRONT PAGE

Local News: Local News is news that took place inside the country. (This
must not be confused with provincial or regional news. Local News is
concerned with what is happening in the Philippines, for example, as a whole
while provincial or regional news usually give news concerning a more
specific area.)

Foreign News: Foreign News is news that took place outside the country.
(This must not be confused with Dateline News. Foreign News is that which
concerns the global community or that which happened outside the
Philippines, for example, but the information there in concerns the people in
the Philippines – i.e. the release of iPhone 5 or the rocket launch from North
Korea).

Dateline News: Dateline news is a news story which is usually out-of-town.

This doesn’t necessarily need to be concerned with the reporting country but
they are published for some informative and entertainment purposes. Dateline
News is usually introduce by a dateline stating the country the place story was
taken from, the date and the source of the material if it wasn't written originally
by the newspaper staff (i.e. Tokyo, Japan, October 19 – Tokyo News…).

Weather News: Weather News is usually a boxed forecast/prediction from

reliable sources (usually mentioned). Weather News includes the place where
a specific weather activity is occurring, the temperature, wind directions,
velocities, alerts, etc. Deeper news about the weather (i.e. storm signals and
announcements, evacuation, relief operations, retrieval operations and search
and rescue operation coverage and the like) are discussed as news stories.

Index: An Index is a slug line indicating an important inside page story and
the page number where it can be found. Indices usually contain hottest issues
and stories in a particular area, exclusive interviews, exclusive coverage and
the like).

Other Thing Found in Front Pages:

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i. Nameplate: The nameplate is the engraved or printed name or logo/symbol
of the newspaper.

ii. Ears: Ears are little boxes in either or both sides of the nameplate. Ears
usually contain advertisements or announcements.

iii. Banner (Head): The banner is the principal headline which is usually
written in the boldest and biggest font. It is the title of the most important news
of the day (for dailies). This most important news is called banner news.

iv. Running Head: The running head is a type of head having two or more
lines.

v. Headline: Headline refers to any title of any news. Thus, the title of any
news in any part of a newspaper is called headline.

vi. Deck: A deck is a subordinate headline or head which is immediately

placed below its mother head to give more information about it.

vii. Lead: Lead refers to the beginning of a news story. This means that a
lead could be a word, a phrase, a sentence or even a paragraph.

viii. News Story: The news story is the whole story or a part of the whole
story about the news which is composed of the lead and the text supporting
and elaborating the lead.

ix. Columns: Columns are columns in a newspaper. They are horizontal

divisions of the parts or texts of a newspaper.

x. Column Rules: Column rules are vertical lines that indicate the divisions of
the columns. In modern journalism, these lines are substituted with a space (a
blank column rule). Space column rules or more formally known as sunken
rules are usually one em wide.

xi. Fold: Folds are imaginary horizontal lines that divide the paper equally into
two.

xii. Byline: A byline is the signature, name or pseudonym of the reporter who
prepared the news. They can me seen in various forms: - Mark dela Peña; by
Mark dela Peña; (Mark dela Peña), or; - Mad Pen.

xiii. Box: Any news material enclosed by line rules is a box. In this case, ears
are special types of boxes because they are specially named because of their
position.

xiv. Cut (Cliché): The cut is a metal plate bearing the newspaper’s
illustration.

xv. Cutline: A cutline is the text accompanying photos or other art works. The
cutline is commonly known as caption. If the text shows above the photo, it is
called overline.

xvi. Overline: Overline is a type of cutline written or shown above the photo.

xvii. Kicker: A kicker is a tagline above but smaller than the headline. It gives
stimulating but small details about the headline and this is why it is also called
teaser.

xviii. Hammer: A hammer is a type of kicker but the difference is that a

hammer is bigger than the headline.

xix. Credit Line: A credit line is a line given as a pay of respect to the source
of the story or illustration printed. This is done usually for stories or
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illustrations imported or borrowed from other printed materials or people. The
difference of a byline from a credit line is that a byline is usually a name,
signature or pseudonym of the reporter within the newspaper staff but a credit
line is used for those which are borrowed or imported. Thus, foreign news and
dateline news often have credit lines.

A Comparison of National &

Campus Newspapers
NATIONAL AND CAMPUS PAPERS COMPARED

As a part of my review in Journalism, I have to know the comparison between

national and campus papers.

***

A newspaper is a publication sold and distributed regularly in a fixed interval.

It may be monthly, bi-monthly, weekly, daily, etc. and this is because of the
fact that newspapers fall under the category “periodicals.” Usually, news in
newspapers is meant to be persuasive and this is why some news includes
opinions and comments that stimulate reactions from the readers. Another
latent function of newspapers is to entertain by the use of photos, cartoons,
quizzes and other interesting features.

While papers published everyday are called dailies, we call those which are
published weekly weeklies. National papers are widely available and easily
bought.

National papers fall under two categories: the popular paper and the heavy or
quality papers. Popular papers present their news in a lively fashion with
easy-to-read articles and many photographs. Heavy or quality papers are
printed with longer articles stressing on important and serious events in the
country.

Some newspaper publishers produce Sunday papers sometimes, with the

same nameplate as the daily papers. These are not Sunday editions of the
dailies but instead, they are of different editors and editorial staff. The reason
behind this is the availability of more people to read during Sundays. The
price of the Sunday paper tends to be higher than the regular paper but it
contains more news.

Scope and Functions of

Journalism, Campus Journalism
Scope of Journalism

There are three major divisions of journalism: written journalism, oral

journalism and visual journalism. News papers and magazines fall under
written journalism and are classified as periodicals. Periodicals are
publications released in regular intervals: bi-monthly, monthly, weekly, etc.

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A newspaper, compared to the magazine, prints more news and has no
special cover. Newspapers are printed in paper called newsprint. News is
printed all over the newspaper having the hottest news in the front page.

A magazine, on the other hand, has a special cover and prints less news but
more human interest stories and features. Magazines are printed in book
paper and if ever a magazine contains news, it’s brief, summarized and can
only be found in side pages.

Periodicals, journals, books, graphic media and brochures are under print
media. Radio falls under oral journalism and while television, movies and
documentaries are under oral-visual journalism.

Radio and television are examples of broadcast media while movies and
documentaries are examples of film media.

Functions of Campus Papers

A campus paper may be mimeographed or printed published or released by

an organization or school whose name or logo appears in the masthead or in
the editorial box.

The campus paper like any other media has functions.

AID TO STUDENTS

a. Provides opportunity for interesting writing.

b. Gives students the opportunity to learn how to read the

newspapers.

c. Acts as stimulus to better work.

d. Develops students’ power of observation and discrimination

concerning relative merits of news articles.

e. Serves as outlet and motivation for journalistic writing.

f. Offers training in organizations, business methods,

commercial arts, salesmanship, bookkeeping and business
management.

g. Develops qualities of cooperation, tact, accuracy, tolerance,

responsibility and leadership.

AID TO SCHOOL AND COMMUNITY

a. Informs the community of the work of the school.

b. Publishes school news.

c. Creates and expresses school opinions.

d. Makes known the achievements of the school.

e. Helps unify the school.

f. Encourages and stimulates worthwhile activities.

g. Develops right standard of conduct.

h. Provides and outlet for students’ suggestions for the

betterment of the school.

i. Develops better interschool relationship.

j. Develops school spirit.

k. Develops cooperation between the parents and the school.

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The campus paper also has these following functions:

INFORMATION FUNCTION: This is the news functions of the campus paper:

to inform. Since information dissemination is the maid purpose of the campus
paper, this is the function most likely performed by any campus paper. It gives
the readers information concerning the things around the community and
within the school.

OPINION FUNCTION: Through the editorials and editorial columns, the editor
has the chance to post his opinion regarding current events inside the school
and the community. The main purpose for this is to persuade to reader toward
a certain point of view.

EDUCATION FUNCTION: Tabooed topics such as sex, sex education, family

planning and the like are extensively and intensively discussed by writers of
campus papers. This is one of the most important functions of the campus
paper: to educate.

WATCHDOG FUNCTION: The school paper serves as an eye for the readers
to see what is happening in the school and to guard the right of the young
ones.

LABORATORY FUNCTION: It serves as the teaching tool for budding

journalists. Neophytes pattern their new experience from the existing and past
papers.

DOCUMENTATION FUNCTION: Important school events and worthwhile

student accomplishments and achievements are recorded in the campus
paper for posterity’s sake. Most present day stories are researched from old
newspapers.

ENTERTAINMENT FUNCTION: The school paper, like an interesting book,

keeps the reader company especially when he is alone. Most human interest
stories are stimulating to read.

DEVELOPMENTAL FUNCTION: In developing a country like the Philippines,

scholastic and commercial journalism has been given greater and nobler
significance. The sources of new journalists are school also. Journalists in
campus publications are most likely to be the journalists of the future. The
young journalist whose news deals with club activities, school elections and
campus activities will eventually become a better one whose news deal with
activities of the nation, national elections and national concerns. The
developmental function of the campus paper doesn't only have implications
on the young one himself but also on the school as a whole. School
administrators and staff may reflect their performance on the school paper
and see what improvements must be done.

What Is Campus Journalism?

It had been a long and laborious semester for me and, as I believe, for other
students. After two weeks, we will be facing another semester of brain brawls
and nerve fights.

I checked my university check-list and I saw that we will be having two

JOURNALISM courses this coming semester, one being a general education
course and the other, a major subject.

As I usually do before I plunge myself into a new set of subjects, I see to it

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that I get an overview or a full grasp, if possible, of all the subjects that I will
take. This time I decided to start it with JOURNALISM.

As it would probably be, we'll take JOURNALISM in general and then,

Campus Journalism as our main focus. This is because we are education
students.

I'll be posting more about JOURNALISM after this.

***

To begin with (cliche), let's define Journalism and get to know more about it in
surface.

Journalism is defined as the collection, preparation and distribution of news

and related commentary and feature materials through such media as
pamphlets, newsletters, newspapers, magazines, radio, motion pictures,
television, books, blogs, webcasts, podcasts and e-mail. Originally, the term
refers to news and current events printed in newspapers or any such form but
due to the advent of technology (radio, television, internet, etc.) in the 20th
century the term broadened until it arrived at its current meaning.
The term traces its origin from the Anglo-French word jurnal (daily) and the
Latin word diurnalis (of the day).

It must also be noted that the earliest known publication of journalistic nature
is the Acta Diurna from ancient Rome. It was believed to have been published
in the 59th century and continued to be published daily since then.The Acta
Diurna contained recorded important political and social events and was hung
in prominent places to be read by people.

In China, a circulation was published by the court to serve as report issued to

government officials called bao (report). This publication which started from
the Tang Dynasty continued to be published in various forms and names until
the end of the Qing Dynasty in 1911. There was a time when the bao was
said to have been published in all villages, not only for government officials,
for public dissemination.

The first published newspapers were seen in German cities and in Antwerp
about 1609. The first English news paper, The Weekly Newes, was published
in 1622. One of the first daily newspapers, The Daily Courant, appeared in
1702.

***

Since the school, in a pragmatic view, is a miniature of the outside, it has to

imitate what really is happening in the real world, to bring it closer to the
learners and to train them in their social functions and interactions in the
future.

This is why we have school elections and student governments. We train the
young ones about leadership, suffrage and responsibility. This is also the
reason why we force uniforms in secondary schools. We train them about
formality and professionalism.

Considering all the examples mentioned above, it is but fair to train them
about freedom of expression and right to information. This is why we have
Campus Journalism. We train the young ones of the art of politics: to criticize
what is inefficient and to suggest improvements. We train them about their
rights to express themselves in media or in ways not threatening to national
security and progress. We train them that all people have rights to be
informed of what is happening around their concerns.

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Above all these, through Campus Journalism, we train the young ones about
honesty, integrity, loyalty and fairness. They learn how to be involved and
productive for the society.

Campus Journalism: Sports Page &

Special Features
SPORTS PAGE

Stories about sports are news. Sports pages contain commentaries and
sports features. This may also include some special feature like exclusive
interview of a sports personality or a column of a boxing commentator
(whatever).

SPECIAL FEATURES

Through the long evolution of the newspaper some features were taken out
and newer interesting ones are injected. An example of an obsolete feature
taken out was the society page.

There are, now, existing features that are very common to newspapers.
These include: Life and Leisure, Business and Finance, Classified Ads,
Television Guides, Comics, Puzzles (crossword, Sudoku, etc.), Radio Guides,
etc.

The Birth of High School Papers

(Campus Papers) in the
Philippines
Student publication was just considered as an ordinary extracurricular activity
until the Philippines adopted it from the Americans as a technical and integral
part of high schools and colleges.

First Campus Papers

Whether the El Liliputiense (1890) of the University of Santo Tomas or the

College Folio (1910 – now, Philippine Collegian) was the first campus paper is
still under dispute among historians especially between the group of Jesus
Valenzuela (History of the Journalism in the Philippines Islands 1933 and
John Lent (Philippine Mass Communication 1964) and the group of Oscar
Manalo, Narcizo Matienzo and Virgilio Monteloyola (Ang Pamahayagan
1985).

Least contenders for the first campus paper in the Philippines are The Torch
of the Philippine Normal University, The Guidon of the Ateneo de Manila

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University and The Varsitarian of the University of Santo Tomas (which was
obviously published two years after El Liliputiense).

Whatever came first, the oldest officially recorded student publication in the
Philippines is still The Coconut by Manila High School (now Araullo High
School) published in mimeographed student paper in School Year 1911-
1912.

After 11 years La Union High School published the first printed and regularly
issued student publication in the country, The La Union Tab (1923). After the
publication of this campus paper, pioneer papers came out one after the
other.

Among the first campus papers are the following:

The Pampangan (1925) Pampangan High School
The Leytean (1925) Leyte High School
The Rizalian (1926) Rizal High School
The Coconut (1927) Tayabas High School
The Volcano (1927) Batangas High School
The Toil (1928) La Union Trade School
The Samarinian (1928) Samar High School
The Melting Pot (1929) Tarlac High School
The Granary (1929) Nueva Ecija High School
The Torres Torch (1930) Torres High School (Manila)
The Cagayan Student Chronicler Cagayan High School
(1930)

By 1931 high schools in the Philippines reached a considerable number, 106.

Since then, high schools felt the necessity of putting up their own school
papers and paper organization though no memoranda or circulars were
issued.

Only 30 schools registered their school papers in the Bureau of Public

Schools. By 1950, it became 169, by 1954, 253, by 1975, 500 and by 1986
(the rebirth of freedom), it became more than 900 secondary school
publications in Filipino and English.

Circular Letter no. 34 s. 1925 was the first noted regulation to support school
papers in the country by standardizing it. It was issued by the Bureau of
Education (which became Department of Education, Culture and Sports and
now, Department of Education). The Circular Letter was signed by the then
Director Luther B. Bewley.

Standardization of school papers gave rise to requirements. Basically, there

were three.

The requirements were as follows:

A capable teacher available to supervise carefully all the steps for the
paper’s production;
Sufficient finances to prevent compulsion in seeking subscriptions and to
prevent financial embarrassment to the faculty, and;
A printer and a print-er having equipments to produce creditable paper be
available.

The Circular also tried to discourage publications with undesirable contents

and materials, poor printing and faulty English.

On October 22, 1945, Acting Executive Officer of the Department of

Instruction and Information, John H. McBride sent a circular to all division
superintendents quoting provisions from the Service Manual to make sure of
the following:

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School papers should chiefly contain articles concerning school activities;

School papers should be free from advertisements;
School papers should be free from advertisements;
School papers should be free from questionable jokes;
School papers should be free from questionable cartoons;
School papers should be free from worthless poetry;
School papers should be free from worthless prose;
School papers should bear contents that are written solely through
students’ efforts (unless it were written by a staff or a faculty member, and;
The assistance of a teacher must only be limited to criticisms.

Letterpress Printing
Let’s say, for example, that a reporter fished an event. He submits the news
he gathered to the page editor who will assess the importance of the news.
The page editor, then, prepares the news for print. The copy goes to the copy
reader who edits it, designs the headline and writes the guideline on a
separate sheet of paper.

The copy, as well as other articles, is submitted to the publication office for record
purposes and then, submitted to the composing room. The composing room is
where the linotype man sets the story. He arranges the slugs in the galley for galley
proofs to be corrected by the staff’s proofreader. Be there any correction marked
by the proofreader, the linotype man sets again.

The compositor assembles the slugs and the headlines in chase form according to
the dummy sheet. The pages are proofread after which the linotype man sets the
correction once more. If there are no more errors, the pages are okayed and sent to
the press room. The paper is put to bed and the printing begins.

Journalism: How Newspapers Are

Printed, A Procedure
In order to have texts to put pen to paper in a newspaper, there should be
news. News can be first-hand or second hand. First-hand stories are those
which were personally or exclusively covered by the reporter or the
newspaper. Second-hand stories are those which were relayed from sources
reliable and allegedly reliable. Second-hand stories may come from
eyewitnesses or announcements from other organizations (police report,
press conference, etc.).

Reporters would find it hard to cover immediate stories outside the country
unless overseas correspondents are established there. This calls for the
newspaper to get news from agencies like Associated Press (AP), Agence
France Press (AFP), Philippines News Service (PNS), Reuters (BNA: British
News Agency) or United Press International (UPI). These organizations
automatically send information and news through electronic automatic text
wiring to those newspaper companies subscribed to their service.

From the sources, the city editor, who writes the printer’s direction or
guidelines and instructions to the compositor on the kinds of headlines to be

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used, gets his hand on the copy.

The copyreader or deskman edits the copy and writes the headlines and
guidelines on a separate sheet of paper. The copy is brought to the
composing room where the linotype man sets the story.

The lines of types or slugs are assembled by the compositor in a long metal
tray called galley. When the galley is full, a few impressions or proofs
called galley proofs are taken on a small proof press.

A proofreader carefully study and mark the errors (typographical,

grammatical, logical, etc.) that may have been made. The proofreader uses a
language that the compositor understands and guided by marked proofs, the
compositor corrects the type.

After this, another galley proof may be pulled and sent to the writer or editor
for any further changes. Now the type is arranged into pages. The compositor
transfers the proper number of lines to make up a page proof from the galley
to a hollow rectangular frame called chase. The proofreader edits the page
using proofreading symbols. Then a lock up man locks the pages of types
securely in the chase with wooden or metal blocks called furniture and with
metal wedges called quoins. Printing begins.

In letterpress printing, the impression is transferred from the flat chase to the
paper. Cylinder press is how the type of printing press used is called. The
printing form is held in a flat bed. The bed itself moves forward under a
turning impression cylinder to print a sheet of paper. After then, it moves back
to get a fresh coat of ink.

Meanwhile, the rotating impression cylinder discharges the printed sheets and
picks up a blank paper. Individual sheets pass through the press, not
continuous rolls.

If many copies are to be made at a very fast rate, the rotary press is used.
Here, printing is done by leaving the print impression from a printing plate
formed into a complete cylinder of metal to paper. The rotary may have one or
more sets of rotating cylinders.

The plate cylinder holds the electrotype or stereotypes plates while the
impression cylinder provides the pressure. The paper passes between the
two and may be in the form of sheets or rolls. The rotary press can produce
30000 or more impressions in an hour with a continuous rolls passing through
it. The cylinders are so arranged that they may print on both sides of the
paper.

A new method of printing is called offset printing which has become popular. It
has several advantages over the rotary press and the cylinder press
especially on printing with colors. This printing is made through a process in
which the inked impression is first made on a rubber-covered roller then
transferred to the paper.

Printing of the first edition must start at a fixed time called deadline so that the
papers may be printed and dispatched in time to reach various destinations in
the morning.

Except for big schools that print many thousand copies every issue, and
should therefore, use the rotary or the offset printing, the printing of papers is
less complicated and they only resort to letterpress printing.

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Introduction to Journalism for

Education Students by Ms. Kat
Cortez
JOURNALISM

(from the Latin “diurna” which means “daily”. In ancient Rome, bulletins
were compiled and posted in public places and these were called Acta
Diurna which meant “Daily Events”)

As defined by Webster, it is the occupation of writing for publication in

newspapers and other periodicals.

According to Merriam-Webster, it is the collection and editing of news for

presentation through the media.

Scope of Journalism (3 Areas)

1. Written includes periodicals such as newspapers, brochures, journals and

magazines
2. Oral includes radio
3. Visual includes television, movies, documentaries and internet

HISTORY OF CAMPUS JOURNALISM

A. High School
The Coconut: a mimeographed student paper published in the
school year 1911-1912 by the first Manila High School now known
as Araullo High School under the editorship of Carlos P. Romulo.
The Torres Torch: Torres High School (1930)
Mapazette: Mapa High School and The Chronicler: Arellano High
School (1940)
*** Although the first school paper in city schools of Manila was published in
School Year 1911-1912, formal classroom instruction in high school
journalism began only in 1952 when Mrs. Sarah England, an American
teacher of Mapa High School experimented with the teaching of Journalism.

B. Universities
College Folio: published by the University of the Philippines in
October 1910, it printed the works of the first promising writers in
English.
The Torch: introduced by the Philippine Normal School in 1913 as
its official publication.
The Literary Apprentice: literary organ organized by the UP
Writers Club in 1927, it became the most prestigious college
literary publication in the country.
The Varsitarian: UST’s publication which was also started in 1927.

THE CAMPUS PAPER

The campus paper is a publication, either mimeographed or printed, put out

by staff members whose names appear in the masthead or editorial box.

Functions of the Campus Paper

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A. (according to Harold Spears and C.H. Lawshe Jr.)

1. Aid to students
Campus papers develop students’ powers of observation and
discrimination concerning relative merits of news articles. They
also serve as outlet and motivation for journalistic writing. Most
of all, campus papers provide training in organization, business
methods and management.

2. Aid to the school and community

Campus papers publish news and thus inform the community
on the work of the school. They also help in the creation and
expression of school opinion and provide an outlet for student
suggestions for the betterment of the school.

B. (other functions)

1. Information Function
2. Opinion Function
3. Education Function
4. Watchdog Function
5. Laboratory Function
6. Documentation Function
7. Entertainment Function
8. Developmental Function

STUDENTS PRESS ETHICS AND PRINCIPLES

CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS
The right to publish news is not expressly granted by law, but is found in the
general liberty of the people.

Section 1, Article III of the 1935 Constitution (repeated in the 1987

Constitution) states thus:
“No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech or of the
press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and petition the
government for redress of grievances.”

*** The provision prevents censorship or the imposition of previous restraint

upon a publication. The reporter or publisher, however, may be held liable for
printing or publishing any of the following:
ü  Those injurious to the reputation or privacy of persons;
ü  Those injurious to the public order and national security;
ü  Those injurious to public morals; and
ü  Those injurious to the integrity and efficiency of public bodies
such as the Congress or the courts.

*** Restraints on publications may be classified on the basis of the branch of

law affected:
ü  Criminal law: libel, obscenity, inciting to sedition (rebellion),
unlawful publication of official papers
ü  Civil law: libel, breach of privacy, violation of copyright, unfair
competition
ü  Administrative law: concerning postal law, mailing privileges,
customs regulations, advertising rules

Campus Paper Ethics

A school paper, like all newspapers, should observe accuracy, fairness and
good taste in reporting events.

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No story based on rumor, unattributed opinion or gossip should be
published.
Obscenity should be absolutely taboo for the school paper.
Stories concerning the morale of individuals should be avoided.
Words which show bias in the handling of news stories or other
stories concerning race, color, religious beliefs, or class should be
avoided.
No innocent person/s should be needlessly involved in
questionable or unpleasant incidents, or exposed to ridicule.
A school paper should not, as a rule, print pictures which offend
the sensibility of the general run of the readers.
Common ethical problems student media face:
Conflict of interest: Examples include interviewing friends; only
interviewing one grade or those with a specific point of view;
"getting even" with those who might have wronged you; doing
anything that might compromise objectivity in the reporting of the
truth.
Plagiarism: Claiming others' work as one's own, essentially
stealing from them. Students must credit other people's materials
and ideas, including those published in newspapers, magazines
and books. This includes "borrowing" or downloading visuals from
the Internet to use without permission with stories.
Anonymous sources: Although many reporters use anonymous
sources, there are rules about when to use them. A reporter has to
determine the information's value and whether is it possible to get
it any other way. She also has to determine whether she needs to
protect the source from harm from being an identified source. A
comment about the cafeteria's food should not be permitted to
remain anonymous, for example, but a revelation about suffering
child abuse may be.
ü Offending or distasteful content: Although it is impossible to run
any story without offending, insulting or displeasing someone,
student journalists must strive to keep the press open and
accessible to a wide range of views without stooping to gratuitous
offense. While some use of "dirty" language might be necessary,
journalists have to decide if there is another way to present the
information or if the presentation will be so offensive it will
preclude readers from getting the information.
Invasion of privacy: While this is often a legal issue, it is also an
ethical one. Student - and professional - reporters must consider
the consequences of publishing the outstanding news value photo
or naming someone in an article.
Bias: Human beings cannot be purely objective. The mere
selection of one story over another raises the issue of value
judgments. Those who create content must attempt to be as fair
and impartial as is possible. Every issue has more than one side,
and all sides should be represented as much as possible. Student
journalists trying to be objective should not avoid exploration,
experimentation and variety in the press.
Commitment to accuracy: Little undermines integrity and,
therefore, effectiveness of the media more than carelessness (or
deceit) leading to inaccuracy in the press. Not publishing
information is almost always better than publishing inaccurate
information. The rush to be first, prized today and available to
anyone now with the Internet, is no justification for not checking
out data, information and sources.

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