CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT

A composite material (also called a composition material or shortened

to composite, which is the common name) is a material made from two or more
constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical properties
that, when combined, produce a material with characteristics different from the
individual components. The individual components remain separate and distinct
within the finished structure, differentiating composites from mixtures and solid
solutions. A composite material (also called a composition material or shortened
to composite, which is the common name) is a material made from two or more
constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical properties
that, when combined, produce a material with characteristics different from the
individual components. The individual components remain separate and distinct
within the finished structure, differentiating composites from mixtures and solid
solutions.

Aluminium alloys (or aluminum alloys; see spelling differences)

are alloys in which aluminium (Al) is the predominant metal. The typical
alloying elements are copper, magnesium, manganese, silicon, tin and zinc.
There are two principal classifications, namely casting alloys and wrought
alloys, both of which are further subdivided into the categories heat-
treatable and non-heat-treatable. About 85% of aluminium is used for wrought
products, for example rolled plate, foils and extrusions.

1
1.2 OBJECTIVES

1. To synthesize the Al-B4C-Gr composite by using the stir casting

technique.
2. To evaluate their Mechanical properties such as Hardness, Tensile and
Compressive strengths.
3. To determine dry sliding wear properties of Al-B4C-Gr composite using
pin-on-disc machine.
4. To study the worn surface of the samples by using Scanning Electron
Microscope (SEM).

2
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 ALUMINIUM 5083

Aluminium alloy 5083 contains 5.2% magnesium, 0.1% manganese and

0.1% chromium. In the tempered condition, it is strong, and retains good
formability due to excellent ductility. 5083 has high resistance to corrosion, and
is used in marine applications. It has the low density and excellent thermal
conductivity common to all aluminium alloys.

Typical applications require a weldable alloy of high to moderate strength, with

good corrosion resistance. Marine applications, unfired welded pressure vessels,
TV towers, drilling rigs, transportation equipment, armour plate.

Fig 2.1 Aluminium Plate

2.1.1 Applications of Aluminium Alloy 5083

Aluminium 5083 is used in:

 Shipbuilding
 Rail cars

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  Vehicle bodies
 Tip truck bodies
 Mine skips and cages
 Pressure vessels
2.1.2 Weldability

When welding 5083 to itself or another alloy from the same sub-group,
the recommended filler metal is 5183. Other suitable fillers are 5356 and 5556

Weldability – Gas: Average

– Arc: Excellent

2.1.3 Fabrication

Workability – Cold: Average

Machinability – Poor

2.2 BORON CARBIDE (B4C)

Boron carbide (chemical formula approximately B4C) is an extremely

hard boron–carbon ceramic and covalent material used in tank armor, bullet
proof vests, engine sabotage powders as well as numerous industrial
applications. With a Vickers Hardness of >30 GPa, it is one of the hardest
known materials, behind cubic boron nitride and diamond.

Fig 2.2 Boron Carbide Powder

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2.2.1 Preparation

Boron carbide was first synthesized by Henri Moissan in 1899, by

reduction of boron trioxide either with carbon or magnesium in presence of
carbon in an electric arc furnace. In the case of carbon, the reaction occurs at
temperatures above the melting point of B4C and is accompanied by liberation
of large amount of carbon monoxide.

2 B2O3 + 7 C → B4C + 6 CO

2.3 GRAPHITE (Gr)

The acoustic and thermal properties of graphite are highly anisotropic

propagate quickly along the tightly-bound planes, but are slower to travel from
one plane to another. Graphite's high thermal stability and electrical and thermal
conductivity facilitate its widespread use as electrodes and refractories in high
temperature material processing applications. However, in oxygen-containing
atmospheres graphite readily oxidizes to form carbon dioxide at temperatures of
700 °C and above. The two known forms of graphite, alpha and beta have very
similar physical properties, except for that the graphene layers stack slightly
differently. The alpha graphite may be either flat or buckled. The alpha form can
be converted to the beta form through mechanical treatment and the beta form
reverts to the alpha form when it is heated above 1300 °C

Fig 2.3 Graphite Powder

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2.4 STIR CASTING PROCESS

Stir casting is a liquid state method of composite materials fabrication, in

which a dispersed phase (ceramic particles, short fibers) is mixed with a molten
matrix metal by means of mechanical stirring. Stir casting is the simplest and
the most cost effective method of liquid state fabrication. The liquid composite
material is then cast by conventional casting methods and may also be
processed by conventional metal forming technologies.

Fig 2.4 Melt Stirring Test Apparatus

2.5 SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

SEM stands for Scanning Electron Microscope. The SEM is a microscope

that uses electrons instead of light to form an image. Since their development in
the early 1950’s, scanning electron microscopes have developed new areas of
study in the medical and physical science communities. The SEM has allowed
researchers to examine a much bigger variety of specimens. The scanning
electron microscope has many advantages over traditional microscopes. The
SEM has large depth of field, which allows more of a specimen to be in focus at

6
one time. The SEM also has much higher resolution, so closely spaced
specimens can be magnified at much higher levels. Because the SEM uses
electromagnets rather than lenses, the researchers, as well as the actual
strikingly clear images, make the scanning electron microscope one the most
useful instruments in research today.

Fig 2.5 Work of Scanning Electron Microscope

2.6 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

Often materials are subject to forces (loads) when they are used.
Mechanical engineers calculate those forces and materials scientists how
materials deform (elongate, compress and twist) or break as a function of
applied load, time, temperature, and other conditions. Materials scientists learn
about these mechanical properties by testing materials. Results from the test
depend on the size and shape of material to be tested (specimen), how it is held,

7
and the way of performing the test. That is why we use common procedures, or
standards, which are published by the ASTM.

2.6.1 Hardness

Hardness is the resistance to plastic deformation (e.g., a local dent or

scratch). Thus, it is a measure of plastic deformation, as is the tensile strength,
so they are well correlated. Historically, it was measured on an empirically
scale, determined by the ability of a material to scratch another, diamond being
the hardest and talc the softer. Now we use standard tests, where a ball, or point
is pressed into a material and the size of the dent is measured. There are a few
different hardness tests: Rockwell, Brinell, Vickers, etc. They are popular
because they are easy and non-destructive (except for the small dent)

Fig 2.6 Schematic Diagrams of Hardness Tests

2.6.2 Tensile Strength

Tensile tests are conducted in tensile test machines, providing controlled

uniformly increasing tension force, applied to the specimen. The specimen’s
ends are gripped and fixed in the machine and its gauge length L0 (a calibrated
distance between two marks one the specimen surface) is continuously
measured until the rupture. Test specimen may be round or flat in the cross-
section. In the round specimens it is accepted, that L0 = 5* diameter.
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 The specimen deformation (strain) is the ratio of the specimen gauge
length to its original gauge length:

δ = (L – L0) / L0
The stress is the ratio of the tensile load F applied to the specimen to its
original cross-sectional area S0:
σ = F / S0

Fig 2.7 Tensile Test Specimen

The initial straight line (OP) of the curve characterizes proportional
relationship between the stress and the deformation (strain). The stress value at
the point P is called the limit of proportionality:
σp= FP / S0
Tensile strength measures the force required to pull something such as
rope, wire, or a structural beam to the point where it breaks. The tensile strength
of a material is the maximum amount of tensile stress that it can be subjected to
before failure. The definition of failure can very according to material type and
design methodology. This is an important concept in engineering, especially in
the fields of material science, mechanical engineering and structural
engineering.

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2.6.3 Compressive Strength

Compressive strength measures the largest compression force the material

can withstand before it loses its shape or fails. The compressive strength of a
material that fails by shattering fracture can be defined within fairly narrow
limits as an independent property. However, the compressive strength of
materials that do not shatter in compression must be defined as the amount of
stress required to distort the material an arbitrary amount. Compressive strength
is calculated by dividing the maximum load by the original cross-section area of
a specimen in a compression test.

Fig 2.8 Schematic Illustration of Compressive Test

Since most of mastication forces are compressive in nature, it is important
to investigate materials under this condition. This test is more suitable to
compare brittle materials, which show relatively low result when subject to
tension. Therefore, this test applied to compare dental amalgam, impression
materials, investments and cements. Materials that are more resistant under
compressive forces than under tensile forces are called malleable.

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2.7 THEORY OF WEAR

Wear occurs as a natural consequence when two surfaces with a relative

motion interact with each other. Wear may be defined as the progressive loss of
material from contacting surfaces in relative motion. Scientists have developed
various wear theories in which the Physico-Mechanical characteristics of the
materials and the physical conditions (e.g. the resistance of the rubbing body
and the stress state at the contact area) are taken in to consideration.

2.8 TYPES OF WEAR

A fundamental scheme to classify wear was first outlined by Burwell and

Strang. Later Burwell modified the classification to include five distinct types of
wear, namely

(1) Abrasive

(2) Fretting

(3) Corrosive

(4) Adhesive

(5) Surface fatigue

2.8.1 Abrasive Wear

In abrasive wear there is ploughing of localized surface contacts by a

softer mated material. Abrasive wear can be caused by both metallic and non-
metallic particles but mostly non-metallic particles cause abrasion. If the
particle is harder than the material, then serious scratching or abrasion can
occur. Abrasive Wear can be further subdivided into three types namely high
stress, low stress and gouging.

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 High stress abrasion is caused due to high stress which results in more
work hardening. Few examples are abrasion caused due to by rolling-contact
bearings, gears, pivots and cams. In low stress abrasion there is light rubbing
activity of the abrasive particles with the metal surface which causes scratches
and there is no work hardening. Gouging abrasion also results due to high stress
that forms grooves or gouges on the affected surface. Some examples where this
can occur are impact hammers in pulverisers, parts of crusher liners, etc. Factors
that can affect the resistance from abrasion are hardness, microstructure and for
steel carbon content is also a factor.

(a) Low Stress Abrasive Wear (b) High Stress Abrasive Wear

(c) Gouging

Fig 2.9 Schematic of Abrasive Wear

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2.8.2 Fretting Wear

In this process wear occurs by small amplitude vibrations at mechanical

connections for example at riveted joints. Two oscillating surfaces of metal
when brought close to one another generate tiny metallic fragments that cause
abrasion. Thus the progression of wear can be attributed to both abrasive wear
and mild adhesive wear. There are different factors which can affect fretting
wear such as environmental conditions, contact conditions and material
properties. The different parameters that can influence fretting are load
frequency, number of cycles of fretting, relative humidity and temperature, etc.

Fig 2.10 Schematic Representation of Fretting Wear

2.8.3 Corrosive Wear

Wear occurs in this method by the influence of corrosive reagent. Here

electrochemical removal of material occurs along with the removal of material
through physical interaction of the two surfaces in contact. These two
phenomenons accelerate the overall removal of material. Wear progresses by
removal of the oxide film which exposes the surface of the metal to
environment, dissolution of the metal surface which is exposed, interaction
between asperities in contact with the environment and interaction between the
environment and plastically deformed regions. The materials which generally
resist the formation of oxides can be used in corrosive wear environ.
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2.8.4 Adhesive Wear

This type of wear is caused between two metallic components which are
sliding against each other under an applied load and in an environment where
no abrasives are present. The name “adhesive” is given due to the forming of a
strong metallic bond between the asperities in the surface of the contacting
materials. Mild wear or oxidative wear occurs in the case of stainless steel
because the thin oxide layer on the surface prevents the formation of metallic
bond between the asperities. Wear rates are high for high load application on the
surface. This kind of wear is generally seen in sliding components in a valve,
conveyor belts, fasteners, etc. In case of martensitic steels very good wear
resistance is obtained for a minimum hardness of 53 HRC. In austenitic
stainless steels, the alloy additions increase the stability of oxide film and also
work hardened hardness. These factors enable the requirement of high load for
severe corrosion to occur.

(a) Adhesive Wear (b) Oxidative Wear

Fig 2.11 Schematic Representation of Adhesive and Oxidative Wear

2.8.5 Fatigue Wear

This type of wear can occur in surface of materials which are cyclically
stressed. Therefore ball bearings, gears, etc. Normally experience the fatigue
wear. The extent of fatigue wear is determined by the factors like residual
14
stress, surface finish, microstructure and hardness. Resistance to fatigue wear
can be improved by surface treatments like carburizing, nitriding and shot
peening because they increase surface hardness and improve residual stress
distribution

Fig 2.12 Schematic Representation of Contact Fatigue

2.9 DRY SLIDING WEAR TEST

The wear test (dry sliding wear test) performed on the fabricated
composite (Gr – B4C reinforced Al5083 composites) is a type of Adhesive wear.
This type of wear is caused between two metallic components which are sliding
against each other under an applied load and in an environment where no
abrasives are present. Adhesive wear involves material transfer from one
surface to another due to direct contact and plastic deformation. Dry sliding
wear involves sliding of one surface over other under the application of a load
normal to the plane of motion. Dry wear tests will be carried out on the Pin on
disc wear- testing machine.

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2.10 PIN ON DISC METHOD

In a pin-on-disc wear tester, a pin is loaded against a flat rotating disc

specimen such that a circular wear path is described by the machine. The
machine can be used to evaluate wear and friction properties of materials under
pure sliding conditions. Either disc or pin can serve as specimen, while the other
as counterface. Pin with various geometry can be used. A convenient way is to
use ball of commercially available materials such as bearing steel, tungsten
carbide or alumina (Al2O3) as counterface, so that the name of ball-on-disc is
used.

a) Pin-on-Disc Machine

b) Arrangement on Samples c) Geometry of Pin

Fig 2.13 Schematic of a Pin-on-Disc Wear Test and The Arrangement of

Samples

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2.11 LITERATURE STUDY

S.Prabhu et al. [1] investigated the tribological behaviour of gravity die

stir cast LM6 alloy with graphite (Gr) and silicon nitride nanoparticles.
Al−Gr−Si3N4 hybrid composite, Al−Si3N4 nanocomposite and Al−Gr
nanocomposites were separately fabricated to investigate their frictional and
wear characteristics under dry sliding conditions. They conduct the experiments
to study the effect of different applied loads (20, 30 and 40 N) and sliding
distances (1, 2 and 3 km).

There was 25% decrease in wear rate for Al−Gr−Si3N4 hybrid composites
when compared with Al−Si3N4 nanocomposite for the sliding distance of 1 km.
The wear rate of Al−Gr−Si3N4 hybrid composite was found to decrease by 65%
for the loads of 20 and 30 N. Al−Gr−Si3N4 hybrid composite exhibited around
15% reduction in coefficient of friction when compared with Al−Si3N4
nanocomposite, leading to less wear.

P.Ramesh et al. [2] fabricated the aluminium silicon carbide metal

matrix composite using stir casting method. Aluminium silicon carbide metal
matrix composite is prepared with Al 6082 as base material and SiC as
reinforcement material. The weight of the reinforcement material is varied from
0 to 10% and different test samples are prepared.
The hardness test shows a marginal increase in hardness with the increase
in the addition of SiC. The percentage of elongation to fracture was decreasing
with an increase in the Silicon carbide fraction. The yield strength of the
composites was increasing with the increase in percentage of fraction upto 10 %
of Silicon carbide. The density and the porosity of the samples increase with the
increase in percentage of particle fraction in cast condition. The increase in
density of the composites is due to the higher density of the reinforcement. The
increase in porosity with the increase in percentage of particle fraction is be due

17
to the increase in microspores and interspaces between the matrix and the
reinforcement.
Anthony Xavior.M et al. [3] focused on the role of Graphene in
reducing the wear and frictional coefficient of Al 2024- SiC - Graphene
reinforced hybrid composites. They carried out the dry frictional wear test using
pin-on-disc tribometer to evaluate the effect of Graphene and SiC content in the
composite under various normal load and disc speed conditions. Surface
roughness values (Ra) and microscopic studies on wear tracks were carried out.
Addition of SiC (0.0-12.0 Wt. %), Graphene (0.5 Wt. %) and
encapsulation enables significant improvement in both hardness and flexural
strength compared to base alloy. Combination of SiC & Graphene in the
nanocomposites has resulted in significant improvement on tribological
properties where, it gives the wear resistance by creating a solid lubricant layer
between the sliding surfaces. The results revealed that there is a decrease in
wear losses, surface roughness and coefficient of frictional values which are
observed to be due to Graphene and SiC content.
Navdeep Singh et al. [4] synthesized and analysed three different
compositions by varying the amount of solid lubricant, WS2 (0, 5, 9) wt.%. The
micro hardness value of every composition was obtained by using micro
hardness tester. The tribological properties were investigated under dry and
unidirectional sliding conditions on a pin on disk tribometer. Analysis of
variance (ANOVA) was used to investigate the percentage contribution of
various parameters on the wear and friction behavior.They concluded that the
impact of sliding distance on wear loss is high (80.81%) followed by speed,
content and load.
Shakir Gatea et al. [5] manufactured an aluminium 6092 alloy with
17.5% volume fraction silicon carbide (SiC) particles sheet by means of powder
metallurgical method, heat treated to T6 condition, is used to obtain a
fundamental understanding of the heat treatment effect on the fracture

18
mechanism, the microstructural changes and the interface between the Al-
matrix and SiC particles. Tensile tests with different strain rates (8×10−5,
8×10−4, 8×10−3, 8×10−2 and 0.16 s−1) were carried out to study the toughness
and to find a correlation between the strain rate and heat treatment. The results
show that the 6092Al/SiCp composite with T6 treatment is not suitable for
direct application of high deformation processes due to the deleterious effect of
intermetallic compounds on the toughness. Therefore, heat treatment is required
to enhance the toughness of 6092Al/SiCp composite. The toughness and
ductility of the 6092Al/SiCp composite can be improved significantly using
heat treatment (O-condition annealing) with a low strain rate.
Kenneth Kanayo Alanemea et al. [6] investigated the the corrosion and
wear behaviour of Al–Mg–Si alloy matrix hybrid composites developed with
the use of rice husk ash (RHA) and silicon carbide (SiC) particulates as
reinforcements. RHA and SiC mixed in weight ratios 0:1, 1:3, 1:1, 3:1, and 1:0
were utilized to prepare 5, 7.5 and 10 wt% of the reinforcing phase with Al Mg
Si alloy as matrix using double stir casting process. The corrosion and wear
mechanisms were established with the aid of scanning electron microscopy. It
was evident that for most cases the use of hybrid reinforcement of RHA and SiC
resulted in improved corrosion resistance of the composites in 3.5% NaCl
solution. It was evident that for most cases the use of hybrid reinforcement of
RHA and SiC resulted in improved corrosion resistance of the composites in
3.5% NaCl solution. The coefficient of friction and consequently the wear
resistance of the hybrid composites were comparable to that of the Al–Mg–Si
alloy matrix reinforced with only SiC.
M. Abdul Wahab et al [7] examined the wear characteristics of
A356/melon shell ash particulate composites. Dry-sliding the stainless steel ball
against specimen disc revealed the abrasive wear behavior of the composites
under loads of 2 and 5N. The composite showed lower wear rate of 2.182×10 −4
mm3/Nm at 20 wt% reinforced materials under load of 5N. Results showed that

19
wear rate decreased significantly with increasing weight percentage of melon
shell ash particles. Microstructural analyses of worn surfaces of the composites
reveal evidence of plastic deformation of matrix phase. The wear resistance of
A356 increased considerably with percentage reinforcement. Wear rate of the
base alloy on the other hand, is about 1.23 times higher than that for the alloy
reinforced with 20 wt% melon shell ash particles. Thus, composite with 20 wt%
reinforcement showed better wear resistance compared with all other
composites.

Adetomilola Victoria Fajemisin et al. [8] investigated the structural

characteristics, mechanical and wear behaviour of stir cast Al-Mg-Si alloy-
based composites reinforced with different weight percent of steel-, steel-
graphite hybrid mix-, and SiC-particles. The results show that the hardness of
the composites increased approximately by 11% with increase in steel particles
from 4 to 8 wt.%. These strength values were all higher than that of 8 wt.%
reinforced SiC by margin of 3.2–24%. For the 8 wt.% hybrid reinforced
composite com-positions containing steel and graphite, all the mechanical
properties decreased slightly with increase in graphite content and trailed the
composite reinforced with 8 wt.% steel. However, the wear rates were lowest
for the hybrid reinforcement mix of steel and graphite, followed by those
containing only steel; while that reinforced with SiC had the highest wear
susceptibility. In all cases, abrasive wear characterized by wear groove
formation by ploughing action, was established as the dominant wear
mechanism.

Madeva Nagaral et al. [9] Developed and study the mechanical

behaviour of Al6061/Al2O3/Graphite reinforced hybrid Aluminium metal matrix
composites. Al6061 alloy was taken as the base matrix to which Al2O3 and
graphite particulates are used as reinforcements. 6 wt% of Al2O3 was added to
the base matrix, whereas, the graphite was varied from 2, 4 and 6 wt% into the

20
base matrix. The composite was prepared by using Liquid Metallurgy Route
(Stir Casting Technique). For each composite, reinforcement particles were pre-
heated to a temperature of 200ºC and then dispersed in steps of 3 into the vortex
of molten Al6061 alloy to improve wettability and distribution. The hardness
and tensile properties of prepared composites were examined.

Mechanical properties like hardness and tensile strength of Al6061 alloy

was increased by addition Al2O3 particles. The Micro-Vickers hardness of the
Al6061-6wt% Al2O3 was found to decrease with addition of graphite content in
the composite but the effect of graphite content on tensile strength of the
composite was less. The higher value of hardness of composites indicated that
the existence particulates in the matrix had improved the overall hardness of the
composites. This was due to the fact that matrix was a soft material and the
reinforcement particle especially ceramics material being hard, contributes
positively to the hardness of the composites. It was observed that the hardness
of Al6061/Al2O3/Graphite hybrid composites decreased by increasing the
content of graphite particulates. The tensile strength of composites containing 6
wt% of Al2O3 particulates was higher when compared to the cast Al6061, while
ductility of composite was lesser than that of unreinforced alloy. Ductility
decreased with the addition of Al2O3 particles, which causes decrease in
percentage elongation as compared to base alloy. Addition of graphite content
increased the percentage of elongation compared to composites containing
Al2O3 particles.

V. N. Gaitonde et al. [10] studied the effects of Graphite (Gr) and

Aluminium oxide (Al2O3) on aluminium hybrid composites involving both hard
and soft reinforcements on wear and corrosion properties. The synthesis of
hybrid metal matrix composite used in the present study has been carried out by
stir casting method. The effects of reinforcement, time duration and particle size
on prepared samples of composites have been studied on slurry erosive wear.

21
The static and accelerated corrosion tests have been performed and the micro
hardness of the developed composites was also investigated. It is observed that
there is a significant improvement in micro hardness with addition of Graphite
(Gr) and Aluminium Oxide (Al2O3) particles in matrix alloy. There is a
significant reduction in the slurry erosive wear rate of the developed composites
with increased percentage weight of reinforcement. This can be attributed to the
higher hardness and excellent corrosion and wear resistance of the composite. It
is observed that increased content of reinforcement in the matrix alloy decreases
the mass loss during immersion test. The salt spray test shows the formation of
white and red rust formation; the red rust appears due to formation of pit in
aluminium matrix. Increased graphite particles reduce the corrosion rate under
identical test conditions.

22
 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

LITERATURE SURVEY

SELECTION OF
MATERIALS

SYNTHESIZE

SAMPLE PREPARATION

MICROSTRUCTURAL
ANALYSIS

MECHANICAL AND
TRIBOLOGICAL TESTS

MICROSRTUCTURAL
ANALYSIS

RESULTS AND
DISCUSSION

23
 CHAPTER 4

CONCLUSION

Thorough Literature survey has been carried out to identify the problem
and the objectives are finalized. Different synthesize, process is studied and also
basics of tribological properties and mechanical properties also been studied.

24
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Al−Si3N4 Nano composite and Al−Gr−Si3N4 hybrid composite under dry
sliding conditions”. (2016)
2. P. Ramesh, A. Arun Raja, Ajay R. and Abhinav Vishnu. A. R.,
“Investigation of Wear Behavior and Mechanical Properties of Ai-Sic
Metal Matrix Composites”. (2016)
3. Prashantha Kumar H.G Anthony Xavior .M, “Assessment of Mechanical
and Tribological Properties of Al 2024- SiC - Gr Hybrid Composites”.
4. Navdeep Singh, Mir Irfan Ul Haq, Ankush Raina, Ankush Anand, Vinay
Kumar, Sanjay Mohan Sharma, “Synthesis and Tribological Investigation
of Al-Sic Based Nano Hybrid Composite.” (2017)
5. Shakir Gateaa, Hengan Oua, Graham McCartneya, “Deformation and
Fracture Characteristics of Al6092/Sic/17.5p Metal Matrix Composite
Sheets Due to Heat Treatments.”(2018).
6. Kenneth Kanayo Alanemea, Tolulope Moyosore Adewaleb, Peter Apata
Olubambic, “Corrosion and Wear Behavior of Al–Mg–Si Alloy Matrix
Hybrid Composites Reinforced with Rice Husk Ash and Silicon
Carbide.”(2015).
7. M. Abdulwahab, R.M.Dodo, I.Y.Suleiman, A.I.Gebi, I.Umar, “Wear
Behavior of Al-7%Si-0.3%Mg/Melon Shell Ash Particulate
composites”(2017).
8. Kenneth Kanayo Alanemea, Adetomilola Victoria Fajemisina,
Nthabiseng Beauty Maledic, “Development of Aluminium Based
Composites reinforced with Steel and Graphite Particles: Structural,
Mechanical and Wear Characterization” (2017).

25
9. Madeva Nagaral, V Auradi, Ravishankar M K. ‘Mechanical Behaviour of
Aluminium 6061 Alloy Reinforced with Al2O3 & Gr Particulate Hybrid
Metal Matrix Composites’.
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