Ld chapter 2 7 Planes that dip downstream at a steeper gradient than the stream bed (the usual case) “V"" downstream (Fig. 27). Problem 2.1 On the geologic map In Fig. 2.9 draw the correct strike and dip symbol in each circle to indicate the attitude of formation B and each dike. To verily your attitude symbols, Fig. 2.10 can be cnt out and folded to form a block model ofthis map. Appendix F shows standand symbols for geologic maps. Structure contours A structure contour is an imaginary line connecting points of equal elevation (a contour) on a single surface, such as the top of a fonnation, Structure-contour maps are analogous to topographic maps: the former shows the surface of a geologic horlzon, the latter shows the surface of the earth. Structure-contour maps are most commonly con- structed from deil-hole data. See Fig. 2.8, for example, which shows a faulted dome. Notice that unlike topo- graphic contours, structure contours sometimes termin- fate abruptly. Gaps in the map indicate normal faults, and overlaps indicate reverse faults ‘Structure contour maps are used extensively in pet- roleum exploration to identify structural traps and in Inydrology to determine the subsurface configuration of aguilers. The objective here will be to Introduce you to struchare-contour maps so that you are generally familiar with them and can use them to determine outcrop patterns later in the chapter. Figure 2.12 is a map showing the elevation (in feet) of| the top of a formation in 26 drill holes. This area isin the northeastern corner of the Bree Creek Quadrangle, and the formation involved is the Beee Conglomerate. ‘The geologic map of the Bree Creek Quadrangle may be found con six pages in the back of this book. As explained tater in this chapter, you will combine these into one big map and use it often as you work through the following chapters. ‘There are various techniques for contouring numerical data such as the elevations in Fig, 2.11. In the case of geologle structure contours, there are usually not enough data to produce an unequivocal map, so experienced Interpretation becomes extremely valuable. Problem 2.2 Draw structure contours on Fig. 2,11. Use a 400-ft contour interval {including 0, 400, 800, 1200, ete). If you do not know how to begin, here are some suggestions. Find a point whose elevation is close to the elevation of a contour line, for example, the 779-%e point. You know that the 800-ft contour passes very close to this point, but where does it go? ‘To the east and northeast are two polnts with elevations of 516 ft and 1013 ft. 800 lies between these two elevations, so the 800-ft contour rust pass between these two points, closer to the 1013-f point than to the 516-ft point. Once you have a few lines drawn, the rest wil fall into place. Your structure contours should be smooth, subpar- allel Unes, Use a pencil, because this is a trial-an ecror operation. Fig. 2.8 Block diograr (a) and strocture contour map (0) of a faulted dome,Outerp Pattems and Structure Contours 19 590 -¥00 . os we . . wie a aie . 5 as Ie . Bel a ier “a5 whe ris be 208 tie sie i580 . . | 6s : : 000 a0 13200, 2000 so sap “ Peet a é 520 900 < Meters aria ts000 Fag Map to accompany Problem 2.2. Elevation of upper suface of Bree Conglomerate in 26 diil holes, northeastern Bree Tek hindrengle.MAP #2, Below is a map showing subsurface elevations on top of the Devonian Leduc Limestone, a formation in southern Alberta, which is prone to the development of pinnacle reefs. There are no faults in the map area. Please spend about 30 minutes making a contour map on top Leduc, honoring all data points. Use a 100-foot contour interval. Note that subsurface elevations here are positive (i.e., above sea-level). The top of the map is north. oe So17 710 ©1660 vai 1950 14g2 ye 1730 1903 1469 ° t ° 1920 . 1571 1450 1630 1857 Ci ° é ° 1479 o1a27 e 1952 yo |g906 ° 13 ° 1401 * ¥ 1776 vai2 1661 ° ° 1763 1383 : . 1615 e ce: raz? a5 1853 1646 7 . . 1803 1551, ° oun ars 1761 ° 1617 1512 ° 01751 1817 1410 yas 2 1754 oot _LONEMILESCALE ° ©2007 AAPG Teaching Sets in Petroleum Geology‘Computer-Based Contouring Concepts and Applications ths ahs 4b) Figure 2-88 (a) Base map with Top-of-Unit elevations and approximate traces of Faults A ‘and B. (b) North-south cross section before restoration of faults. (Published by permission of Subsurface Consultants & Associates, LLC.) 39Contouring Faulted Surfaces 345 6, 500". Figure 8-10 Integrated fault and structure map for the 6000-f Horizon. The darkened circles ‘delineate the Intersection of each structure contour with the fault contour of the same elovation Techniques for Contouring Across Normal Faults ‘Atault trace is defined as a line that represents the intersection ofa faut surface and a struct al horizon; it is sometimes referred to as a fault cutoff. Two fault traces (lines) are normally required to delineate a fault on’a structure map. One line represents the footwall cutoff, of ‘upthrown trace, and the other line represents the hanging wall cutoff or downthrown trace of the fault TWo conventions have been designed to indicate the direction of fault dip: (1) some type of si “cent,"-on the hanging wall Cutoff (downthrown trace), and (2) the downthrown ieeetcn nace ibe rosie rap in Fg. 6 11a shows a fault nea su ing thé Conventional sym Rei don FbISE actos a Fall into aot fault block. Using the available ‘fault ‘ , 8-112), Contours are first established for the block with the best control, which in this ‘case is the upthrown block with four wells. These-contours are extended to the upthrown trace of Fault 1. To contour across the fault, project the contours from the upthrown block through the “ fault into the downthrown block. This is shown in Fig. 8-11a by a set of dashed contour lines con- tinued across the fault gap indicating what the structural attitude of the horizon would be if the fault were not there. In other words, where would the contours be drawn if the fault were not there? Once the contours are projected through the £ault gap to the downthrown fault trace, they are adjusted relative to the upthrown contour values by using the amount of vertical separation, which in this case is 400 ft. The downthrown block is then contoured. For example, the ~8400-ft contour in the upthrown block, when projected into the downthrown block, becomes the -8800- ft contour. i I i iChap. 8 / Structure Maps Figure 8-76 Rosecrans field structure (After California Div. Olt & Gas; 1961) shows a dis- tinct pattern of reverse-faulled anticlinal folds oriented obliquely to the Inglewood Fault. (Modified from Harcing 1973; AAPGO1973, reprinted by permission of tha APPG whose permission fs required for further use.)