Things you need to know …

Data Communication &  Instructor:

Networking  Dr. Rehan Qureshi / Muhammad Naseem
 Office:
 2nd Floor, Block-B
Introduction
 Email:
 mnaseem105@gmail.com
 Student Consultation:
 Take appointment before meeting,
RQ preferably via email 2

Things you need to know … What is … ?

 Text Books:  Data
 Data Communications and Networking  refers to information presented in whatever form is agreed
upon by the parties creating and using the data.
Communications - Behrouz A. Forouzan
 Data and Computer Communications -  Communication
William Stallings  Information transfer, according to agreed conventions
using hand signals, language, Morse code, smoke signals
etc.

 Reference Book:  Telecommunication

 Computer Networks - Andrew S. Tanenbaum  Communication at a distance, includes telephony,
telegraphy, television etc.

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Components of data
What is … ? communication system
 Data Communication Message, Sender, Receiver, Medium, Protocol
 Transfer of data from one or more sources to one or more
destinations. A set of rules that
governs data The data
communication (information) to be
 Computer Network
communicated
 A network of data processing nodes that are
interconnected for the purpose of data communication.

 Node
 A node can be a computer or printer etc. or any other
device capable of sending and/or receiving data. The physical
path by which a
message travels
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1
Effectiveness of Data
Communication System Data representation

 Depends on few characteristics, such  Text

ASCII
as … 
 American Standard Code for Information Interchange
 Delivery  Extended ASCII
 To deliver data to correct destination  Unicode
 Accuracy  Numbers
 To deliver data accurately (unaltered)  Images
 Timeliness  Audio
 To deliver data in a timely manner  Video
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Direction of data flow Networks

 Simplex  A network is a set of devices (nodes)

connected by communication links.

 Half-duplex  Because of networks we can …

 Share resources ( Peripherals, files,
internet connection etc.)
 Full-duplex  Communicate and collaborate
 Save data
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Types of Connection Point-to-point connection

 A link is a communications pathway

that transfers data from one device to
another
 Point-to-point
 Provides a dedicated link between devices.
 Multipoint  Entire capacity of the link is reserved for the
two devices.

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2
 Multipoint connection Network Topology
 It refers to the way in which a network is laid
out physically.
 It is a geometric representation of the
relationship of all the links and linking
devices to one another.
 More than two specific devices share a
single link.
 The capacity of the channel is shared.

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Mesh topology Star topology

 Every device has a
 Each device has a dedicated point-to-point
dedicated point-to-point
link to a central controller (usually a hub).
link to every other
device.  Less expensive than mesh.
 A fully connected mesh
network has n(n-1)/2
physical (duplex)
channels to connect n
devices with each device
having n-1 I/O ports.
RQ 15 RQ 16

Bus topology Ring topology

 One long cable acts as a backbone to link  Each device has a dedicated point-to-point
all devices. connection only with two other devices.
 Multipoint connection (shared link)  A signal is passed along the ring in one
direction.

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3
Hybrid topology Categories of networks
 A network can have hybrid or a combination
 A Network is categorized with respect to its
of different topologies
size, its ownership, the distance it covers
 Example: a star backbone with three bus and its physical architecture.
networks

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Local Area Network (LAN) LAN

 Smaller scope
 Building or small campus
 Usually owned by same organization
as attached devices
 Data rates much higher
 Usually broadcast systems

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Metropolitan Area Network

(MAN) Wide Area Network (WAN)
 Middle ground between LAN and WAN  Provides long-distance communication over
 May be owned by Private company or a service large geographic areas that may comprise a
provided by a public company
large region, a country, a continent, or even
 It normally covers the area inside a town or a city
the whole world.

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4
 Interconnection of Networks:
Wide Area Network (WAN) Internetwork
 Can be as complex as the backbones that connect When two or more
the Internet (switched WAN) networks are connected,
 Can be as simple as a dial-up line that connects a they become an
home computer to the Internet (point-to-point WAN) internetwork, or internet.

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The Internet Protocol

 The Internet is a global system of  A protocol is a set of rules that govern data
interconnected computer networks. communications.
 It is a network of networks that
consists of millions networks, linked by  A protocol defines …
 what is communicated
a broad array of electronic, wireless,
 how it is communicated
and optical networking technologies.  when it is communicated

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Standards Standards Organizations

 Standards are developed through the
 Standards provide guidelines to
cooperation of standards creation committees,
manufacturers, vendors, government forums, and government regulatory agencies,
agencies, and other service providers such as …
to ensure the kind of interconnectivity  International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
necessary in today's marketplace and  International Telecommunication Union-
in international communications. Telecommunication Standards Sector (ITU-T)
 American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
 European Telecommunications Standards Institute
RQ 29 RQ (ETSI) 30

5
 Internet Standards Summary
 An Internet Standard is a specification of a technology
or methodology applicable to the Internet.  Data communication and networking
 specified as one or more Request for Comments (RFC)
document(s) basic terminology
published by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)

 Types of connections
 Contributions to the IETF start as an Internet Draft.
 This is a working document (a work in progress) with no  Network topology
official status and limited lifetime
 Categories of networks
 Upon recommendation from the Internet authorities, a
draft may be promoted to RFC.  Protocols and Standards
 RFCs may be labeled as Proposed Standards, Draft
Standards or Internet Standards depending on their
RQ maturity level. 31 RQ 32