Frequency Response

Lecture #9
 ‫ נקודות זיקוי‬3.5- 334011 ‫חשמלי‬-‫יסודות תכן ביו‬
Syllabus:

1. General introduction
2. Introduction to semiconductor
3. PN Junction
4. Diode
5. Diode circuits
6. MOS capacitor
7. MOSFET Transistor
8. Single-Stage Amplifiers
9. Differential Amplifier
10.Current Mirrors
11.Frequency Response of amplifiers
12.Negative feedback
 Frequency response of Amplifier

• As frequency of operation increases, the gain of amplifier decreases.

j
Impedance of capacitor depends strongly on frequency.
z w 
Increasing the frequency decrease the impedance
wc

Impedance of resistor has no dependency on frequency. z w  R

3 3
 Frequency response of Amplifier
The input of an amplifier contains RC circuit:

The capacitance C is the equivalent parasitic capacitance of the transistor,

interconnects, and wires

Vout ( jw)  A0 VX ( jw) A0 is the gain of the amplifier for low frequency (no
dependency on the frequency)

ZC
VX ( jw)  Vin ( jw)  1
ZC  Z R
jwC
Z C ( jw) 
1 VX ( jw)  Vin ( jw) 
1
jwC R
jwC
ZR  R
 Frequency response of Amplifier

1
 VX ( jw)  Vin ( jw) 
1  jwRC
A0
 Vout ( jw)  Vin ( jw)
1  jwRC
Vout ( jw) A0
 A( jw)  
Vin ( jw) 1  jwRC
A0
 A( w) 
1  w2 RC 2
 Frequency response of Amplifier

A0
A( w)  wP 
1
1  w2 RC 2 RC
As frequency increases the impedance of C
decreases. The capacitor tends to a short and
the gain starts to decrease (most of the input
voltage will be dropped on the resistor)
A special frequency is ω=1/(RDCL), where the
gain drops by 3dB (or half).

Low pass filter with amplification

 Relationship between Frequency Response and Step
Response (time)

A( w) 1 
H     t 
Vout (t )  VO 1  exp  u (t )
A0 1  w2 RC 2   RC  

 As R1C1 increases, the bandwidth drops and the step response

becomes slower.
 Frequency response of Amplifier
The output of an amplifier contains RC circuit:

The capacitance C is the equivalent parasitic capacitance of the transistor,

interconnects, and wires

VY ( jw)  A0 VX ( jw)

A0 is the gain of the amplifier for low frequency (no dependency on the frequency)
1
VX ( jw)  Vin ( jw) 
1  jwRi Ci
Z CO 1
Vout ( jw)  VY ( jw)   Vout ( jw)  VY ( jw) 
Z CO  Z RO 1  jwRO CO
 Frequency response of Amplifier

VY ( jw)  A0 VX ( jw)

1
VX ( jw)  Vin ( jw) 
1  jwRi Ci
1
Vout ( jw)  VY ( jw) 
1  jwRO CO

Vout ( jw) A0
 A( jw)  
Vin ( jw) 1  jwRi Ci 1  jwRO CO 
 Frequency response of Amplifier

A0
A( w) 
1  w R C 1  jw R C 
2
i i
2 2
O O
2

1 1
wP1  wP 2 
Ri Ci RO CO

Generally, Ri>Ro, therefore wp1<wp2

In this case the gain will drop twice, in every

pole.
 Frequency response of Amplifier
Bode Plot
Resistor:
Vout
Vout  R  I in  H ( jw)  R
I in

Magnitude plot

20 log10 H  20 log10 R  const.

Phase plot

arg H ( jw)  argR   0

 Frequency response of Amplifier
Bode Plot
Capacitor

j
Vout   I in  H ( jw)  Vout   j
wC I in wC
Magnitude plot
1
20 log10 H  20 log10 
wC
20 log10 H  20 log10 1  20 logwC 
20 log10 H  20 logwC 
20 log10 H  20 logC   20 logw
Phase plot
 j 
arg H ( jw)  arg    90
 wC 
 Frequency response of Amplifier
Bode Plot
Low pass filter
Vout 1
H ( jw)  
Vin 1  jwRC
Magnitude plot
1
H 
1  w RC 
2 2

20 log10 H  20 log10 1  20 logwC 

20 log10 H  20 logwC 
20 log10 H  20 logC   20 logw
Phase plot
 j 
arg H ( jw)  arg    90
 wC 
 Frequency response of Amplifier
Bode Plot
Low pass filter
Vout 1
H ( jw)  
Vin 1  jwRC
1
Magnitude plot H 
1  w2 RC 
2


20 log10 H  10 log 1  w RC 
2 2

For w<<RC 20 log10 H  10 log1  0

For w>>RC 20 log10 H  20 logwRC 

 Frequency response of Amplifier
Bode Plot
Low pass filter
Vout 1
H ( jw)  
Vin 1  jwRC

Phase plot
 1 
arg H ( jw)  arg 
 1  jwRC 
1
For w<<RC arg H ( jw)  arg   0
1
 1 
For w=RC arg H ( jw)  arg   45
1 j 
 1 
For w>>RC arg H ( jw)  arg   90
 jwRC 
 Frequency response of Amplifier
Bode Plot
High pass filter
Vout R jwRC
H ( jw)   
Vin R  1 / jwC  1  jwRC
wRC
Magnitude plot H 
1  w RC 
2 2

  
20 log10 H  10 log w2 RC   10 log 1  w2 RC 
2 2


For w<<RC 
20 log10 H  10 log w2 RC   10 log1
2

20 log10 H  20 logwRC 
H  10 logw RC   10 logw RC    0
2 2 2 2
For w>>RC 20 log10
 Frequency response of Amplifier
Bode Plot
High pass filter
jwRC
H ( jw) 
1  jwRC

Phase plot
 jwRC 
arg H ( jw)  arg 
 1  jwRC 
For w<<RC arg H ( jw)  arg jwRC   90

 j 
For w=RC arg H ( jw)  arg   45
1 j 
 jwRC 
For w>>RC arg H ( jw)  arg   0
 jwRC 
 Frequency response of Amplifier
Bode Plot

A0
H ( jw)  Ri Ci  RO CO
1  jwRiCi 1  jwROCO 
A0
H ( w) 
1  w R C 1  jw R C 
Magnitude plot
2 2 2 2
i i O O

 
2o log H ( w)  20 log A0   10 log 1  w2 Ri Ci 1  w2 RO CO 
2 2

2o log H ( w)  20 log A   10 log1  w R C   10 log1  w R C 

2 2 2 2
0 i i O O
 Frequency response of Amplifier
Magnitude plot
  
2o log H ( w)  20 log A0   10 log 1  w2 Ri Ci  10 log 1  w2 RO CO
2 2

Ri Ci  RO CO

For low frequency w<<1/RiCi

2o log H ( w)  20 log A0   10 log1  10 log1  20 log A0   2o log H ( w)  const.

For very high frequency w>>ROCO

  
2o log H ( w)  20 log A0   10 log w2 Ri Ci  10 log w2 RO CO
2 2

2o log H ( w)  20 log A0   20 logwRi Ci   10 logwRO CO 

2o log H ( w)  20 log A0   20 logRi Ci   20 logRO CO   40 logw

 2o log H ( w)  const.  40 logw Slope of 40 dB/dec

 Frequency response of Amplifier
Magnitude plot
  
2o log H ( w)  20 log A0   10 log 1  w2 Ri Ci  10 log 1  w2 RO CO
2 2

Ri Ci  RO CO

For frequency 1/RiCi<w<ROCO

 
2o log H ( w)  20 log A0   10 log w2 Ri Ci  10 log1
2

 2o log H ( w)  const.  20 logw Slope of 20 dB/dec

 Frequency response of Amplifier
Bode Plot

A0
H ( jw)  Ri Ci  RO CO
1  jwRiCi 1  jwROCO 
 
argH ( jw)   arg 
A0
phase plot 
 1  jwR C
i i 1  jwR C 
O O 

For low frequency w<<1/RiCi argH ( jw)   argA0   0

For very high frequency w>>1/ROCO argH ( jw)   argA0 jwRi Ci jwRO CO   180

 Frequency response of Amplifier
 
argH ( jw)   arg 
A0
 Ri Ci  RO CO
 1  jwRi Ci 1  jwRO CO 

For low frequency w<<1/RiCi argH ( jw)   argA0   0

 A0 
For w=1/RiCi<<1/ROCO argH ( jw)   arg    45 

 1  jw  
 A0 
For frequency 1/RiCi<w<ROCO argH ( jw)   arg    90 

 jwRi C 

 
argH ( jw)   arg 
A0
For w=1/ROCO>>1/RiCi   135 0

 jwR C
i i 1  jw  

For high frequency w>>1/ROCO argH ( jw)   argA0 jwRi Ci jwRO CO   180
 Frequency response of Amplifier
 
argH ( jw)   arg 
A0
 Ri Ci  RO CO
 1  jwRi Ci 1  jwRO CO 
 Frequency response of Amplifier
How bode plot can help us?

The magnitude describes the ratio between the voltage amplitude of input signals
and output signals.
The phase describes the delay between the input and output signals
 Frequency response of Amplifier

For example:
• For low frequencies: the gain is maximum
and there is no delay between the signals
• For very high frequency, the gain is very low
and there is
-delay of T/4 between the Vx and Vin (T=1/f)
-There is no delay between Vy and Vx,
There is delay of T/4between Vy and Vout

 There is delay of half period (T/2) between

Vin and Vout
 Frequency response of Amplifier
Why this important:

We receive the information after a delay (not in the same time) and just part
of it (weak signals)
In negative feedback it can cause for oscillations:

A jw
Vout  Vin 
1  k  A jw

In low frequency the: there is no delay in the system 1  k  A jw  0 stable

In high frequency the: there is delay in the system 1  k  A jw  0 Not stable
 Example 1: Frequency response of CS Amplifier

Av  jw   g m  RD 1 / jwC L 

vout
vin
g m  RD
 Av w  p 
1
1  w / wp RD C L
2 2
CS (λ≠0, VSB=0)

• The circuit only has one pole (no

zero) at 1/(RDCL), so the slope drops
from 0 to -20dB/dec as we pass ωp1.
 Example 2: Frequency response of CS Amplifier
CS (λ≠0, VSB=0) 1
v1 ( jw)  vin ( jw) 
1  jwRi Ci

vout  v1  g m  RD 1 / jwC L 

 Av w 
g m RD 1 1
 p1   p2 
1   2
 p21 1   2  p2 2  RS Cin RD C L
 Circuit with Floating Capacitor
Floating
Capacitor

The circuit creates a problem since neither terminal of CF is grounded.

Miller’s Theorem Floating Impedance
(1) (2)

v2
Av 
v1

• ZF is a floating impedance between two nodes (1 and 2)

• The relation between V1 and V2 is described by V2=AV·V1
 Then we can convert the above circuits for two grounded
impedances Z1 and Z2
(1) (2) ZF
Z1 
1  Av
ZF
Z2 
1  1 / Av

Z1 and Z2 are not floating

Miller’s Theorem - Exmaple

Find the Miller’s equivalent circuit of

When we know that
vout   A0  vin
Solution:
The Miller’s equivalent circuit is
We know that the impedance of
capacitor is equal to
1
Z1 
1
Z2 
1 ZF  Av   A0
jwC1 jwC2 jwC F
Form Miller’s Theorem we know:
1  1  1
 1  Av 
ZF 1 1 ZF
Z1   Z2    1  
1  Av Z1 ZF 1  1 / Av Z 2  Av  Z F
Miller’s Theorem - Example
 1  Av 
1 1
Z1 ZF
1  1  1

 1  
Z 2  Av  Z F

1 1 1
Z1  Z2  ZF  Av   A0
jwC1 jwC2 jwC F

 jwC1  1 A0  jwC F  C1  1 A0 C F

 1   1 
 jwC 2  1   jwC F  C2  1  C F

 A0   A0 
 Miller Multiplication

With Miller’s theorem, we can separate the floating capacitor. However, the input
capacitor is larger than the original floating capacitor. We call this Miller
multiplication.
For very large gain and negative Av  1
 C1  A0  C F
 C2  C F

33 33
 CS with Floating Capacitor using Miller’s Theorem
Floating
Capacitor

Using Miller’s theorem, we split the floating capacitor for two ground capacitors (Cin and Cout)
 1  vout
Cin  1  Av C F Cout 
 1  C F Av 
 Av  vin
We calculate the gain Av in open loop or without the floating capacitor

vout
Av    g m RD
vin
CS with Floating Capacitor using Miller’s Theorem

 Cin  1  g m  RD C F  Av w 
g m RD
1   2
 p21 1   2  p2 2 
 1 
 Cout 
 1  C F  p1 
1
 p2 
1
 g m RD  RS Cin RD Cout
 Coupling between stages

CD
CS CD
Capacitive Coupling
Direct Coupling

Coupling Capacitor Ci passes only AC signals of the CS stage to the CD

stage and block the D.C signals.

This technique allows independent bias conditions between stages. Direct

coupling does not
 Typical Frequency Response

Lower Corner Upper Corner

At low frequency large parasitic capacitors will be dominant

At high frequency small parasitic capacitors will be dominant.
In the mid band all the parasitic capacitors can be neglected
 Frequency response of MOSFET Transistor
Parasitic Capacitors: Cgs Cgb Cgd

Csb
Cdb

The gate oxide capacitance is often partitioned between source and drain:
Cgs: Oxide Capacitor between the Gate and the channel in the source side.
Cgd: Oxide Capacitor between the Gate and the channel in the drain side.

Because the source and drain are not symmetric, the oxide parasitic
capacitance in every side are not similar but is proportional to Cox

Csb: reverse bias junction (depletion) capacitance between the source and bulk
Cdb: reverse bias junction (depletion) capacitance between the source and bulk
Cgb: Gate to channel to bulk capacitor (this capacitor is small and will neglect it)
 Frequency response of MOSFET Transistor
Small signal analysis for MOSFET (bulk is grounded)

Floating Capacitor
 Frequency response of CS amplifier using Miller Theorem

Source and bulk is grounded (VBS=0, λ≠0)

Including parasitic
capacitors
Frequency response of CS amplifier using Miller Theorem

CGD is floating capacitor, we will split it for two grounded capacitors using
Miller’s theorem (CGD,in, CGD,out)

 1  vout (The gain without the

CGD ,in  1  Av CGD CGD ,out  1  CGD Av 
 Av  vin floating capacitor)
 Frequency response of CS amplifier using Miller Theorem

Calculating the Gain without the floating capacitors

For simplicity, we will calculate the gain also in the mid-band range (neglecting
all the capacitors)

  g m RD rO 
vout
 Av 
vin
 Frequency response of CS amplifier using Miller Theorem
 
 CGD ,in  1  g m RD rO CGD
1
 CGD ,out  1  CGD
 g m RD rO  

Generally RD>>r0:
 1 
 CGD ,in  1  g m rO CGD  CGD ,out  1  CGD
 g m rO 

Capacitors in parallel :

Cin  CGS CGD ,in  CGS  1  g m rO CGD

 1 
Cout  C DB CGD ,out 
 C DB  1  CGD
 g m rO 
Frequency response of CS amplifier using Miller Theorem

g m RD rO  1
 p2 
1
 Av w   p1 
1    p21 1   2  p2 2 
RS Cin RD Cout
2
 Frequency response of CS amplifier – Exact Solution

Source and bulk is grounded (VBS=0, λ≠0)

Including parasitic
capacitors
 Frequency response of CS amplifier – Exact Solution

I1 I3 I3
I2 I4 I5 I6 I7

I1 
Vin  VG I 2  jwCGSVG I 3  jwCGD VG  Vout  I 4  g mVG
RS
Vout Vout
I5  I 6  jwC DBVout I7 
rO RD

Vin  VG
I1  I 2  I 3 (1)   jwCGSVG  jwCGD VG  Vout 
RS

I 3  I 4  I 5  I 6  I 7  jwCGD VG  Vout   g mVG  Vout  jwC DBVout  Vout

(2)
rO RD
 Frequency response of CS amplifier – Exact Solution

Vin  VG
(1)  jwCGSVG  jwCGD VG  Vout 
RS
Vin  VG
 jwCGSVG  jwCGDVG  jwCGDVout
RS

Vin VG
 jwCGSVG  jwCGDVG   jwCGDVout
RS RS
Vin  1 
 jwCGDVout  VG  jwCGS  jwCGD  
RS  RS 
Vin
 jwCGDVout
RS Vin  jwCGD RSVout
 VG   VG (3)
jwCGS  jwCGD 
1 jwRS CGS  CGD   1
RS
 Frequency response of CS amplifier – Exact Solution
jwCGD VG  Vout   g mVG 
Vout V
(2)  jwC DBVout  out
rO RD

Vout Vout
jwCGDVG  g mVG   jwC DBVout   jwCGDVout
rO RD

1 
 jwCGD  g m VG    jwC DB   jwCGD Vout
1
 rO RD 

1 1 
  jwC DB   jwCGD 
VG   rO RD V
 jwCGD  g m  out

1 
 jwC DB  CGD 
1
 
VG    rO RD V
g m  jwCGD  out
Frequency response of CS amplifier – Exact Solution

1 
 jwC DB  CGD 
1
 
VG    rO RD V
g m  jwCGD  out

 1 
 r R  jwC DB  CGD 
 
VG    V
O D

g m  jwCGD  out


1  jwr R C  C 
O D DB GD

r R g  jwC 
VG V out (4)
O D m GD
 Frequency response of CS amplifier – Exact Solution

Vin  jwCGD RSVout

  VG
jwRS CGS  CGD   1
(3)


1  jwr R C  C 
O D DB GD

r R g  jwC 
(4) VG V out
O D m GD

Vin  jwCGD RSVout


1  jwrO RD C DB  CGD 
rO RD g m  jwCGD 
Vout
jwRS CGS  CGD   1
(3)+(4)

 jwRS CGS  CGD   11  jwrO RD CDB  CGD 

Vin  jwCGD RSVout  
rO RD g m  jwCGD 
Vout
 Frequency response of CS amplifier – Exact Solution

 jwRS CGS  CGD   11  jwrO RD CDB  CGD 

Vin  jwCGD RSVout  
rO RD g m  jwCGD 
Vout

  jwRS CGS  CGD   11  jwrO RD C DB  CGD  

Vin     jwCGD RS Vout
 rO RD g m  jwCGD  

  jwRS CGS  CGD   11  jwrO RD C DB  CGD   jwCGD RS  rO RD  g m  jwCGD  
Vin    Vout
 rO RD  g m  jwC GD  

Vout

rO RD  g m  jwCGD 
Vin  jwRS CGS  CGD   11  jwrO RD CDB  CGD   jwCGD RS  rO RD g m  jwCGD 

Generally RD>>r0:
 Frequency response of CS amplifier – Exact Solution
Generally RD>>r0:

Vout rO  g m  jwCGD 

Vin  jwRS CGS  CGD   11  jwrO CDB  CGD   jwCGD RS  rO g m  jwCGD 

Vout rO  g m  jwCGD 

Vin  jwRS CGS  CGD   11  jwrO CDB  CGD   jwCGD RS  rO  g m  jwCGD RS  rO jwCGD

Vout rO  g m  jwCGD 

Vin  jwRS CGS  CGD   11  jwrO CDB  CGD   jwCGD RS  rO  g m  CGD  CGD RS  rO w2

Vout rO  g m  jwCGD 

Vin  jwRS CGS  CGD   1   jwRS CGS  CGD   1 jwrO CDB  CGD   jwCGD RS  rO  g m  CGD  CGD RS  rO w2

Vout rO  g m  jwCGD 

Vin jwRS CGS  CGD  jwrO C DB  CGD   jwrO C DB  CGD   jwRS CGS  CGD   1  jwCGD RS  rO  g m  CGD  CGD RS  rO w2
 Frequency response of CS amplifier – Exact Solution
Vout rO  g m  jwCGD 

Vin  w rO RS CGS  CGD C DB  CGD   jwrO C DB  CGD   jwRS CGS  CGD   1  jwCGD RS  rO  g m  CGD  CGD RS  rO w2
2

 w2 rO RS CGS  CGD C DB  CGD   jwrO C DB  CGD   jwRS CGS  CGD   1  jwCGD RS  rO  g m  CGD  CGD RS  rO w2

 w2 rO RS CGS  CGD C DB  CGD   CGD  CGD   jwrO C DB  CGD   RS CGS  CGD   CGD RS  rO  g m   1

 w2 rO RS CGS  CGD C DB  CGD   CGD  CGD 


  w2 rO RS CGS C DB  CGS CGD  CGD C DB  CGD  CGD
2 2

  w2 rO RS CGS C DB  CGS CGD  CGD C DB 
  CGS C DB  CGS CGD  CGD C DB
  w2 rO RS 

jwrO C DB  CGD   RS CGS  CGD   CGD RS  rO  g m 

 jwrO C DB  CGD   RS CGS  RS CGD 1  rO  g m 
 Frequency response of CS amplifier – Exact Solution
Exact solution of CS (RD>>rO)

 Av 
Vout

 jwCGD  g m   rO
Vin  rO RS w2  jwrO C DB  CGD   RS CGS  RS CGD 1  rO  g m   1

The two poles gives as

1
w p1 
RS 1  g m rO CGD  RS CGS  rO CGD  C DB 

RS 1  g m rO CGD  RS CGS  rO CGD  C DB 

wp 2 
RS rO
gm
There is also one zero (generally only in high frequencies): wZ 
CGD

• Miller’s theorem provides very good approximation to the location of the poles
• Miller’s theorem failed to give value for the zero
• Millers’ theorem in this case can be used for application with low frequencies