Numeration

System

J.M.Basilla

Numeration System
Math 1
General Education Mathematics
Lecture 1

Julius Magalona Basilla

Institute of Mathematics
University of the Philippines-Diliman
jbasilla@math.upd.edu.ph

2010 Math 1
 Numeration
System

J.M.Basilla
A mathematical stamp
Introduction

Tally System

Figure: A postage stamp issued by Nicaragua in 1971 under the

title The 10 formulas the changed the world.

The stamp shows the basic process of using fingers to count

and developing mathematical symbolism using the brain.
 Numeration
System

J.M.Basilla
In the beginning
Introduction

Tally System

No archaelogical records were found but anthropologists

believe that
Paleolithic Period(1,000,000 B.C.- 10,000 B.C)- Basic
sense of numbers and had the ability to distinguish
between more, less and equal. Man may be lacking
with words but had number sense and awareness of
forms.
Neolithic Period(8000 BC-3000 ) developed the ability
to tally and count
 Numeration
System

J.M.Basilla
Tally
Introduction

Tally System

A tally is a mark that represents the object being

counted
Early forms of tallying used scratches on the ground or
cave walls, knots on ropes or vines, piles of peebles or
sticks and notches on pieces of bone or wood.
 Numeration
System

J.M.Basilla
Examples of tallying
Introduction

Tally System

Figure: A common modern tallying system

 Numeration
System

J.M.Basilla
Other examples of tallying
Introduction

Tally System

Figure: A Japanese tallying system

 Numeration
System

J.M.Basilla
Other examples of tallying
Introduction

Tally System

Figure: A tallying system used in Volleyball?

 Numeration
System

J.M.Basilla
Egyptian, 3000 B.C.
Numeration
System Using
Addition

Numeration
System Using
Addition and
Subtraction

Numeration
System Using
Addition and
Multiplication

Numeration
System Using
Place Value
Babylonian
NUmeration Figure: Hieroglyps used in Egyptian numeration system
Mayan

The value of the number is computed by adding

the values represented by the hieroglyps.
 Numeration
System

J.M.Basilla
Egyptian Numeration, examples
Numeration
System Using
Addition

Numeration
System Using
Addition and
Subtraction

Numeration
System Using
Addition and
Multiplication

Numeration
System Using
Place Value
Babylonian
NUmeration
Mayan

100 +100 +
10 +10 +10 +
10 +10 +10 +
1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +10
= 276
 Numeration
System

J.M.Basilla
Egyptian Numeration, more
Numeration
examples
System Using
Addition

Numeration
System Using
Addition and
Subtraction

Numeration
System Using
Addition and
Multiplication

Numeration
1 1753 in Egyptian numeration is
System Using
Place Value
Babylonian
NUmeration
2 2008 in Egyptian numeration is
Mayan
3 The egyptian numerals may be written in any order.

Thus 123 can be , ,

 Numeration
System

J.M.Basilla
Roman Numerals, 200 B.C.
Numeration
System Using
Addition

Numeration
System Using
Addition and
Subtraction

Numeration
I 1 M 1000
System Using V 5 V 5000
Addition and
Multiplication X 10 X 10 000
Numeration
System Using
L 50 L 50 000
Place Value
Babylonian
C 100 C 100 000
NUmeration
Mayan
D 500 I 1 000 000
 Numeration
System

J.M.Basilla
The system
Numeration
System Using
Addition The rule is basically additive except when writing 4’s
Numeration
System Using
and 9’s.
Addition and
Subtraction
4 IV 4 000 MV
Numeration
9 IX 9 000 MX
System Using
Addition and
40 XL 40 000 XD
Multiplication
90 XC 90 000 XC
Numeration
System Using 400 CD 400 000 CD
Place Value
Babylonian
900 CM 900 000 CM
NUmeration
Mayan The rule is when a symbol of lower value precedes a
symbol of bigger value, the lower value is subtracted
from the bigger.
This rule was incorporated to avoid repeating a symbol
more than 3 times consecutively.
 Numeration
System

J.M.Basilla
Reading Roman Numeration
Numeration
System Using
Addition

Numeration
System Using
Addition and
Subtraction 1 The number DMVCCLIV is
Numeration D 500 000
System Using
Addition and MV 5 000-1 000 4 000
Multiplication
C 100
Numeration
System Using C 100
Place Value
Babylonian L 50
NUmeration
Mayan IV 5-1 4
504254
 Numeration
System

J.M.Basilla
Representing numbers in
Numeration
Roman Numerals
System Using
Addition 1 2008 in roman numerals is MMVIII.
Numeration
System Using 2008 = 2000 + 8
Addition and
Subtraction 2000 = 2000 + 5 + 3
Numeration
System Using 2000 = M M 5=V
Addition and
Multiplication 3 = III
Numeration
System Using
Place Value
2 1989 in Roman Numeration is MCMLXXXIX
Babylonian
NUmeration
Mayan
1989 = 1000 + 989
1989 = 1000 + 900 + 89
1989 = 1000 + 900 + 50 + 39
1989 = 1000 + 900 + 50 + 30 + 9
1000 = M 900 = CM 50 = L
30 = XXX 9 = IX
 Numeration
System

J.M.Basilla
Chinese Numerals
Numeration
System Using
Addition

Numeration
System Using
1
Addition and
Subtraction
2 8
Numeration
System Using
Addition and
Multiplication 3 9
Numeration
System Using
Place Value 4 10
Babylonian
NUmeration
Mayan
5 100

6 1000

7 10 000
 Numeration
System

J.M.Basilla
Chinese Numerals, examples
Numeration
System Using
Addition

Numeration
System Using
Addition and
Subtraction
893
Numeration
System Using (8 × 100) + (9 × 10) + 3
Addition and
Multiplication

Numeration
System Using
2008
Place Value
Babylonian
(2 × 1000) + 8
NUmeration
Mayan

453
(4 × 100) + (5 × 10) + 3
 Numeration
System

J.M.Basilla
Numeration System Using
Numeration
Place Value
System Using
Addition

Numeration
System Using
Addition and 1 There is a set of characters(numerals) being used
Subtraction
which changes its value as it changes position.
Numeration
System Using
Addition and
2 This is the system that we have grown acquainted with.
Multiplication
For example, 32 6= 23.
Numeration
System Using 3 In some sense, the chinese numeration belongs to this
Place Value
Babylonian
NUmeration
Mayan type if we consider the symbols , , and

as place holders. and the symbols , ,

, , , , , and as numerals.
 Numeration
System

J.M.Basilla
A note on the chinese
Numeration
numeration
System Using
Addition

Numeration
System Using
Addition and
Subtraction 1 The number 22 222 in Chinese
Numeration
System Using
Addition and
Multiplication

Numeration
System Using
Place Value Figure: The character appeared 5 times and each time
Babylonian
NUmeration its meaning is changed by the character following it.
Mayan

2 In some discussion, it is said that chinese numeration

uses place value but in some it does not.
 Numeration
System

J.M.Basilla
Important terminologies
Numeration
associated with a numeration
System Using
Addition system using place value
Numeration
System Using
Addition and
Subtraction

Numeration
System Using
Addition and
Multiplication
1 Face Value - Value associated with the
Numeration
character/numeral irregardless of its position
System Using
Place Value 2 Place Value - the value multiplied to the face value of
Babylonian
NUmeration the character/numeral found in the position
Mayan

3 digit, the numerals/charaters used to represent each

face values.
 Numeration
System

J.M.Basilla
Babylonian numeration, 2300
Numeration
B.C.
System Using
Addition

Numeration
System Using 1 Uses two cuneiform symbols and .
Addition and
Subtraction
2 Groups of numerals separated by a space signify that
Numeration
System Using each group belong to different place values.
Addition and
Multiplication 3 The place values from right to left are 600 = 1, 601 ,
Numeration 602 = 3600, 603 = 216000 etc.
System Using
Place Value
Babylonian
NUmeration
Mayan

means
12 × 602 + 31 × 601 + 23 × 600
12 × 3600 + 31 × 60 + 23 × 1
43 200 + 1 860 + 23 = 45 083.
 Numeration
System

J.M.Basilla
Difficulty in Babylonian system
Numeration
System Using
Addition

Numeration
System Using
Addition and
Subtraction

Numeration 1 The use of space for zero causes ambiguity The

System Using
Addition and
Multiplication

Numeration symbol may mean 2 or 1 × 60 + 1 = 61.

System Using
Place Value 2 This difficulty is resolved by deleting absolutely the
Babylonian
NUmeration space between two cuneiforms.
Mayan
 Numeration
System

J.M.Basilla
The Babylonian Numerals
Numeration
System Using
Addition

Numeration
System Using
Addition and
Subtraction

Numeration
System Using
Addition and
Multiplication

Numeration
System Using
Place Value
Babylonian
NUmeration
Mayan
 Numeration
System

J.M.Basilla
Reading Babylonian numbers
Numeration
System Using
Addition

Numeration
System Using
Addition and
Subtraction

Numeration
System Using
Addition and
Multiplication

Numeration
System Using
Place Value
Babylonian
NUmeration
Mayan

1 × 216 000 + 57 × 3 600 + 46 × 60 + 40 × 1

216 000 + 205 200 + 2760 + 40 = 424 000
 Numeration
System

J.M.Basilla
The need for zero
Numeration
System Using
Addition
1 What does means?
Numeration
System Using
Addition and
2 It could mean 1, 60 or even 360?
Subtraction
3 However 3601 and 3660 are not two different. So
Numeration
System Using
Addition and
Multiplication
babylonian needed to distinguish them
Numeration
System Using 1 × 3600 + 1 × 60 = 3660 or
Place Value
Babylonian
NUmeration
1 × 3600 + 0 × 60 + 1 = 3601
Mayan

4 3660 is written as

5 3601 is written as
 Numeration
System

J.M.Basilla
Mayan Numeration, 300 B.C.
Numeration
System Using
Addition 1 Uses the following symbols
Numeration
System Using
Addition and 0 5 10 15
Subtraction

Numeration
System Using 1 6 11 16
Addition and
Multiplication

Numeration
2 7 12 17
System Using
Place Value
Babylonian
NUmeration
3 8 13 18
Mayan

4 9 14 19
2 The place values are 1, 20, 18 × 20, 18 × 202 , etc.
3 The numbers are written vertically with the place value
assigned starting at the bottom
 Numeration
System

J.M.Basilla
Reading Mayan Numerals;
Numeration
Example 1
System Using
Addition

Numeration
System Using
Addition and
Subtraction
→ 1 × 18 × 203 = 1 × 144 000 = 144 000
Numeration
System Using
Addition and
Multiplication
→ 3 × 18 × 202 = 3 × 7 200 = 21 600
Numeration
System Using
Place Value
→ 8 × 18 × 201 = 8 × 360 = 2 880
Babylonian
NUmeration
Mayan → 5 × 201 = 5 × 20 = 100

→ 19 × 200 = 19 × 1 = 19
168 599
 Numeration
System

J.M.Basilla
Reading Mayan Numerals;
Numeration
Example 2
System Using
Addition

Numeration
System Using
Addition and
Subtraction

Numeration
System Using
→ 4 × 7 200 = 28 800
Addition and
Multiplication
→ 0 × 360 = 0
Numeration
System Using
Place Value
Babylonian
→ 7 × 20 = 140
NUmeration
Mayan

→ 12 × 1 = 12
28 952
 Numeration
System

J.M.Basilla
Writing numbers the Mayan way
Numeration Problem. How do Mayans write 17 525?
System Using
Addition The smaller place values of the Mayan systems are 1,
Numeration 20, 360, 7 200, and 144 000.
System Using
Addition and The largest of these which does not exceed 17 525 is
Subtraction

Numeration
7200.
System Using 17525 ÷ 7 200 2 remainder 3125
Addition and
Multiplication 3125 ÷ 360 8 remainder 245
Numeration 245 ÷ 20 12 remainder 5
System Using
Place Value 5÷1 5 remainder 0
Babylonian
NUmeration
Mayan
In Mayan Numertion system, 17 525 is represented by
2, 8, 12, 5.

Using Mayan numerals, it is written as

 Numeration
System

J.M.Basilla
Writing numbers in Babylonian
Numeration
system
System Using
Addition Problem. How do Babylonians write 4507?
Numeration
System Using The smaller place values of the Babylonian systems
Addition and
Subtraction
are 1, 60, 3600, 216 000.
Numeration The largest of these which does not exceed 4507 is
System Using
Addition and 3600.
Multiplication
4507 ÷ 3600 1 remainder 907
Numeration
System Using 907 ÷ 60 15 remainder 7
Place Value
Babylonian
7÷1 7 remainder 0
NUmeration
Mayan In babylonian system, 4507 is represented by 1, 15,7.
In the babylonian numerals it is written as