Chapter 1

Introduction
1.1 BACKGROUND
The student industrial work experience scheme (siwes) is the accepted skills
training programme, which form part of the approved minimum academic standard in
the various degree programmes for all the Nigeria universities. It is an effort to bridge
the gap existing between theory and practice of engineering and technology, sciences,
agriculture, medical, management and other professional educational programmes in
Nigerian tertiary institutions.

It is aimed at exposing student to machines and equipment, professional work

methods and ways of safeguarding the work areas and workers in the industries and other
organization. The minimum duration of the SIWES should normally be 12 weeks except for
engineering and technology programmes where the minimum is duration of 24 weeks.

The scheme is a programme involving the federal government of Nigeria, co-

ordinate by the industrial training fund (ITF) and the national universities commission (NUC).

1.2 OBJECTIVES OF SIWES

Basically, the objectives of SIWES are to:

1. Provide an avenue for students in the Nigerian universities to acquire skills and
experience in their course of study.
2. Prepare student for the work situation they are likely to meet after graduation.
3. It exposes students to work methods and techniques in handling equipment and
machinery that may not be available in the universities.
4. Make the transition from the universities to the world of work easier, and this
enhances students contact for later job placement.
5. Provide students with an opportunity to apply their theoretical knowledge in vial
work situation, thereby bridging the gap between university work and actual
practices.
6. Exist and strengthen employers’ involvement in the entire educational process of
preparing universities graduates for employment in the industries.
7. To facilitate the full realization of the objectives of SIWES, it is essential to ensure the
proper training of the universities in preparing them for the world of work .

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 Chapter 2
Description of LASU ICT Centre
2.1 Location and Brief History of LASU ICT OJO
The LASU ICT is located in the LAGOS STATE UNVERSITY OJO along Badagry Express
Way Lagos; it was setup in October 2005 by the LASU Vice Chancellor Professor L.A Hussain.
The committee was given the following mandate: Provision of an enabling environment
within the university community with the view to encourage LASU students and staff to
pursue with vigor the three cardinal principle of ICT: Training, Research and Rendering
services to the university community.

The ICT committee is directed by Prof. Fatunde since the date of establishment till
date. Various personnels were granted appointment into the ICT and the chain of command
ranges as shown in the organization structure Chapter 2.3.

Due to the establishment of LASU ICT many academic activities were computerized
and the standard of the Institution is moving close to perfection. All deduction state that the
establishment of the centre is the best project the Institution has ever undertaken.

2.2 Objectives of establishment

 Deployment and maintenance of internet facilities in the school (LASU Campus Ojo).
 Development and application of software used in LASU’s examinations, registration,
payment, staff audit and other concerned issues
 To ids research for students and staff.
 Upgrade of the University’s outdated technologies.
 Disseminate information across LASU at large through the LASU’s web site.

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2.3 Organizational Structure (LASU ICT Centre)

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2.4 The various department/units in the establishment and their
functions.
The Lasu ICT has 6 departments, which are;

1. Networking:
This department is coordinated by Mr. Nasiru, Abdullahi Adebanjo. It deals with
Overseeing LASU LAN administration with respect to infrastructure planning, deployment,
maintenance and support of the networking facilities.
2. Hardware system:
There are two divisions which are Maintenance and System Administration; it’s
coordinated by Mr. Ayorinde Anuoluwapo. The Maintenance section ensures the up
running of all electrical appliances used in the centre while the System support ensures the
repair of faulty electrical devices/appliances in the centre.
3. Software:
It coordinated by Mrs bunmi, handling software where development and web
application for the use.
4. ID card:
It is coordinated by Mr. Ismail, handling the processing of staff, student and LASU
general management’s ID card production.
5. Central Administration:
The centre of LASU ICT, coordinated by Mr Toyin Enikuomeyin (General IT co-
ordinator).This is where all administrative proposals are brought up.
6. Director office:
Office of the director of the ICT centre Prof. Fatunde, handling authorization of all
proposals and scheme.

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 Chapter 3-4

Detail of work experience

Web Development

Web development is the skill of designing a specified web page usually hypertext or
hypermedia that are presented to an end-user through the World Wide Web (WWW), using
a compatible browser. The purpose of web development is to create a website (an address
identifying the location of a file on the Internet, consisting of the protocol, the computer on
which the file is located, and the file's location on that computer).The website may include
text, images, sounds and other content may be interactive.

3.1 BRIEF HISTORY OF WEB DESIGN

The first website was published in August 1991 by Tim Berners-Lee, Berners-Lee was
the first to combine internet communication (which had been carrying emails and the use
net for decades) with hypertext (which had also been around for decades but limited to
browsing information stored in a single computer, such as interactive CD-ROM design).
Websites are written in mark-up language called HTML, and early versions of HTML were
very basic, only giving website basic structure and the ability to link using hypertext.

As the web and web design progressed, the mark-up changed to become more
complex and flexible, giving the ability to add objects like images and tables to a page. Other
technologies were introduced to make web pages look more beautiful, such languages are
style sheet languages e.g. CSS e.t.c, Database integration technologies such as server-side
scripting and design standards like W3C, further changed and enhanced the way the web is
made.

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3.2 HYPERTEXT MARK-UP LANGUAGE (HTML)

HTML stands for "Hyper Text Mark-up Language". HTML is the bricks and mortar of
the WWW. Without HTML the World Wide Web could not have become as important as it is
today. HTML is a document formatting language common to all computers on the WWW.
Html permits cross platform communication between Macs, Apples, SUNs, PCs and others to
view a document in a similar way.

Also HTML is the predominant mark-up for web page. It is written in the form of HTML
element consisting of “tags” surrounded by angle brackets “< >” within the web page content,
HTML are written in HTML editors such as text editors etc and saved with the file extension
.htm or .html. HTML is the building blocks of all basic website. It allows images and objects to
be used to create interactive forms. It provides means to create structured documents by
denoting structural semantics for text such as heading, paragraph, list, links, quotes, and other
items. It can embed scripts in languages such as Java script which affects the behaviour of HTML
web pages.

3.3 HTML ELEMENT

HTML document is composed entirely of HTML element that in their most general form
have three component a pair of element tags, a “start tag” and “end tag”, some element
attributes within the start tag, and finally, any textual and graphical content between the start
tag and end tag. The HTML element is everything between and including the tags. Each tag is
enclosed in brackets.

The general form of an HTML element is therefore:

< tag attribute=”value”> content </tag>

The name of the HTML element is also the name of the tag. Note that the end tag’s name is
preceded by a slash character “/”. If attributes are not assigned, default values are used.

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 HTML has two sections, the "Head" section and the "Body" section. The head section
is where the information about the web page is put for the browser. This has nothing to do
with the heading visible on the Web page. Things that can be stored in the head section
include Keywords for search engines or the title of your webpage. The body section is
where the web page is coded. This is where you put the information for your web page.
Procedures for creating a webpage:
1. Create a new folder to save the webpage, then give the folder any a name, this is where
all linked pages and images for the webpage will be saved.
2. Open notepad and type the following code(other applications could also be used to
design).

<html>
<head>
<title>My Own Home Page </title>
</head>
<body>
<h1> This is my web Page</h1>
</body>
</html>

Adding colour
To do this, add the following HTML code into the body of the text file.

<body bgcolor = "#0000FF">

The declared colour is called "Hexadecimal colour" and can be used for inserting
complex colours into on webpages. Every colour has its independent Hexadecimal values.
As well as using the Hexadecimal method, normal colour names would have the
exact same effect:
<body bgcolor = "blue">

For instance

<html>
<head>
<title>My Own Home Page </title>
</head>
<body>
<body bgcolor= "blue">
<h1> I am Your-Name and this is my web Page!</h1>
</body>

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Adding Images
Adding an image is a simple way to make a webpage more attractive. It’s done by
finding any image of choice, and put it into the same folder as the webpage file. Then insert
the image underneath the text.
This is what the code is going to look like:
<img src="myimage.gif">

For instance:
<html>
<head>
<title>My Own Home Page </title>
</head>
<body>
<body bgcolor= "blue">
<font color="Red">
<h1> Learning Web</h1>
<img src="myimage.gif"></a>
</font>
</body>

Links
Without links WebPages are pretty pointless. "Links" as the name
suggests, are used to link one page to another. Links are very easy to create in HTML
folder.The HTML code for a link looks like this:

<a href="URL">Link Name</a>

Also linking another website on the WWW then your link

would look like this:
<a href="http://www.sefan.com">Visit Sefan</a>

Linking "index.html" file to "Page1.html" file.

This is the code that needs to be placed in the "index.html" file
<a href="Page1.html">Click Here to go to my nextpage</a>

The full code;

<html>
<head>
<title>My Own Home Page </title>
</head>
<body>

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<body bgcolor= "yellow">
<font color="Red">
<H1> I am Your-Name and this is my web Page!</H1>
<img src="images/myimage.gif">
<a href="Page1.html">Click Here for my next page</a>
</font>
</body>

Pictures as Links
Making an image a link, involves declaring an image as an anchor by placing the
image in between an anchor tag.

<a href="Page1.html"><img src="images/yourpichere.jpg"></a>

My Web development training was limited to these areas.

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3.4 Web project (LASU Homepage)

I was given an assignment to reproduce LASU home webpage (www.lasunigeria.org).

The output of my assignment is shown below;
LASU Home | About Us | Staff School | Check Mail | Student Result

NAVIGATE Welcome to Lagos State University Online.

  Lasu External Campuses
  SCHOOLS Lagos State University ranks among the most prestigious and
  Registration respected
  Download Forms universities in Nigeria and Africa as a whole. 
  News
  LAGOS STATE Our vision is to create independent yet interdependent individuals
  STAFF SCHOOL both
  Results mentally and socially. Here our students have derived a great
wealth of
  Get your bursary number
  IT Training knowledge in not only their area or course of study but also have a
great
  Get your Matric Number
general knowledge in the happenings of the world.
LATEST NEWS  
August 07:RESULT OF THE LASU 2010/2011 POST UTME SCREENING EXERCISE.

July 06:2010/2011 SCREENING EXERCISE FOR UTME (100 LEVEL) AND DIRECT
ENTRY (200 LEVEL)

July 01:NOTICE OF THE 2009/2010 MATRICULATION CEREMONY: COLLECTION

OF ACADEMIC GOWNS

July 01:SOLVING ON-LINE REGISTRATION PROBLEMS:Reminder

July 01:FIRST SEMESTER EXAMINATION TIME TABLE ON WEBSITE

June 18:2009/2010 HARMATTAN SEMESTER EXAMINATION TIME-TABLE

June 15:VICE-CHANCELLOR (VC) EXPLAINS STUDENTS' CGPA (CUMMULATIVE

GRADE POINT AVERAGE)

June 08 : GOVERNING COUNCILS DECISION ON THE REPORT OF THE AD-HOC

COMMITTEE OF COUNCIL ON STAFF MEMBERS UNDERGOING FULL-TIME OR
PART-TIME STUDY WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE UNIVERSITY
...read more  News ...read more

Copyright ©2010 Lagos State University, Lagos, Nigeria,

Lagos State University, P.M.B. 01 LASU Ojo, Lagos State, Nigeria, West Africa.

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 NETWORKING CONCEPTS

4.1 Networking

At the most basic level, networking can be explained as the process of connecting
two or more computers in a way that allows them to communicate. The primary reason for
configuring systems as a network is to provide support for sharing resources. For most
organizations, networking goals include:

· Improving access to critical resources

· Improving user productivity

· Improving organizational security

· Reducing management costs

When computers are configured as members of a network, they can share data files,
printers and other resources. This ability to share resources reduces costs, because less
hardware is required. For example, without a network, each user who needs to print would
need his or her own printer.

BASIC NETWORK CONFIGURATIONS

Although networks vary in size and complexity, each can be generally described as
either a local area network (LAN) or wide area network (WAN). The primary difference
between the two is the network's geographic scope. Networks can also be categorized by
security model. Security models include workgroup, client/server, domain-based and
directory-based.

There is no direct correlation between a network's physical and security models. A LAN or
WAN can be configured as a workgroup, client/server, domain-based or directory-based

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network. The determining factor for the security model is the network software that is used
and how that software is configured.

Some examples:

Telephone system: Machines are telephones, links are the telephone lines and switches are
the phone switches.

Ethernet: Machines are computers; there is one link (the Ethernet) and no switches.

Internet: Machines are computers, there are multiple links, both long-haul and local-area
links. The switches are gateways. Message may have to traverse multiple links and multiple
switches to go from source to destination.

Circuit-switched versus Packet-switched networks: Basic disadvantage of circuit-switched

networks - cannot use resources flexibly. Basic advantage of circuit-switched networks -
deliver a guaranteed resource.

A Network is a communication system for connecting end-systems. A group of two or

more computer systems linked together. It is used to connect two or more computers together
with the ability to communicate with each other. The types of computer networks are:

Local Area Networks (LANs)

A LAN supports fast, low error data transfer on a physical network infrastructure that
covers a small, limited geographic area, are geographically close together such as within a
single building or on a single floor of a building. A LAN network connects systems that are
physically close (less than 1 mile). Typically LANS are high-speed multi-access networks,
for example Ethernet or token-ring and supports personal computers, peripherals, and other
devices, as shown below.

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Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

A MAN is a network that spans an area larger than a LAN but is less dispersed
geographically than a WAN. A MAN network may connect several LANs on a single
company’s campus, or interconnect the LANs of several companies and businesses in one
part of town, for example, the downtown area.

Wide Area Networks (WAN)

A WAN, as shown below, is a network that interconnects LANs and MANs across a
broad geographic area and uses some form of data transmission technology provided by a
common carrier, including frame relay, SMDS (Switched Multimegabit Data Service), or
X.25. It is also known as a “long haul network”. The computers are farther apart and are
connected by telephone lines or radio waves. WANs are a network that connects systems that
is physically far apart. They are typically slower than LANs and point-to-point. It is often
based on telephone lines and/or satellite communication.

TOPOLOGY

It is the geometric arrangement of computer systems. Common topologies include a

bus, star, and ring.

Bus

Nodes are connected to a central cable, called a backbone, which runs the length of the
network.

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Ring

The primary network cable is installed as a loop, or ring, and the workstations are
attached to the primary cable at points on the ring.

Star bus

It is a very common implementation for Ethernet networks. A hub or switch is used

as the central or clustering device that is then attached to the network backbone. This is the
most common topology of Ethernet networks.

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SOME TOOLS USED IN NETWORKING

Crimping tool Stripper

.Rj-45 connector

Protocol

A protocol is a set of rules that governs the communications between computers on

a network. In order for two computers to talk to each other, they must be speaking the
same language. Many different types of network protocols and standards are required to
ensure that your computer (no matter which operating system, network card, or application
you are using) can communicate with another computer located on the next desk or half-
way around the world. The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Reference Model defines
seven layers of networking protocols. The complexity of these layers is beyond the scope of
this tutorial; however, they can be simplified into four layers to help identify some of the
protocols with which you should be familiar.

OSI Layer Name   Common Protocols

7 Application  
6 Presentation   HTTP | FTP | SMTP | DNS
5 Session  
4 Transport   TCP SPX
3 Network   IP IPX
2 Data Link   Ethernet
1 Physical  

Each layers has it function, basically all layers are essential OSI layer.

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 The final part of my training in the networking section was making of different
Ethernet cable using the RJ-45, cable, stripper and the crimper.

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4.2 Networking Survey

I had a field experience in Network survey; Drawing the plan of a building for the
purpose of selecting the right network topology, quantity of Ethernet materials required and
determination of the right placement of cabinet linking to the network ports. One of my
surveys was in the LASU Press Building Network survey. The schematic of the building is on
show on the next page.

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Press Building Survey Plan

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4.3 LASU POST UTME

I was involved in the LASU POST UTME; my duty was to verify candidate data forms. All
candidates with the appropriate and unbiased data form will advance into the Examination hall,
while those that are falsified will be properly sanctioned.

The exercise lasted for a week and the coordination was estimated error free because of the
co-existing hard work of every personnel including me. The experience was very professional and
skilful. And at the end of the week I switched back to my normal routine.

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 Chapter 5: Summary, Conclusion and
Recommendation

5.1 SUMMARY OF ATTACHMENT ACTIVITIES

The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme is a good program that helps
students put into practice the theoretical aspect being learnt in the classrooms thus
acquiring a real life experience of things done in the workshop.

It has been noted that SIWES is a programme that is productive and should be
continued. It gives opportunity to students to relate theory to practice within the
period that the student is in training during the University Curriculum.

The scheme presented to me a chance of really experiencing how computers

are assembled and maintained, and how to deploy and configure networks for
computer systems. But, one thing I learnt most during the programme is that you
must be able to market yourself and what you are selling. No matter how good you
or your product is without proper and good marketing you will not sell or reach your
pinnacle.

I also understood during the program that, skills acquired in school acts as the
foundation so that training after school will be a lot easier.

The program gave me a chance to mix with people in and out the field. This is
a plus in that people we meet today are the links for the future, by so doing we
broaden our horizon and create more prospects for the future.

At Lagos State University ICT centre, I worked with Computer Analyst and
technicians in web design, data processing and network and also in deploying, and I
can confidently my skill in web design and networking to an average.

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5.2 PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED

I am very thankful because i wasn’t injured during any field work; the only major
problem was using the networking equipments, because it is kind of dangerous. Fortunately, i
dealt with it proper.

5.3 RECOMMENDATION

The ITF should be more involved in the placement of students in organizations

or industries for the training attachment as it relates to the student’s course of study.
This will enhance the program and aid effective development of manpower.

The welfare of student in terms of allowance paid should be reviewed to meet

today’s economic demand.

Government should encourage the employers or private organizations by

providing social infrastructures and innovative policy which will facilitate the
establishment of manufacturing industries and technology driven industries to meet
demands so that student can have good placement for the program.

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