The document discusses the need for rainwater harvesting in major cities of Punjab, Pakistan due to declining groundwater levels from overuse and lack of recharge. It focuses on Lahore and Faisalabad, outlining their climate, rainfall patterns, and potential for roof rainwater collection and groundwater recharge. Pictures show urban flooding in Lahore and water pollution in Faisalabad's canals, demonstrating the wasted potential of rainfall runoff. Initial findings indicate both cities' suitability for rainwater harvesting systems to enhance water supplies.
The document discusses the need for rainwater harvesting in major cities of Punjab, Pakistan due to declining groundwater levels from overuse and lack of recharge. It focuses on Lahore and Faisalabad, outlining their climate, rainfall patterns, and potential for roof rainwater collection and groundwater recharge. Pictures show urban flooding in Lahore and water pollution in Faisalabad's canals, demonstrating the wasted potential of rainfall runoff. Initial findings indicate both cities' suitability for rainwater harvesting systems to enhance water supplies.
The document discusses the need for rainwater harvesting in major cities of Punjab, Pakistan due to declining groundwater levels from overuse and lack of recharge. It focuses on Lahore and Faisalabad, outlining their climate, rainfall patterns, and potential for roof rainwater collection and groundwater recharge. Pictures show urban flooding in Lahore and water pollution in Faisalabad's canals, demonstrating the wasted potential of rainfall runoff. Initial findings indicate both cities' suitability for rainwater harvesting systems to enhance water supplies.
The document discusses the need for rainwater harvesting in major cities of Punjab, Pakistan due to declining groundwater levels from overuse and lack of recharge. It focuses on Lahore and Faisalabad, outlining their climate, rainfall patterns, and potential for roof rainwater collection and groundwater recharge. Pictures show urban flooding in Lahore and water pollution in Faisalabad's canals, demonstrating the wasted potential of rainfall runoff. Initial findings indicate both cities' suitability for rainwater harvesting systems to enhance water supplies.
College of Earth and Environmental Sciences. University of The Punjab Lahore Need For Rainfall Harvesting in Urban Areas of Punjab
Groundwater reservoirs have been declining in urban
areas due to rapid urbanization. It is a major and valuable source of water supply in Pakistan.
Excessive use of g groundwater is causingg deterioration of water quality and drying up of water wells.
Continuous over over-draft draft has resulted in excessive groundwater abstraction, so that sweet water becoming scarce in urban areas of Punjab Province.
Up-coning of deep saline water has started in some parts
of Punjab.
There is a need to realistically estimate and manage water
resources for sustainable development. Purpose
• Storage of rain water on surface for
future use use.
• Recharge to ground water for
sustainable water supply pp y in urban areas. Benefits of Use and Recharge • To enhance the recharge for sustainable ground water yield in urban areas where over development has depleted the aquifer. • Utili ti off rainfall Utilization i f ll runoff, ff which hi h is i going i waste t to t sewer or storm t water t drain. • Storage of excess surface water for future requirements. • As surface water is inadequate and of poor water quality to meet our demand, demand we have to depend on ground water. • Due to rapid urbanization, infiltration of rainwater into the sub soil has decreased and recharge g of gground water has diminished. • With excessive water to improve the vegetation cover and reduce urban flooding. • To raise the water levels in water wells that are drying up. • To remove bacteriological and other impurities from sewage and waste water so that water is suitable for reuse. • To improve the quality of existing Ground Water through dilution. • To reduce power consumption. (Source: Rainwater harvesting and conservation manual (2002) Consultancy services organization, Central public works department, New Delhi) Selected major Cities in Punjab
Name of city Population
((million) o )
First Stage Lahore 6.748
Faisalabad 2.83 Multan 1.623 Second Stage Gujranwala 2.148 Rawalpindi 2 3 18 2.3 Sargodha 0.876 Location of Rainfall Stations in Punjab
Lahore Rain, 12 August 2011 Urban Flooding Lahore Under Pass During Rain Location of Lahore
Source: Google Earth, 2013
Location of Lahore Location of Lahore A Typical System from Roof Top
Source: Eldho T. T I., I Integrated Watershed Management & Rainwater Harvesting, Harvesting Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay/ India Lahore Climate and Rainfall
Mean Monthly Rainfall at Lahore (1931-2011)
180 165 160 154
140 120 Raiinfall (mm)
100 80 69 Mean
60 48 40 27 26 30 17 17 12 20 6 11 0 MAY FEB
SEP JAN
MAR
APR
JUN
JUL
AUG
OCT
DEC NOV Data source: Pakistan Meteorological Department, Lahore Lahore Climate and Rainfall
Data source: Pakistan Meteorological Department, Lahore
Lahore Climate and Rainfall
Data source: Pakistan Meteorological Department, Lahore
Lahore Climate and Rainfall
Data source: Pakistan Meteorological Department, Lahore
Initial Findings • Selected pictures of Lahore city show that a large number of roof tops are available for storage of rain water on surface for future use. • The earth maps depicted that pockets of useful areas are available to make arrangements for recharge to ground water for sustainable water supply in Lahore • Rainfall graphs and selected pictures of flooding in Lahore city show that plenty of rainwater is available for rainwater harvesting. • Temperature graphs show that evaporation losses during rainwater harvesting need to be calculated and subtracted to determine net water available. Faisalabad Faisalabad
Source: Google Earth, 2013
Water Pollution in Faisalabad Water Pollution in Faisalabad
Source: Scott et al. (2011) Wastewater Use in Irrigated Agriculture, Coordinating the Livelihood and Environmental Realities Faisalabad Climate and Rainfall
Mean Monthly Rainfall at Faisalabad
(1951-2004)
120 100 100 85 fall (mm)
80
60 Mean Rainfa
35 38 40 22 20 20 17 13 14 6 8 3 0 FEB
APR
OCT
DEC JAN
MAY
JUN
JUL MAR
SEP AUG
NOV A
D M M
N Data source: Pakistan Meteorological Department, Lahore Faisalabad Climate and Rainfall
DEC NOV Data source: Pakistan Meteorological Department, Lahore Initial Findings • Water pollution is one of the major issue to be solved through dilution of fresh sweet rainwater or its direct use through storage of rain water on surface. • Some parts of areas where groundwater is shallow or water logged need to be investigated. WAPDA has already taken measures in such areas to solve problem. • Rainfall graphs show that enough rainwater is available for rainwater harvesting. • Temperature graphs show that evaporation losses during rainwater harvesting need to be calculated and subtracted to determine net water available. Multan
Source: Google Earth, 2013
Location of Multan
Source: Google Maps, 2013
Multan Climate and Rainfall
Mean Monthly Rainfall at Multan
(1950-2001)
70
60 58
50 nfall (mm)
40 35 Mean 30 Rain
22 20 18 13 12 13 8 10 10 7 4 3 0 FEB
SEP JAN
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
NOV OCT
DEC Data source: Pakistan Meteorological Department, Lahore Multan Climate and Rainfall
Maximum and Minimum Temperature at Multan (1950-2001)
60 49 50 50 47 48 45 43 Tempeerature (Degreee C)
42 39 40 35 36 28 30 30 Maximum 20 21 21 20 Minimum 16 13 9 9 10 3 1 0 MAY Y
AUG G
NOV V FEB B
MAR R
APR R
SEP P JAN N
JUN N
JUL L
OCT T
DEC C -4 -2 2 -3 3 -10
Data source: Pakistan Meteorological Department, Lahore
Initial Findings • Water pollution and water shortage are major issues to be solved. solved
• Rainfall ggraphs p show that mean annual rainwater available for rainwater harvesting is 195 mm. It is low as compared to Lahore and Faisalabad. Therefore careful planning for rainwater harvesting will be required. required
• Temperature p ggraphs p show air temperature p is qquite high g in this city. Evaporation losses would be high and need to be calculated and subtracted to determine net water available. Conclusions
• Rainwater harvesting in Urban areas is very important for
sustainability of available water for future use. use • Generally large rainwater resource is available to cater the water. • The recharging of ground water to maintain the declining aquifer levels in urban areas of Punjab can be done through rainfall management. management • Rainfall harvesting should be included in water polices. • Some best designg of structures should be tested in urban areas before to use. • Evaporation losses need to be calculated and subtracted to d t determine i nett water t available il bl for f exploitation. l it ti
