IMAGE
PROCESSING
ROBOTICS CLUB
SUMMER CAMP’12
WHAT IS IMAGE PROCESSING?
IMAGE
PROCESSING =
IMAGE
+
PROCESSING
WHAT IS IMAGE?
IMAGE = Made up of PIXELS
Each Pixels is like an array of Numbers.
Numbers determine colour of Pixel.
TYPES OF IMAGES
1. BINARY IMAGE
2. GREYSCALE IMAGE
3. COLOURED IMAGE
BINARY IMAGE
Each Pixel has either 1 (White) or 0 (Black)
Depth =1 (bit)
Number of Channels = 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
GRAYSCALE
Each Pixel has a value from 0 to 255.
0 : black and 1 : White
Between 0 and 255 are shades of b&w.
Depth=8 (bits)
Number of Channels =1
GRAYSCALE IMAGE
RGB IMAGE
Each Pixel stores 3 values :-
R : 0- 255
G: 0 -255
B : 0-255
Depth=8 (bits)
Number of Channels = 3
RGB IMAGE
HSV IMAGE
Each pixel stores 3 values :-
H ( hue ) : 0 -180
S (saturation) : 0-255
V (value) : 0-255
Depth = 8 (bits)
Number of Channels = 3
Note : Hue in general is from 0-360 , but as hue
is 8 bits in OpenCV , it is shrinked to 180
STARTING WITH OPENCV
OpenCV is a library for C language developed for
Image Processing
To embed opencv library in Dev C complier , follow
instructions in :-
http://opencv.willowgarage.com/wiki/DevCpp
HEADER FILES IN C
After embedding openCV library in Dev C include
following header files:-
#include "cv.h"
#include "highgui.h"
IMAGE POINTER
An image is stored as a structure IplImage with
following elements :-
int height Width
int width
int nChannels
int depth Height
char *imageData
int widthStep
….. So on
Initialising pointer to a image (structure) :-
IplImage* input
Load image to the pointer [0=gray;1=colored]
input = cvLoadImage("apple.jpg",1)
Note :The image apple.jpg must be in same
folder where you save your C program
CVNAMEDWINDOW("II",1)
Creates a window named ii
1 = Coloured 0 = Grayscale
CVSHOWIMAGE("II",INPUT)
Shows image pointed by input , in the window named ii
CREATE AN IMAGE
To create an image you need to specify its :-
Size ( height and width)
Depth
Number of Channels
output=cvCreateImage(cvGetSize(input),IPL_
DEPTH_8U,3)
CVWAITKEY( A NUMBER )
If 0 or negative number is given as input:-
Waits indefinitely till key press and returns the
ASCII value of the key pressed
If positive number is given as input :-
Waits for corresponding milliseconds.
Command Function
cvDestroyWindow("ii") Destroys window named ii
cvReleaseImage( &input ) Releases image pointer input from
memory
output=cvCloneImage(input) Copies image from input to output
cvCvtColor( input, output, Saves input image in output pointer in
conversion type) other color space
Conv. type : CV_BGR2GRAY
,CV_BGR2HSV
cvSaveImage("output.jpg",output) Saves image pointed by output naming it
output
cvDilate(input , output, NULL, Dilates an image for given number of
iterations) iterations and saves it in output
cvErode(input,erode,NULL,iteration Erodes an image for given number of
s); iterations and saves it in output
Note : here NULL is a structural
element
cvThreshold(input, output, threshold,
maxValue, thresholdType)
Threshhold types:-
CV_THRESH_BINARY
max value if more than threshold, else 0
CV_THRESH_BINARY_INV
0 if more than threshold , else max value
CV_THRESH_TRUNC
threshhold if more than threshold , else no
change
CV_THRESH_TOZERO
no change if more than threshold else 0
CV_THRESH_TOZERO_INV
0 if morethan threshold , else no change
imageData
An image’s data is stored as a character array whose
first element is pointed by :-
Input->imageData ( char pointer )
6 0 15 86 255 46 82
widthStep
Number of array elements in 1 row is stored in :-
input->widthStep
ACCESSING (I,J) PIXEL OF AN IMAGE
Grayscale
uchar *pinput = (uchar*)input-
>imageData;
int c = pinput[i*input->widthStep + j];
j
(0,0
i )
(i,j)
3 channel image (BGR):-
uchar *pinput = (uchar*)input->imageData;
int b= pinput[i*input->widthStep + j*input-
>nChannels+0];
int g= pinput[i*input->widthStep + j*input-
>nChannels+1];
int r= pinput[i*input->widthStep + j*input-
>nChannels+2];
j
(0,0)
i
BGR BGR (i,j)
VIDEO POINTER
CvCapture* capture - is a video pointer.
To take video from camera :-
CvCapture
*capture=cvCreateCameraCapture(0);
Note : Here 0 - Default & 1 - External
Totake video from a saved video file :-
CvCapture*
capture=cvCreateFileCapture("trial.avi" );
TAKING IMAGE FROM CAMERA
CvCapture
*capture=cvCreateCameraCapture(0);
for(int i=0;i<100000000;i++);
if(capture!=NULL)
IplImage
*frame=cvQueryFrame(capture);
Note : Here for loop is used to compensate time of
initialization of camera in Windows
PLAYING VIDEO
CvCapture *capture=cvCreateCameraCapture(0);
IplImage *frame;
if(capture!=NULL){
frame=cvQueryFrame(capture );
while(1){
cvShowImage(“Video",frame);
frame=cvQueryFrame(capture);
c=cvWaitKey(1);// frame rate
if(c>0&&c<255)
break;
}
}
MOUSE POINTER INFORMATION
void my_mouse_callback( int event, int x, int y, int flags, void*
param ){
uchar *pimage = (uchar*)image->imageData;
int r=pimage[y*image->widthStep + x*image-
>nChannels+2];
int g=pimage[y*image->widthStep + x*image-
>nChannels+1];
int b=pimage[y*image->widthStep + x*image-
>nChannels+0];
printf( " x=%d y=%d r=%d g=%d b=%d\n",x,,y,,r,g,b);
}
main(){ ……..
cvNamedWindow("image",1);
cvSetMouseCallback("image", my_mouse_callback, NULL);
cvShowImage("image",image); }
Note : cvSetMouseCallback is set for a NamedWindow and not for
an image
IP PROBLEM STATEMENTS
In general , all IP problem Statements have to discard
one color and accept another in output image .
Input Output Binary
Image ` Image
If( color pixel value >
threshhold)
output pixel=255;
else
output pixel =0;
Note : In general , HSV format is highly useful to
distinguish RGB colors ( Why ? )
QUESTIONS
