Lesson 3: Sculpture and other forms of visual arts
Sculpture (Kurt)
- Has three dimensions
- Height
- Width
- Depth
- Created by either carving, modeling, or assembling parts together
- Came from the Latin word "Sculpere" means to carve. It refers to the creation of three-
dimensional figures, forms designs from a single block mass of materials
Sculptural Process
1. Substractive Process - unwanted materials are cut away
2. Additive - Construction of a figure by putting together
Materials For Sculpture
1. Stone (Basalt and Diorite, Marble, Granite, Limestone)
2. Wood (Lighter, softer, and easy to cut)
3. Terra Cotta ("Baked earth"; pottery making, clay)
4. Bronze (Solid and too expensive)
Types of Sculpture
1. Carving- the act of using tools to shape something from a material by scraping away
portions of that material; Substractive process; Mainly uses wood and stone (marble)
2. Modeling- shaping in some plastic material, such as clay, wax or plaster; Additive process.
3. Assemblage- is a form of sculpture comprised of "found" objects arranged in such a way
that they create a piece; Additive process
4. Casting- A mold is used to form molten bronze (or other material) into desired shape; "Lost
wax" method or cireperdue, often used for jewelry or small sculptures.
General kinds of Sculpture (Kenneth)
1. Free standing
a. Kind of sculpture that can independently stand in space
b. Has a flat horizontal base
c. All sides contribute to the overall form of it
i. Oblation by Guillermo Tolentino
d. also called "in-the-round"
e. a slide separating Other arts from sculpture
Guillermo E. Tolentino (July 24,1890- July 12, 1976)
Honored as National Artist for Sculpture in 1973
UP Oblation, Bonifacio Monument and bronze statues of Manuel Quezon
Known for designing the seal of the Republic of the Philippines and the gold and bronze
medals for the Ramon Magsaysay Award
2. Relief (Arielle)
a. Does not have a flat horizontal base
b. The form is projected from a flat surface
c. Two types:
i. Low relief (bas-relief)
1. Its form is projected slightly from a flat surface
ii. High relief
d. Traditionally created by removing some parts of the material
e. Or by building up the form through modeling
(Kurt) (HOWEVER) in the 60s and 70s: artists began exploring the use of different
materials and methods, forming new types of sculpture
Napoleon V. Abueva (January 26,1930)
Father of Modern Philippine Sculpture
Skillful in creating both representational and modern abstract sculptures using a wide
variety of materials.
Known for creating “buoyant sculpture”, a type of sculpture to be viewed from the surface
of a pool
3. Assemblage (Red)
a. Formed by putting together materials such as found objects, pieces of paper,
sponges, wood scraps, and other materials
b. Example: Man and Woman by Lamberto Hechanova
4. Kinetic Sculpture (Christian)
a. Sculpture in motion
b. The entire sculpture or some parts of it is moving with the wind or vibrating with
the surrounding air
c. Examples: Mobiles like Chandeliers
5. Welded Sculptures (Renalyn)
a. Involves the process of connecting sheets of metal together using an acetylene
or electric torch
b. Most sculptures of Eduardo Castrillo are examples
6. Use of Glass (Ives)
a. Ramon Orlina and Imelda Pilapil started this
b. Orlina used glass in table pieces, murals, and sculptures which are usually
unified into a framework
c. Pilapil used glass planes with irregular shapes and linear patterns
Symbolic Sculpture (Angelica)
Example: the interpretation of Abdulmari Imao on okir design. A Maranao design tradition that is
typically used in woodcarving
Abdulmari Asia Imao (January 14, 1936 - December 16, 2014)
Was instrumental in popularizing the ukil, sarimanok and naga motifs in the country as
original Filipino creations
Using his sculptures and monuments of Muslim and regional leaders and heroes, he has
helped in developing trust and confidence among cultural groups
Needed in building a more humane community and society
Other visual art forms that can be seen in every region of the country in our everyday life:
(Luke)
1. Advertising art
a. Using paid space or time in any of the media
b. To inform and influence the public
c. Used to encourage the public to patronize certain goods and services, or to
support policies or persons
d. Animation, photography, computer-generated graphics, neon signs, osters,
mascots, total product improvement and total corporate promotion
2. Bamboo art (Andrea)
a. Refers to works made of bamboo that may be used for everyday purposes or for
decorations or ornaments
b. Thick bamboo is typically used for building sturdy structures, decorations,
furniture, containers and writing materials
c. Thin bamboo is used in creating musical instruments and personal accessories
3. Basketry (Ives)
a. Refers to the art of creating containers by weaving, plaiting, or braiding materials
into hollow three-dimensional shapes that can either be used for carrying,
storage, and trapping animals
4. Book design (Angelica)
a. Involves structuring and reproduction of bound pages that are filled with text and
or images
b. Protected by hard or soft covers
5. Costumes (Red)
a. garments, hairstyles, and accessories that are worn by individual members or
groups in a particular society
b. May vary according to class, sex, age, civil status, occupation, rank and personal
taste
6. Embroidery (Arielle)
a. The art of stitching ornaments on cloth by hand
7. Food art (Christian)
a. Involves packaging and or presentation of food in an artistic way
b. Different from western garnishing which involves adding decorative touches
c. It involves enhancing the food itself or its packaging in an artistic way
d. Example: sapin-sapin
8. Furniture (Ives)
a. Decorative and functional objects
b. Typically found in a public or private dwelling or building
c. Aka muebles or kasangkapan
9. Komiks and Editorial cartoon (Renalyn)
a. Both involve illustrations of stories or events
b. Editorial Cartoon: single-frame illustration that may either makes fun of political
leaders or institutions, or comments on current events
c. Komiks: may use single or multiple frames with conversations placed inside
“balloons”
Francisco Coching (January 29,1919 - September 1, 1998)
Tagged as the “Dean of Filipino Illustrators”
Best known for his work on comics and illustrations which lead to its recognition as popular
art
He influenced cartoonists like Karry Alcala, Ben Infante and Nestor Redondo
10. Leaf art ( Kenneth)
a. Used in religious rituals, food wrapping and even as a form of modern artistic
expression
b. Different from basketry
c. Example: Palaspas
11. Mat weaving
a. The art of “plaiting strips of organic fibers into mats”
b. Locally known as banig
i. cool , light and portable compared to fixed beds
12. Metal craft (Luke)
a. Includes all objects made from metal using the following processes of the
following:
i. Brass casting and blacksmithing
1. Process involves casting and forging pieces of brass or bronze
2. Examples: tools, containers, weapons, and other items.
Anting-anting or amulets
ii. Goldsmithing and silversmithing
1. Involves the use of gold and silver in creating objects and
ornaments
iii. Tinsmithing
1. Easily seen in creating jeepneys, kalseas, and cariton or ice-
cream cart
13. Multimedia (Luke and Kurt)
a. Consists of works that involve the use of other senses in appreciating art
i. Conceptual art
1. A visual artist “ideates or sets up a situation, placing philosophical
value in the process itself, while negating the importance of
craftsmanship in arriving at a finished art object”
ii. Installation art
1. The artist puts together materials and objects in an exhibition
space to cast a new experience or idea
iii. Performance art
1. An artist converts himself or herself into an art object in motion
and sound
14. Paper Art (Arielle)
a. Involves the process of cutting, pasting, recycling, and/or constructing of objects
from paper
i. Used to be limited with folk paper art such as taka and higante from
Angono, parol, pastillas wrappings, and kites
b. Glenn Bautista. Santiago Bose, Petite Calaguas, Impy Pilapil, and Manuel
Rodriguez Sr. ventured into paper art and raised it to a new level
15. Personal Ornaments (Andrea)
a. Objects that are worn on the human body
b. Worn either to enchance a part of the body of the wearer
c. To exhibit rank or status, or to symbolize ritualistic and emotional states
d. Examples: Jewelry (often described as symmetrical and exhibits formal
proportion and having a strong sense of rhythm)
16. Photography (Angelica)
a. Refers to the process of producing images using a light sensitive chemical plate
or film
b. Taken to serve as portraits and as propaganda
c. Also used to serve as documetation for travel and research
d. Used in covering events as well as for advertising and fashion
e. Highly useful medium for an artist
17. Pottery (Christian and Renalyn)
a. General term for decorative and useful objects made from clay and set off at high
temperature
b. Frequently interchanged with ceramics
c. Note that application of ceramics is wider and even includes industrial use
d. Three types of pottery:
i. Earthenware or Terracotta
1. Made from clay
2. Usually fired at 2,200 to 2,230 F
ii. Stoneware
1. Made from clay and feldspar
2. Usually fired at 2,220 - 2,230 F
iii. Porcelain
1. Made from Kaolin (a special type of clay that is extra fine and
white) and feldspar
2. Fired at 2,500 to 2,700 F
18. Printmaking (Red)
a. Refers to transferring images from a firm surface, such as metal or wood, to a
pliable surface, such as cloth or paper, using pressure
b. Different from reproduction because reproduction only use mechanical means
c. Involves making the plate either by hand or mixed with mechanical means
19. Tattoo Art (Andrea)
a. Refers to a body adornment permanently engraved on the skin using a shar
instrument and plant dyes or inks
b. Worn for several reasons
c. May serve as simply a type of clothing or to enchance physical beauty of the
wearer
d. Drive away evil spirits or enemis
e. To express particular social values and attributes
20. Textile Weaving (Kurt)
a. Process of creating cloth by interweaving a series of parallel vertical threads with
another series of horizontal threads at right angles
b. May be plain or decorated by dyes, embroidery and applique
c. Example: abel iloko (ilocos), t’nalak (cotabato) and Yakan tribe tapestry (basilan)
