“18 SECTION ‘Time—35 minutes 27 Questions ieetions: Fach set of questions in this section is bascd on a single passage or a pair of passages. The questions are to be answered on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage or pair of passages. For some of the questions, more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the question. However, you are to choose the best answer; that is, the response that ‘most accurately and completely answers the question, and blacken the corresponding space on your answer sheet. 6) (10) as) (20) 2s) 0) es) (40) 3) The following passage is adapted from a journal article. ‘To understand John Rawls’s theory of justice, one first needs to grasp what he was reacting against The dominant approach in pre-Rawls political philosophy was utilitarianism, which emphasized ‘maximizing the fulfillment of people's preferences ‘At frst sight, utltaianism seems plausible—what else should we do but try to achieve the most satisfaction possible for the greatest number of people?—but the ‘theory has some odd consequences, Suppose executing an innocent petson will appease a mob, and that doing 0 will therefore increase total satisfaction. Incredibly, 2 ulllitarian would have to endorse the execution Rawls accordingly complains that, in the utilitarian view, there is no reason “why the violation of the liberty of afew might not be made right by the greater 00d shared by many,” If we reject utilitarianism and its view about the ‘im of the good life, how can we know what justice requires? Rawls offers an ingenious answer, He asserts that even if people do not agree on the aim ofthe good life, they ean accept afar procedure fr sting what the principles of justice should be. This is key to Rawls’ theory: Whatever arises from a fair procedure is just. ‘But what isa fair procedure? Rawls again has a clever approach, beginning with his famous veil of ignorance. Suppose five children have to divide a cake among themselves. One child cus the cake but does not know who will get which shares. The child is likely to divide the cake into equal shares to avoid the possibility of receiving the smallest share, an arrangement thatthe others will also admit tobe fair. By denying the child information that would bias the result, a fair outcome can be achieved. Rawls generalizes the point of this example ofthe veil of ignorance. His thought experiment features a situation, whieh he ealls the original postion, in which people ar self-interested but do not know their own station in life, abilities, tastes, or even gender. Under the limits of this ignorance, individuals motivated by selfinterest endeavor to arrive at a solution in which thoy will not lose, because nobody loses. The result will be a just arrangement Rawls thinks that people, regardless oftheir plan ‘of life, want certain “primary goods.” These include rights and liberties, powers and opportunities, and income and weal, Without these primary goods, people cannot accomplish their posls, whatever they ‘may be. Hence, any individual in the original position (50) will agree that everyone should get a east a minimam amount of these primary goods. Unfortunatly, this is an inherently redistibutionist dea, since the primary roods are not natural properties of human beings. If someone lacks a primary good, it must be provided, al the expense of others if necessary to the passage, Rawls uses which one of the following devices to explain his theory’? (A) a thought experiment (B) a process of elimination (©) an empirical study of social institutions (D) a deduction from a few basic principles {E) a consideration of the meaning of words ‘The purpose of the question in lines 6-8 is to (A) point out an implausible feature of wilitarianism (B) characterize utilitarianism as internally contradictory (C) establish that utiitarianism must be te (D) suggest the intuitive appeal of utilitarianism (E) inquire into ways of supplementing utilitarianism ‘The author's primary purpose in the passage is t0 (A) show why a once-dominant theory was ‘abandoned (B) describe the novel way in which a theory ‘addresses a problem (©) sketch the historical development of a celebrated theory (D) debate the pros and cons of a complex theory (E) argue forthe truth of a controversial theory GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.2 4. With which one of the following statements would both Rawls and the author of the passage be most likely to agree? “w ® © ) «e ‘There are situations in which it is permissible 10 ‘reat the fulillment of one person's preferences as moce important than the fulfillment of the majority's preferences. Unless individuals set aside their own self-interest, diey cannot make fair judgments about the distribution of goods. Ian individual lacks a good, society must sometimes provide that good, even if this means taking it from others, Most people agree about which of the primary goods is the most valuable, 11 is fair to sacrifice the individual's interests if doing so will maximize the satisfaction of the majority aA 2 5, The author's stance toward Rawls’s theory is most accurately described as one of (A) scholarly neutrality with respect both to its objectives and its development (B) disdain for its pretensions camouflaged by declarations of respect for its author (©) sympathy with its recommendations tempered with skepticism about its eogency (D) enthusiasm for its aims mingled with doubts about its practicality (E) admiration for its ingenuity coupled with ‘misgivings about some of its implications 6. Which one of the following would, if true, most call {nto question the claim in lines 49-1 of the passage? (A) Most people value the fulfillment of their ‘own preferences over the fulfillment of the preferences of strangers. (B) Lis impossible in practice for people to be ‘ignorant of their stations in life, abilities, and tases. (C) Some people would be willing to risk a ‘complete loss of one primary good for the chance of obtaining an enormous amount of another primary good. (D) Few people believe that they would be satisfied with only a minimum amount of primary goods. (E) People tend to overestimate the resources available for distribution and to underestimate their own needs. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.6 (10) «sy 20) 2s) G0) @5) (40) (43) (50) (59) This passage was adapied from an article written by three economists. Roughly 40 percent of the African American population of the Southern United States left the South ‘between 1915 and 1960, primarily for the industrial cities of the North, While there was some African ‘American migration to the North during the nineteenth century, most accounts point to 1915 as the start of ‘what historians eal the Great Migration. There were at Teast three catalysts of the Great Migration. First, World War | increased labor demand in the industrial North. Second, the war in Europe cut off immigration, ‘which led many Northern employers to send labor agents to recruit African American labor in the South, Finally, a boll weevil infestation ruined cotton erops and reduced labor demand in much of the South in the 1910s and 1920s, In short, the Great Migration began in 1915, and not earlier, Because it was only then that the ‘North-South income gap became large enough to start such a large-scale migration. Less clear, however, is why migration continued, and even accelerated, in subsequent decades, at the same time that North-South income differences were narrowing, ‘We propose that once started, migration develops ‘momentum over time as current migration reduces the difficulty and cost of future migration. Economists have typically assumed that people migrate if their expected eamings in the destination exceed those of | the origin enough to outweigh the difficulties and ‘one-time costs of migration. Previous research suggests that the difficulties and costs arse from several sourees, Firs, the uncertainty that potential migrants face concerning housing and labor-market conditions inthe destination presents a significant hindrance. Second, there is the simple cost in terms of time and money of physically moving from the origin to the destination. Third, new migrants must familiarize themselves with local labor- and housing market institutions once they arrive; they ‘must find housing and work, and they must often adapt to a new culture or language. Empirical studies show that during the Great Migration, information was passed through letters thet ‘were often read by dozens of people and through Conversation when migrants made trips back to their home communities. Thus early migrants provided information about labor- and housing-market, ‘conditions to friends and relatives who had not yet ‘made the trip, First-time African American migrants ‘fin traveled with earlier migrants returning to the North after a visit to the South, which reduced physical costs. Additionally, previous migrants reduced new migrants’ cost of adapting to a new locale and culture by providing them with temporary housing, food, and even credit. Previous migrants also provided a cultural cushion for later migrants, so that they did not have to struggle as hard with their ‘new surroundings. 7. Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the passage? (A) Approximately 40 percent of the African American population leit the Souther U.S, ‘between 1915 and 1960--an event historians refer to as the Great Migration. (B) The Great Migration was triggered by an increased labor demand in the North due to the onset of World War I and a reduced labor demand in the South due to a boll weevil infestation (©) Beceuse earlier migrants helped deftay the financial costs of migration for later migrants, African American migration to the North accelerated at a time when ineome differences were narowing, (©) tm migration movements, earlier migrants reduce the physical coss of moving and provide a cultural and linguistic eushion for later migrants (&) Although the Great Migration was initially triggered by the income differential between the North and South, other factors mast be cited in order to explain its duration over several decades, According to the passage, the Great Migration did not start earlier than 1915 because (A) the income gap between the North and South was not large enough to induce people to migrate (B) the cost of living in the North was prohibitively high before World War I (©) industrial jobs in the North required specialized training unavailable in the South (D) previous migration had yet to develop suificient ‘momentum to induce further migration (E) agricultural jobs in the South paid very well before the boll weevil infestation The third and fourth paragraphs of the passage function primarily to (A) cast doubt upon « historical explanation ‘resented in the fist paragraph (B) survey the repercussions of a historical event described in the frst two paragraphs (©) derive a historical model from evidence ‘resented in the first two paragraphs (D) answer a question raised in the second paragraph about a historical event (B) provide additional evidence fbr historical claims made inthe frst paragraph GOON TO THE NEXT PAGE.