This document summarizes Pakistan's foreign policy from 1962 to 1971. During this period, Pakistan began rethinking its close alignment with the US and sought to improve relations with the Soviet Union and China. Relations with the US deteriorated as the US cultivated India and imposed an arms embargo on Pakistan during its 1965 war with India. Pakistan strengthened economic and diplomatic cooperation with the Soviet Union and China. However, tensions with India remained high due to the disputed Kashmir region, and the international response to Pakistan's 1971 war with India over East Pakistan was also discussed.
This document summarizes Pakistan's foreign policy from 1962 to 1971. During this period, Pakistan began rethinking its close alignment with the US and sought to improve relations with the Soviet Union and China. Relations with the US deteriorated as the US cultivated India and imposed an arms embargo on Pakistan during its 1965 war with India. Pakistan strengthened economic and diplomatic cooperation with the Soviet Union and China. However, tensions with India remained high due to the disputed Kashmir region, and the international response to Pakistan's 1971 war with India over East Pakistan was also discussed.
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this document contains the history of politics in pakistan through different eras
This document summarizes Pakistan's foreign policy from 1962 to 1971. During this period, Pakistan began rethinking its close alignment with the US and sought to improve relations with the Soviet Union and China. Relations with the US deteriorated as the US cultivated India and imposed an arms embargo on Pakistan during its 1965 war with India. Pakistan strengthened economic and diplomatic cooperation with the Soviet Union and China. However, tensions with India remained high due to the disputed Kashmir region, and the international response to Pakistan's 1971 war with India over East Pakistan was also discussed.
This document summarizes Pakistan's foreign policy from 1962 to 1971. During this period, Pakistan began rethinking its close alignment with the US and sought to improve relations with the Soviet Union and China. Relations with the US deteriorated as the US cultivated India and imposed an arms embargo on Pakistan during its 1965 war with India. Pakistan strengthened economic and diplomatic cooperation with the Soviet Union and China. However, tensions with India remained high due to the disputed Kashmir region, and the international response to Pakistan's 1971 war with India over East Pakistan was also discussed.
FROM 1962 TO 1971 Third Phase 1. Phases of Pakistan Foreign Policy ZEESHAN ABID(1267) Rethinking about the Alignment Policy
2. Improving Relations with the Soviet Union HASSAN RAZA(1188)
3. Improving Relations with China AHMED ASHFAQ(1250)
4. Diminishing Ties with the U.S. M. Kamran (1249)
5. Relations with India Nouman Shafiq
6. Crisis in East Pakistan and International Response
Foreign Policy ? A government strategy in dealing with other countries Association or Connection among the sovereign state You need allies in the world to survive Is for the benefit of ideological, economical, political, historical and national interest Pakistan supported Afganistan in Soviet invasion• Pakistan hosted Afganistan refugees during this war• However due to soviet invasion USA supported Pakistan with military and finance. ISI of Pakistan and CIA of USA worked together in this period.• China also assisted Pakistan during Afganisran war with regard to financial and security matters• Organization of Islamic conference supported Pakistan with finance for hosting refugees of Afganistan war• During Afganistan war Indo – Pakistan relationship existed with negative and positive manner• Putting ending to the Afganistan war Pakistan , Russia , USA and Afganistan signed Geneva accord which was a result of United nation interference ELEMENTS AFFECTING FOREIGN POLICY 1. Technology leaves impact on foreign policy. The national capacity of a state also exercises profound influence on the foreign policy of state. The social structure of a society also exercise profound influence on its foreign policy. Public opinion is another important element of country’s foreign policy. 2.The political organization found in a country also greatly influences the foreign policy. For example under authoritarian systems quick foreign policy decisions are taken.The press also plays a vital role in foreign policy formulation process. The nature of political accountability prevailing in a system also greatly influence the foreign policy of the state.The leadership also plays a vital role in the shaping of a country’s foreign policy. The great power structure prevailing in the world politics also greatly influence the policy of a country. 3. While making foreign policy the state has to take note of the international law, treaties and contracts. While formulating its foreign policy a country has to take note of the reaction of other states to its various actions. Alliances concluded by various states also greatly influence the foreign policy. The world public opinion also influences the state’s foreign policy. Rethinking about the Alignment policy. Pakistan's policy-makers began a review of their alignment with the U.S. in the early 60s as strains manifested in their relations. Two major developments contributed to this. First, Pakistan was perturbed by the Soviet threat of retaliation when it downed an American spy plane, U-2, which had taken off from Badaber. Second, the importance of land bases declined because the United States developed ICBM and nuclear submarines fitted with missiles. Furthermore, the Kennedy administration, installed in January 1961, cultivated India and projected it as a counterweight to China. Pakistan viewed this shift in American policy with concern. In July, 1961, President Ayub Khan, on a visit to the United States, cautioned his hosts against the changes in their policy towards South Asia and highlighted the importance of Pakistan by suggesting that “if there is real trouble, there is no other country in Asia on whom you will be able to count. The only people who will stand by you are the people of Pakistan, provided you are also prepared to stand by them. Despite Ayub Khan's pleadings, the U.S. continued with its policy of cultivating India in total disregard to Pakistan's concerns. The U.S. and a number of other Western states rushed weapons and military equipment to India after the Sino-Indian border war in October 1962. They also conducted joint military exercises with India and offered a nuclear umbrella to India. Pakistan was perturbed by these developments. What baffled the Pakistani leaders most was that Pakistan was supplied military equipment in the 50s only after it joined the U.S. sponsored military pacts which incurred diplomatic cost for Pakistan in terms of its relations with the developing countries and a number of Muslim states. However, India was not asked to make any securityrelated commitment in return for arms transfers Improving Relations with the Soviet Union Disappointed by the change in the U.S. policy, the Pakistani leaders decided to review Pakistan’s alignment with the West. Initially, they decided to diversify their interaction in the international system by improving ties with the socialist countries on mutually beneficial considerations. Pakistan took a number of steps to improve its relations with the Soviet Union and China during 1961-63. Pakistan and the Soviet Union entered into a number of agreements for economic and technical cooperation. In 1961, the Sovietsoffered, for the first time, credit and technical assistance for oil exploration in Pakistan. New avenues of cooperation were explored during the visits of Pakistan's Foreign Minister, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and President Ayub Khan to Moscow in January and April 1965 respectively. By mid-1960s the Soviet Union adopted a balanced approach towards Pakistan-India disputes, including the Kashmir problem, and urged the two sides to settle their problems amicably. They maintained neutrality towards the Rann of Kutch war between Pakistan and India in April 1965. A similar attitude was adopted when a full-fledged war broke out between Pakistan and India in September. The Soviet Prime Minister, Alexi Kosygin, offered help to resolve the problems arising out of the 1965 Indo-Pakistan War. President Ayub Khan and Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri met in Tashkent in January 1966 on the invitation of the Soviet Prime Minister and signed a peace agreement, commonly known as the Tashkent Declaration of January 1966 for normalisation of their bilateral relations in the aftermath of the 1965 war. Improving relationship with china Pakistan's relations with China improved more rapidly during the same period. They signed several agreements in 1963 to expand their bilateral relations. These included an agreement on trade, commerce and shipping in January 1963, a border agreement for demarcation of PakistanChina boundary in March 1963, an air services agreement in August, and a barter trade agreement in September. Pakistan International Airlines (PIA) resumed its regular air service to china on April 29, 1964. A similar air service was started for Moscow in the same month. Pakistan began to plead for the seating for china in the UN and supported China in its efforts to neutralise American efforts to isolate it at the international level. Chinese were equally supportive of Pakistan's independence and territorial integrity The scope of Pakistan-China cooperation continued to extend in the diplomatic, economic (including trade), security, and cultural fields in the subsequent years. The visits of Chinese President Liu Chao Chi, and Foreign Minister, Chen Yi (March 1966), Zhou Enlai (stopover visit in June 1966), President Yahya Khan (November 1970) and several senior military officers, showed that they attached importance to their bilateral relations, and consulted each other regularly on matters of mutual interest Zhou Enlai declared Chinese support to the right of self determination for the people of Kashmir during his visit to Pakistan in February 1964. They reaffirmed their solidarity with Pakistan during Ayub Khan's visit to Beijing in March 1965, and stood by Pakistan during the latter's war with India, first in the Rann of Kutch area. Diminishing Ties with the U.S The United States was unhappy over Pakistani's efforts to improve its relations with the Soviet Union and China. The United States described the Sino-Pakistan air agreement as “an unfortunate breach of the free world solidarity.” It advised Pakistan not to invite Zhou EnLai for an official visit in 1964. Pakistan did not listen to the U.S. advice. The latter retaliated by withdrawing the offer of financial assistance for the construction of a new airport at Dhaka; Ayub Khan's schedule visit to the U.S in April 1965 was postponed. The same happened with the meeting of the Aid-to-Pakistan Consortium which was to consider Pakistan's request for aid for the Third Five Year Plan. The divergence between the two states widened as Pakistan was unable to invoke any security arrangement with the United States during the course of its war with India in September 1965. The United States imposed an arms D embargo on South Asia which adversely affected Pakistan's combat effectiveness because, unlike India, Pakistan's defence procurement was almost entirely American. The embargo was partly eased in March 1966 to allow the sale of non-lethal military equipment (i.e. trucks, medical and engineering supplies and communication items). One year later, the United States allowed the sale of spare parts for the military equipment supplied in the past. No new combat equipment was allowed to be sold to either country but Pakistan was provided with some arms and equipment during 1970-71 as a 'special one time exception' extended by President Nixon. A total embargo was re-imposed when a new war broke out between Pakistan and India in November 1971 Relation with India Relations with India Crisis in East Pakistan and International Response Pakistan's relations with India continued to be characterised by the conflicting national aspirations and mutual distrust. The Kashmir problem was the major stumbling block in the normalisation of their relations. Six rounds of talks were held between the Foreign Ministers of India and Pakistan on Kashmir during December 1962 and May 1963 on the initiate of the UK and the U.S. These talks proved inconclusive because the two sides refused to show any flexibility in their positions on Kashmir. Pakistan and India engaged in three wars during this period. The first war was limited to the Rann of Kutch, an area situated on the Sindh-Gujarat border, in April-May 1965. This was followed by a full-blown war in September 1965, involving three services of the armed forces. India and Pakistan. . again went to war against the backdrop of the civil strife in the then East Pakistan in November-December 1971. This war came to an end when Pakistani troops surrendered to Indian troop in East Pakistan on 16 December 1971. East Pakistan emerged as an independent state of Bangladesh ALSO FROM PAKISTAN STUDIES NOTES
