CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF

SOUTH BIHAR

“WOMAN EMPOWERMENT”
Submitted to:-
Dr. Shyama Nand Singh
Central university of South Bihar

Submitted by:-
Keshav
B.A.LL.B(VIth Semester)
CUSB1513125019
Paper :Public Policy

1|Page
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I would like to thanks Dr. Shyama Nand Singh, , Central University of South Bihar Gaya,
under paper Public Policy for giving me the opportunity to prepare an assignment on the topic of
the 'Empowerment of Woman' thereby helping me broaden my horizons on the topic and
helping me to refine my assignment-skills. I am highly indebted to the librarians and computer
lab staff for providing me with relevant material and reference books which helped me with my
project. I would also like to thanks my classmates as well as seniors and specially LLM. Students
who had helped me in completing my assignment work.

THANKS TO ALL OF THEM.

2|Page
CONTENTS

Sl. No. Topic P. No.

1. Introduction 5

2. Why we need woman empowerment 5

3. What is woman empowerment 6

4. Woman empowerment in India 7

5. Constitution and Woman Empowerment in India 7

6. Other provisions 8

7. International comments and context 10

8. Government policies 11

9. Woman empowerment Schemes 12

10. Conclusions 16

11. Reference and Bibliography 17

3|Page
ABSTRACT

The position and status of women all over the world has risen incredibly in the 20th century. We
find that it has been very low in 18th and 19th centuries in India and elsewhere when they were
treated like ‘objects’ that can be bought and sold. For a long time women in India remained
within the four walls of their household. Their dependence on men was total.

A long struggle going back over a century has brought women the property rights, voting rights,
an equality in civil rights before the law in matters of marriage and employment (in India women
had not to struggle for voting rights as we find in other countries).

In this project of I have divided in various parts so that it would be helpful for the reader to read
and become lucid to understand the project. The sub categories are as follow:

 Introduction
 What is woman empowerment?
 Woman empowerment in India
 Constitution and Woman empowerment in India
 Other provisions
 International Comments and context
 Government policies
 Woman empowerment schemes

At the final I have also wrote conclusion of the project work which is lucid and clear to read
and finally make output from it.

4|Page
INTRODUCTION
The subject of empowerment of women has becoming a burning issue all over the world
including India since last few decades. Many agencies of United Nations in their reports have
emphasized that gender issue is to be given utmost priority. It is held that women now cannot be
asked to wait for any more for equality.

Inequalities between men and women and discrimination against women have also been age-old
issues all over the world. Thus, women’s quest for equality with man is a universal phenomenon.
What exists for men is demanded by women?

They have demanded equality with men in matters of education, employment, inheritance,
marriage, politics and recently in the field of religion also to serve as cleric (in Hinduism and
Islam). Women want to have for themselves the same strategies of change which menfolk have
had over the centuries such as equal pay for equal work. Their quest for equality has given birth
to the formation of many women’s associations and launching of movements.

The position and status of women all over the world has risen incredibly in the 20th century. We
find that it has been very low in 18th and 19th centuries in India and elsewhere when they were
treated like ‘objects’ that can be bought and sold. For a long time women in India remained
within the four walls of their household. Their dependence on menfolk was total.

A long struggle going back over a century has brought women the property rights, voting rights,
an equality in civil rights before the law in matters of marriage and employment (in India women
had not to struggle for voting rights as we find in other countries).

In addition to the above rights, in India, the customs of purdha (veil system), female infanticide,
child marriage, sati system (self-immolation by the women with their husbands), dowry system
and the state of permanent widowhood were either totally removed or checked to an appreciable
extent after independence through legislative measures.

WHY WE NEED WOMEN EMPOWERMENT?

Need for empowerment arose due to centuries of domination and discrimination done by men
over women; women are the suppressed lot. They are the target of varied types of violence and
discriminatory practices done by men all over the world. India is no different.

India is a complex country. We have, through centuries, developed various types of customs,
traditions and practices. These customs and traditions, good as well as bad, have become a part
of our society’s collective consciousness. We worship female goddesses; we also give great
importance to our mothers, daughters, sisters, wives and other female relatives or friends. But at

5|Page
the same time, Indians are also famous for treating their women badly both inside and outside
their homes.

Indian society consists of people belonging to almost all kinds of religious beliefs. In every
religion women are given a special place and every religion teaches us to treat women with
respect and dignity. But somehow the society has so developed that various types of ill practices,
both physical and mental, against women have become a norm since ages. For instance, sati
pratha, practice of dowry, parda pratha, female infanticide, wife burning, sexual violence, sexual
harassment at work place, domestic violence and other varied kinds of discriminatory practices;
all such acts consists of physical as well as mental element.

The reasons for such behaviour against women are many but the most important one are the male
superiority complex and patriarchal system of society. Though to eliminate these ill practices and
discrimination against women various constitutional and legal rights are there but in reality there
are a lot to be done. Several self-help groups and NGOs are working in this direction; also
women themselves are breaking the societal barriers and achieving great heights in all
dimensions: political, social and economic. But society as a whole has still not accepted women
as being equal to men and crimes or abuses against women are still on the rise. For that to
change, the society’s age-old deep-rooted mind set needs to be changed through social
conditioning and sensitization programmes.

Therefore, the concept of women empowerment not only focuses on giving women strength and
skills to rise above from their miserable situation but at the same time it also stresses on the need
to educate men regarding women issues and inculcating a sense of respect and duty towards
women as equals. In the present write-up we will try to describe and understand the concept of
Women Empowerment in India in all its dimensions.

WHAT IS WOMEN EMPOWERMENT

Women empowerment in simple words can be understood as giving power to women to decide
for their own lives or inculcating such abilities in them so that they could be able to find their
rightful place in the society.

According to the United Nations, women’s empowerment mainly has five components:

 Generating women’s sense of self-worth;

 Women’s right to have and to determine their choices;

 Women’s right to have access to equal opportunities and all kinds of resources;

 Women’s right to have the power to regulate and control their own lives, within and
outside the home; and

6|Page
  Women’s ability to contribute in creating a more just social and economic order.

Thus, women empowerment is nothing but recognition of women’s basic human rights and
creating an environment where they are treated as equals to men.

WOMEN EMPOWERMENT IN INDIA

Historical Background:

From ancient to modern period, women’s condition-socially, politically and economically- has
not remained same and it kept changing with times. In ancient India, women were having equal
status with men; in early Vedic period they were very educated and there are references of
women sages such as Maitrayi in our ancient texts. But with the coming of famous treatise of
Manu i.e. Manusmriti, the status of women was relegated to a subordinate position to men.

All kinds of discriminatory practices started to take from such as child marriage, devadashi
pratha, nagar vadhu system, sati pratha etc. Women’s socio-political rights were curtailed and
they were made fully dependent upon the male members of family. Their right to education, right
to work and right to decide for themselves were taken away.
During medieval period the condition of women got worsened with the advent of Muslim rulers
in India; as also during the British period. But the British rule also brought western ideas into the
country.

A few enlightened Indians such as Raja Ram Mohun Roy influenced by the modern concept of
freedom, liberty, equality and justice started to question the prevailing discriminatory practices
against women. Through his unrelenting efforts, the British were forced to abolish the ill-practice
of Sati. Similarly several other social reformers such as Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Swami
Vivekananda, Acharya Vinoba Bhave etc. worked for the upliftment of women in India. For
instance, the Widow Remarriage Act of 1856 was the result of Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar’s
movement for improving the conditions of widows.

Indian National Congress supported the first women’s delegation which met the Secretary of
State to demand women’s political rights in 1917. The Child Marriage Restraint Act in 1929 was
passed due to the efforts of Mahhommad Ali Jinna, Mahatma Gandhi called upon the young men
to marry the child widows and urged people to boycott child marriages.

During freedom movement, almost all the leaders of the struggle were of the view that women
should be given equal status in the free India and all types of discriminatory practices must stop.
And for that to happen, it was thought fit to include such provisions in the Constitution of India
which would help eliminate age-old exploitative customs and traditions and also such provisions
which would help in empowering women socially, economically and politically.

7|Page
CONSTITUTION OF INDIA AND WOMEN EMPOWERMENT

India’s Constitution makers and our founding fathers were very determined to provide equal
rights to both women and men. The Constitution of India is one of the finest equality documents
in the world. It provides provisions to secure equality in general and gender equality in
particular. Various articles in the Constitution safeguard women’s rights by putting them at par
with men socially, politically and economically.

The Preamble, the Fundamental Rights, DPSPs and other constitutional provisions provide
several general and special safeguards to secure women’s human rights.

Preamble:
The Preamble to the Constitution of India assures justice, social, economic and political; equality
of status and opportunity and dignity to the individual. Thus it treats both men and women equal.

Fundamental Rights:
The policy of women empowerment is well entrenched in the Fundamental Rights enshrined in our
Constitution. For instance:

 Article 14 ensures to women the right to equality.

 Article 15(1) specifically prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex.

 Article 15(3) empowers the State to take affirmative actions in favour of women.

 Article 16 provides for equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters relating to
employment or appointment to any office.

These rights being fundamental rights are justiciable in court and the Government is obliged to
follow the same.

Directive Principles of State Policy:

Directive principles of State Policy also contains important provisions regarding women
empowerment and it is the duty of the government to apply these principles while making laws
or formulating any policy. Though these are not justiciable in the Court but these are essential for
governance nonetheless. Some of them are:

 Article 39 (a) provides that the State to direct its policy towards securing for men and
women equally the right to an adequate means of livelihood.

 Article 39 (d) mandates equal pay for equal work for both men and women.

 Article 42 provides that the State to make provision for securing just and humane
conditions of work and for maternity relief.

8|Page
Fundamental Duties:
Fundamental duties are enshrined in Part IV-A of the Constitution and are positive duties for the
people of India to follow. It also contains a duty related to women’s rights:
Article 51 (A) (e) expects from the citizen of the country to promote harmony and the spirit of
common brotherhood amongst all the people of India and to renounce practices derogatory to the
dignity of women.

OTHER CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS:

Through 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment of 1993, a very important political right has
been given to women which is a landmark in the direction of women empowerment in India.
With this amendment women were given 33.33 percent reservation in seats at different levels of
elections in local governance i.e. at Panchayat, Block and Municipality elections.

Thus it can be seen that these Constitutional provisions are very empowering for women and the
State is duty bound to apply these principles in taking policy decisions as well as in enacting
laws.

SPECIFIC LAWS FOR WOMEN EMPOWERMENT IN INDIA

Here is the list of some specific laws which were enacted by the Parliament in order to fulfil
Constitutional obligation of women empowerment:

 The Equal Remuneration Act, 1976.

 The Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961.

 The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956.

 The Maternity Benefit Act, 1961.

 The Medical termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971.

 The Commission of Sati (Prevention) Act, 1987.

 The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006.

 The Pre-Conception & Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation and Prevention of

Misuse) Act, 1994.

 The Sexual Harassment of Women at Work Place (Prevention, Protection and) Act, 2013.

Above mentioned and several other laws are there which not only provide specific legal rights to
women but also gives them a sense of security and empowerment.

9|Page
INTERNATIONAL COMMITMENTS OF INDIA AS TO WOMEN
EMPOWERMENT
India is a part to various International conventions and treaties which are committed to secure
equal rights of women.

One of the most important among them is the Convention on Elimination of All Forms of
Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), ratified by India in 1993.

Other important International instruments for women empowerment are: The Mexico Plan of
Action (1975), the Nairobi Forward Looking Strategies (1985), the Beijing Declaration as well
as the Platform for Action (1995) and the Outcome Document adopted by the UNGA Session on
Gender Equality and Development & Peace for the 21st century, titled “Further actions and
initiatives to implement the Beijing Declaration and the Platform for Action”. All these have
been whole-heartedly endorsed by India for appropriate follow up.

These various national and International commitments, laws and policies notwithstanding
women’s situation on the ground have still not improved satisfactorily. Varied problems related
to women are still subsisting; female infanticide is growing, dowry is still prevalent, domestic
violence against women is practised; sexual harassment at workplace and other heinous sex
crimes against women are on the rise.

Though, economic and social condition of women has improved in a significant way but the
change is especially visible only in metro cities or in urban areas; the situation is not much
improved in semi-urban areas and villages. This disparity is due to lack of education and job
opportunities and negative mind set of the society which does not approve girls’ education even
in 21st century.

GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND SCHEMES FOR WOMEN EMPOWERMENT

Whatever improvement and empowerment women have received is especially due to their own
efforts and struggle, though governmental schemes are also there to help them in their
endeavour.

In the year 2001, the Government of India launched a National Policy for Empowerment of
Women. The specific objectives of the policy are as follows:

 Creation of an environment through positive economic and social policies for full
development of women to enable them to realize their full potential.

 Creation of an environment for enjoyments of all human rights and fundamental freedom
by women on equal basis with men in all political, economic, social, cultural and civil
spheres.

10 | P a g e
  Providing equal access to participation and decision making of women in social political
and economic life of the nation.

 Providing equal access to women to health care, quality education at all levels, career and
vocational guidance, employment, equal remuneration, occupational health and safety,
social security and public life etc.

 Strengthening legal systems aimed at elimination of all forms of discrimination against

women.

 Changing societal attitudes and community practices by active participation and

involvement of both men and women.

 Mainstreaming a gender perspective in the development process.

 Elimination of discrimination and all forms of violence against women and the girl child.

 Building and strengthening partnerships with civil society, particularly women’s

organizations.

The Ministry of Women and Child Development is the nodal agency for all matters pertaining to
welfare, development and empowerment of women. It has evolved schemes and programmes for
their benefit. These schemes are spread across a very wide spectrum such as women’s need for
shelter, security, safety, legal aid, justice, information, maternal health, food, nutrition etc., as
well as their need for economic sustenance through skill development, education and access to
credit and marketing.

Various schemes of the Ministry are like Swashakti, Swayamsidha, STEP and Swawlamban
enable economic empowerment. Working Women Hostels and Creches provide support services.
Swadhar and Short Stay Homes provide protection and rehabilitation to women in difficult
circumstances. The Ministry also supports autonomous bodies like National Commission,
Central Social Welfare Board and Rashtriya Mahila Kosh which work for the welfare and
development of women. Economic sustenance of women through skill development, education
and access to credit and marketing is also one of the areas where the Ministry has special focus.

11 | P a g e
WOMEN EMPOWERMENT SCHEMES

1. Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Scheme

2. One Stop Centre Scheme
3. Women Helpline Scheme
4. UJJAWALA : A Comprehensive Scheme for Prevention of trafficking and Rescue, Rehabilitation and Re-
integration of Victims of Trafficking and Commercial Sexual Exploitation
5. Working Women Hostel
6. Ministry approves new projects under Ujjawala Scheme and continues existing projects
7. SWADHAR Greh (A Scheme for Women in Difficult Circumstances)
8. Support to Training and Employment Programme for Women (STEP)
9. NARI SHAKTI PURASKAR
10. Awardees of Stree Shakti Puruskar, 2014 & Awardees of Nari Shakti Puruskar
11. Awardees of Rajya Mahila Samman & Zila Mahila Samman
12. Mahila police Volunteers
13. Mahila E-Haat
14. Mahila Shakti Kendras (MSK)

BETI BACHAO BETI PADHAO SCHEME

Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao is a persnal campaign of the Government of India that aims to
generate awareness and improve the efficiency of welfare services intended for girls.
The scheme was launched with an initial funding of ₹100 crore (US$15 million). It mainly
targets the clusters in Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Uttarakhand, ...

Launched: 22 January 2015; 3 years ago

Ministry: A joint initiative of MoWCD, MoHFW

Prime Minister(s): Narendra Modi

ONE STOP CENTRE SCHEME

Ministry of Women and Child Development (MWCD), has formulated a Centrally Sponsored
Scheme for setting up One Stop Centres (OSC), to be funded from the Nirbhaya Fund. These
Centres will be established across the country to provide integrated support and assistance under
one roof to women affected by violence, both in private and public spaces in a phased manner. In
the first phase, one OSC will initially be established in each State/UT to facilitate access to an
integrated range of services including medical, legal, and psychological support.The OSC will be
integrated with 181 and other existing helplines. The scheme is being implemented through
States/UTs from 1st April 2015.

12 | P a g e
WOMEN HELPLINE SCHEME

Scheme for Universalisation of Women Helpline is meant to provide 24 hours immediate and
emergency response to women affected by violence. This scheme is being implemented since
from 01-04-2015 by the Union Ministry of Women and Child Development.

The Scheme of Universalisation of Women Helpline is meant to provide 24 hours immediate and
emergency response to women affected by violence through referral (linking with appropriate
authority such as police, One Stop Centre, hospital) and information about women related
government schemes programs across the country hrough a single uniform number.

Women Helpline (WHL) is working with the One Stop Centre Scheme (OSC) under which one
OSC will be set up in every State/UT to provide integrated support and assistance to women
affected by violence, both in private and public spaces under one roof. Women affected by
violence and in need of redressal services will be referred to OSC through WHL.

Under this Scheme, the States/UTs will utilise or augment their existing women helplines
through a dedicated single national number. Department of Telecommunication, Government of
India has allocated short code 181 to all States/UTs which is being used by some States/UTs
such as Delhi, Chandigarh, Chhattisgarh as Women Helpline.From any post/pre paid mobile or
landline services through any public or private network i.e. GSM, CDMA, 3G, 4G etc can be
called to 181 as Women Helpline (WHL).

UJJAWALA

A Comprehensive Scheme for Prevention of trafficking and Rescue, Rehabilitation and Re-
integration of Victims of Trafficking and Commercial Sexual Exploitation.

WORKING WOMEN HOSTEL

The objective of the scheme is to promote availability of safe and conveniently located
accommodation for working women, with day care facility for their children, wherever possible,
in urban, semi urban, or even rural areas where employment opportunity for women exist. The
scheme is assisting projects for construction of new hostel buildings, expansion of existing hostel
buildings and hostel buildings in rented premises. The working women s hostel projects being
assisted under this scheme shall be made available to all working women without any distinction
with respect to caste, religion, marital status etc., subject to norms prescribed under the scheme.
While the projects assisted under this scheme are meant for working women, women under
training for job may also be accommodated in such hostels subject to the condition that taken
together, such trainees should not occupy more than 30% of the total capacity the hostel and they
may be accommodated in the hostels only when adequate numbers of working women are not
available. Children of working women, up to the age of 18 years for girls and up to the age of 5
years for boys may be accommodated in such hostels with their mothers.

13 | P a g e
SWADHAR GREH

The Ministry of Women and Child Development is implementing the Swadhar Greh Scheme
which targets the women victims of difficult circumstances who are in need of institutional
support for rehabilitation so that they could lead their life with dignity. The Scheme envisages
providing shelter, food, clothing and health as well as economic and social security for these
women.

NARI SHAKTI PURASKAR

Every Year, Ministry of Women & Child Development celebrates International Women Day on
8th March. The significance of the International Women’s Day lies in our re-affirmation of
improve the condition of women, especially those at the margins of our society and empower
them to take rightful place in society. Ministry of Women and Child Development, has revised
the guidelines for Women Awards for conferring on eminent women, organisations and
institutions. These awards will be called “Nari Shakti Puruskars”. Now, from the year 2016, 20
Nari Shakti Puruskars shall be conferred every year. The awards will be conferred on 8th March
on the occasion of International Women’s Day (IWD). The Award in each category shall carry a
Certificate and a cash amount. The award would be given to eminent or outstanding Institutions
or organizations and individuals. With the institution of these awards all the earlier women
awards given by the Ministry of Women & Child Development ceased to exist.

MAHILA POLICE VOLUNTEERS

The Mahila Police Volunteer initiative was launched in Haryana today. By launching the
initiative in Karnal and Mahendragarh districts, Haryana became the first state to adopt this
scheme. Originally conceived by the Union Ministry of Women & Child Development, Mahila
Police Volunteer is a joint initiative with the Union Ministry of Home Affairs. Haryana today
inducted the first batch of 1000 Mahila Police Volunteers. These volunteers have already been
trained by the state State Police Authorities on their role and responsibility.

The Minister of Women & Child Development, Smt Maneka Sanjay Gandhi in her message for
the launch event has said, “The Ministry of Women and Child Development has undertaken a
large number of initiatives for creating a safe and enabling environment for women in India. The
Mahila Police Volunteers scheme is one such initiative. It envisages creation of a link between
the police authorities and the local communities in villages through police volunteers who will be
women specially trained for this purpose. We expect to have at least one such volunteer in every
village whose primary job will be to keep an eye on situations where women in the village are
harassed or their rights and entitlements are denied or their development is prevented.

SUPPORT TO TRAINING AND EMPLOYMENT PROGRAMME FOR WOMEN

(STEP)

14 | P a g e
The Ministry has been administering ‘Support to Training and Employment Programme for
Women (STEP) Scheme’ since 1986-87 as a ‘Central Sector Scheme’. The STEP Scheme aims
to provide skills that give employability to women and to provide competencies and skill that
enable women to become self-employed/entrepreneurs. The Scheme is intended to benefit
women who are in the age group of 16 years and above across the country. The grant under the
Scheme is given to an institution/ organisation including NGOs directly and not the States/ UTs.
The assistance under STEP Scheme will be available in any sector for imparting skills related to
employability and entrepreneurship, including but not limited to the Agriculture, Horticulture,
Food Processing, Handlooms, Tailoring, Stitching, Embroidery, Zari etc, Handicrafts, Computer
& IT enable services along with soft skills and skills for the work place such as spoken English,
Gems & Jewellery, Travel & Tourism, Hospitality.

MAHILA E-HAAT

In a path-breaking initiative, theMinister of Women and Child Development, Smt Maneka

Sanjay Gandhi launched “Mahila e-Haat”, an online marketing platform for women in New
Delhi today. Mahila e-Haat is a unique online platform where participants can display their
products. It is an initiative for women across the country as a part of ‘Digital India’ and ‘Stand
Up India’ initiatives of Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi.

Speaking on the occasion, Smt Maneka Gandhi said that this initiative can prove to be a game
changer since it will provide access to markets to thousands of women who make products and
are spread all over the country but have little access to markets. The initiative is unique since this
is the first time that the government will help women to sell products online, the Minister added.
Congratulating RahstriyaMahilaKosh and all those involved in creating the portal, Smt Maneka
Gandhi said that it is web page based and has unlimited reach and can, therefore become catalyst
in creating a new generation of business women.

Smt Maneka Sanjay Gandhi explained that the endeavor will help women to make
financial and economic choices which will enable them to be a part of ‘Make in India’ and
‘Stand Up India’ initiatives of the Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi.

The Minister said that this empowerment of women will take place in three stages in which
Mahila E-Haat is the first stage. In the second stage, it is planned to integrate it with e-commerce
portals to provide a larger platform for selling and buying. Ultimately it will culminate into
Women’s Entrepreneurs Council which will help to expand this initiative further and give it an
institutional shape.

15 | P a g e
CONCLUSION

In conclusion, it can be said that women in India, through their own unrelenting efforts and with
the help of Constitutional and other legal provisions and also with the aid of Government’s
various welfare schemes, are trying to find their own place under the sun. And it is a heartening
sign that their participation in employment- government as well as private, in socio-political
activities of the nation and also their presence at the highest decision making bodies is improving
day by day.

However, we are still far behind in achieving the equality and justice which the Preamble of our
Constitution talks about. The real problem lies in the patriarchal and male-dominated system of
our society which considers women as subordinate to men and creates different types of methods
to subjugate them.

The need of us is to educate and sensitize male members of the society regarding women issues
and try to inculcate a feeling of togetherness and equality among them so that they would stop
their discriminatory practices towards the fairer sex.

For this to happen apart from Government, the efforts are needed from various NGOs and from
enlightened citizens of the country. And first of all efforts should begin from our homes where
we must empower female members of our family by providing them equal opportunities of
education, health, nutrition and decision making without any discrimination.

Because India can become a powerful nation only if it truly empowers its women.

16 | P a g e
REFERANCE
 Social Problems, Women Empowerment, Population Issues & Diversity of India for Civil
Services Main Examination First Edition (English, Paperback, Bitasta Das)

 Lean In: Women, Work, and the Will to Lead by Sheryl Sandberg, Nell Scovell (Co-
Writer)
 Pratiyogta Darpan year book volume II, 2017
 Economic Survey of India, 2017 of Government of India

COURSE BOOKS

 R.K. Sapru, Public Policy formulation, implementation and evaluation

(Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, 2004)
 Sapru R.K., “Public Policy: Art and craft of policy Analysis”, PH1
Learning Private Limited, 2 nd Edition, 2015

BIBLIOGRAPHY

 http://www.indiacelebrating.com/essay/women-empowerment-essay/
 http://www.indiacelebrating.com/paragraph/paragraph-on-women-empowerment/
 https://learn.culturalindia.net/essay-women-empowerment-meaning-important.html
 https://testbook.com/blog/women-empowerment-in-india-bank-ssc-pdf/
 http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/essay/essay-on-women-empowerment-in-india/31317

17 | P a g e