INTRODUCTION MATHEMATICAL PRELIMINARIES POTENTIAL PROBLEM IN AN INFINITE WEDGE SHAPED REGION US

APPLICATIONS OF MELLIN TRANSFORM IN

FRACTURE MECHANICS AND POTENTIAL
PROBLEMS

SUBMITTED BY DEBORPITA BISWAS

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
PROFESSOR JAGABANDHU DE

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATHETICS
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY, SHIBPUR

May,2017

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INTRODUCTION MATHEMATICAL PRELIMINARIES POTENTIAL PROBLEM IN AN INFINITE WEDGE SHAPED REGION US

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

MATHEMATICAL PRELIMINARIES

POTENTIAL PROBLEM IN AN INFINITE WEDGE SHAPED

REGION USING MELLIN TRANSFORM

ANALYSIS OF PERFECTLY BONDED WEDGES AND BONDED

WEDGES WITH AN INTERFACIAL CRACK UNDER
ANTIPLANE SHEAR LOADING

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INTRODUCTION MATHEMATICAL PRELIMINARIES POTENTIAL PROBLEM IN AN INFINITE WEDGE SHAPED REGION US

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

MATHEMATICAL PRELIMINARIES

POTENTIAL PROBLEM IN AN INFINITE WEDGE SHAPED

REGION USING MELLIN TRANSFORM

ANALYSIS OF PERFECTLY BONDED WEDGES AND BONDED

WEDGES WITH AN INTERFACIAL CRACK UNDER
ANTIPLANE SHEAR LOADING

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INTRODUCTION MATHEMATICAL PRELIMINARIES POTENTIAL PROBLEM IN AN INFINITE WEDGE SHAPED REGION US

OBJECT OF THE PROJECT THESIS

The object of the project is to describe the method of analysis and

solution of some problems in the area of Fracture Mechanics and
potential theory using Mellin Transform technique.

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INTRODUCTION MATHEMATICAL PRELIMINARIES POTENTIAL PROBLEM IN AN INFINITE WEDGE SHAPED REGION US

BASIC IDEAS RELATING TO FRACTURE MECHANICS

I What is Fracture?
I What is Fracture Mechanics?
I Area of Applications of Fracture Mechanics.

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INTRODUCTION MATHEMATICAL PRELIMINARIES POTENTIAL PROBLEM IN AN INFINITE WEDGE SHAPED REGION US

BASIC IDEAS RELATING TO FRACTURE MECHANICS

Basic Modes of Deformation of Crack Surface:

The most general case of strain and stress field at the crack tip
can be obtained by superimposing the stresses due to the following
three particular modes of deformation.
I In mode I displacement, the solid is under a tension in a
direction perpendicular to the line of the Griffith crack.
I In mode II displacement, the solid is under an applied shear
parallel to the crack.
I In mode III displacement, the solid is under an applied
shear perpendicular to the crack.

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INTRODUCTION MATHEMATICAL PRELIMINARIES POTENTIAL PROBLEM IN AN INFINITE WEDGE SHAPED REGION US

BASIC IDEAS RELATING TO FRACTURE MECHANICS

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INTRODUCTION MATHEMATICAL PRELIMINARIES POTENTIAL PROBLEM IN AN INFINITE WEDGE SHAPED REGION US

STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR

In mode-I displacement, the SIF is defined by

1
KI = lim+ [2(x − a)] 2 τyy (x, 0). (1)
x→a

For mode-II displacement, SIF is defined by

1
KII = lim+ [2(x − a)] 2 τxy (x, 0). (2)
x→a

For mode-III displacement, SIF is defined by

1
KIII = lim+ [2(x − a)] 2 τxz (x, 0, z). (3)
x→a

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INTRODUCTION MATHEMATICAL PRELIMINARIES POTENTIAL PROBLEM IN AN INFINITE WEDGE SHAPED REGION US

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

MATHEMATICAL PRELIMINARIES

POTENTIAL PROBLEM IN AN INFINITE WEDGE SHAPED

REGION USING MELLIN TRANSFORM

ANALYSIS OF PERFECTLY BONDED WEDGES AND BONDED

WEDGES WITH AN INTERFACIAL CRACK UNDER
ANTIPLANE SHEAR LOADING

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INTRODUCTION MATHEMATICAL PRELIMINARIES POTENTIAL PROBLEM IN AN INFINITE WEDGE SHAPED REGION US

MELLIN TRANSFORM

Definition
Let f (x) be a function defined on the positive real axis
0 < x < ∞. The Mellin Transform of a function f(x) is defined by:
Z ∞
M[f (x); x → s] = x s−1 f (x)dx = f ∗ (s). (4)
0

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MELLIN TRANSFORM
Properties

M[f (x a ); x → s] = a−1 F s


I
a , (a>0)
Γ(s) ∗
I M[f n (x); s] = (−1)n
Γ(s−n) f (s − n)
n ∗
 d

I M x
dx f (x); s = (−s) f (s)
 
∂2
I M[ρ2 ∆2 f (ρ, φ); ρ → s] = ∂φ2
+ s 2 f ∗ (s, φ)

Results
M −1 π 1
 
I → ρ = 1+ρ
sin πs ; s
h i  
I M−1 πsin
sin sφ
πs ; s → ρ = −Im 1
1+ρe iφ = ρ sin φ
1+2ρ cos φ+ρ2

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INTRODUCTION MATHEMATICAL PRELIMINARIES POTENTIAL PROBLEM IN AN INFINITE WEDGE SHAPED REGION US

MELLIN INVERSION THEOREM

Suppose that, F (s) is a function of the complex variable s = σ + iτ
which is regular in the infinite strip S = {s : a < σ < b} and that
for arbitrary small positive number η, F (s) tends to zero uniformly
R ∞|τ | → ∞ in the strip a + η ≤ σ ≤ b − η. Then if the integral
as
−∞ F (σ + iτ )dτ is absolutely convergent for each value of σ in
the open interval (a, b) and if for positive real values of x and a
fixed c ∈ (a, b), we define
Z c+i∞
1
f (x) = x −s F (s)ds (5)
2πi c−i∞
Then, in the strip S,
Z ∞
F (s) = x s−1 f (x)dx.
0

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INTRODUCTION MATHEMATICAL PRELIMINARIES POTENTIAL PROBLEM IN AN INFINITE WEDGE SHAPED REGION US

MELLIN CONVOLUTION FORMULA

Let f ∗ (s) be the Mellin transform of the function f (x) and g ∗ (s)
be the Mellin transform of the function g (x), then the Mellin
transform of their convolution f ∗ g (x) is given by
Z ∞  x  du 
M[f ∗ g (x); x → s] = M g (u)f = f ∗ (s)g ∗ (s).
0 u u

where f ∗ g (x) is defined by

Z ∞  x  du
f ∗ g (x) = g (u)f .
0 u u
Z ∞  x  du
−1 ∗ ∗
M [f (s)g (S); s → x] = g (u)f (6)
0 u u

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SOME FUNDAMENTAL THEOREMS OF COMPLEX

VARIABLES

If f (z) = p(z)
q(z) where p(z) and q(z) are analytic in a nbd of z0 ,
where p(z0 ) 6= 0, q(z0 ) = 0 but q 0 (z0 ) 6= 0.Then z0 is a simple
pole of f (z) and Res(f ; z0 ) = qp(z 0)
0 (z ) .
0

Cauchy Residue Theorem

Let, Γ be a positively oriented rectifiable closed jordan curve. Let
f (z) is analytic within and on Γ except for a finite number of
isolated singular P
points z1 , z2 , . . . , zn ; then
R n
Γ f (z)dz = 2πi i=1 Res(f ; zi ).

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INTRODUCTION MATHEMATICAL PRELIMINARIES POTENTIAL PROBLEM IN AN INFINITE WEDGE SHAPED REGION US

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

MATHEMATICAL PRELIMINARIES

POTENTIAL PROBLEM IN AN INFINITE WEDGE SHAPED

REGION USING MELLIN TRANSFORM

ANALYSIS OF PERFECTLY BONDED WEDGES AND BONDED

WEDGES WITH AN INTERFACIAL CRACK UNDER
ANTIPLANE SHEAR LOADING

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INTRODUCTION MATHEMATICAL PRELIMINARIES POTENTIAL PROBLEM IN AN INFINITE WEDGE SHAPED REGION US

FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM

Let us consider an infinite wedge shaped region (ρ ≥ 0) with apex

angles −α and α. If ϕ(ρ, φ) be the potential function (which may
be electro-static potential, magnetic potential, gravitational
potential, velocity potential of an irrotational flow of an ideal fluid
or steady state temperature distribution) at any point in that
region, then ϕ satisfies Laplace 0 s equation, namely

∂2ϕ ∂ϕ ∂ 2 ϕ
ρ2 + ρ + = 0, ρ ≥ 0, |φ| ≤ α. (7)
∂ρ2 ∂ρ ∂φ2

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CONTINUE....

We assume that ϕ is prescribed at the two edges φ = α and

φ = −α respectively, then the boundary conditions may be written
in the form

ϕ(ρ, α) = f (ρ), ϕ(ρ, −α) = g (ρ), ρ ≥ 0, (8)

and the limiting condition is

ϕ(ρ, φ) → 0 as ρ → ∞, |φ| ≤ α. (9)

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INTRODUCTION MATHEMATICAL PRELIMINARIES POTENTIAL PROBLEM IN AN INFINITE WEDGE SHAPED REGION US

CONTINUE....

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INTRODUCTION MATHEMATICAL PRELIMINARIES POTENTIAL PROBLEM IN AN INFINITE WEDGE SHAPED REGION US

SOLUTION OF THE BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEM

If we apply Mellin Transform to both sides of equation (7), and
make use of formula
2
 
2d f df
M x + x ; s = s 2 f ∗ (s), (10)
dx 2 dx

we obtain the differential equation

 2 
d
+ s ϕ∗ (s, φ) = 0
2
(11)
dφ2

for the determination of Mellin transform

ϕ∗ (s, φ) = M[ϕ(ρ, φ); ρ → s]

of the unknown function ϕ(ρ, φ).

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CONTINUE....

We notice that if we wish to determine the strip in the complex

s-plane for which equation (11) holds, we need a more precise
limiting condition than (9).If we integrate by parts, we see that the
complete form of the above formula is
 2
  ρ=∞
2∂ ϕ ∂ϕ s+1 ∂ϕ
M ρ + ρ ;s = ρ s
− sρ ϕ +s 2 ϕ∗ (s, φ) (12)
∂ρ2 ∂ρ ∂ρ ρ=0

so that if we have the conditions

ϕ(ρ, φ) → ρ−λ as ρ → 0
ϕ(ρ, φ) → ρ−µ as ρ → ∞ (13)

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CONTINUE....
We see that
2ϕ
 
2∂ ∂ϕ
M ρ + ρ ; s = s 2 ϕ∗ (s, φ)
∂ρ2 ∂ρ
provided that λ ≤ Re(s) ≤ µ and provided that for s lying in that
strip , the Mellin transform ϕ∗ (s, φ) exists. We can therefore adopt
the stand point that atleast for potential function ϕ(ρ, φ) satisfying
limiting conditions of the type (13) with λ < µ, there will be some
strip in the complex s-plane in which equation (11) is valid. The
boundary conditions (8) may be similarly be transformed to
ϕ∗ (s, α) = f ∗ (s)
ϕ∗ (s, −α) = g ∗ (s) (14)
where f ∗ (s) and g ∗ (s) are respectively the Mellin transforms of
f (ρ) and g (ρ).
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CONTINUE....
The general solution of equation (11) is given by
ϕ∗ (s, φ) = A(s) cos sφ + B(s) sin sφ (15)
Now,using the boundary conditions (14), we can write from
equation (15) ,
A(s) cos sα + B(s) sin sα = f ∗ (s)
A(s) cos sα − B(s) sin sα = g ∗ (s) (16)
Solving the two equations of (16), we get

f ∗ (s) + g ∗ (s)
A(s) =
2 cos sα
f (s) − g ∗ (s)
∗
B(s) = (17)
2 sin sα
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CONTINUE....

From (17), putting the values of A(s) and B(s) in equation

(15), we get

f ∗ (s) + g ∗ (s) f ∗ (s) − g ∗ (s)

ϕ∗ (s, φ) = cos sφ + sin sφ
2 cos sα 2 sin sα
(f ∗ (s) + g ∗ (s)) cos sφ sin sα
=
sin 2sα
(f ∗ (s) − g ∗ (s)) sin sφ cos sα
+
sin 2sα
∗ sin s(φ + α) sin s(α − φ)
= f (s) + g ∗ (s)
sin 2sα sin 2sα
= f ∗ (s)h∗ (s, α + φ) + g ∗ (s)h∗ (s, α − φ) (18)

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CONTINUE....

where
sin sφ
h∗ (s, φ) = (19)
sin 2sα
π
Now, writing α = 2n (n > 0), and taking the Inverse Mellin
Transform on both sides of expression (19), we get
 
−1 sin sφ
h(ρ, φ) = M ;s → ρ . (20)
sin πs
n

Then    
−1 π sin sφ n
M ; s → ρ = −Im
sin πs
n 1 + (ρe iφ )n

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CONTINUE....

   
−1 sin sφ 1 n
M ; s → ρ = − Im
sin πs
n π 1 + (ρe iφ )n
n ρn sin nφ
= (21)
π 1 + 2ρn cos(nφ) + ρ2n

Inverting the equation (18) by using the convolution formula

Z ∞  
−1 ∗ ∗ ρ du
M [f (s)g (s); ρ] = f g (u) .
0 u u

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CONTINUE....
We can write the solution of the above problem in the form
Z ∞ ρ  du Z ∞ ρ  du
ϕ(ρ, φ) = f (u)h ,α + φ + g (u)h ,α − φ
0 u u 0 u u
Z ∞ ρ
n
n u sin n(α + φ) du
= f (u) ρ
n ρ
2n
0 π1+2 cos n(α + φ) + u u
u
Z ∞ ρ
n
n u sin n(α − φ) du
+ g (u) ρ
n ρ
2n
0 π1+2 cos n(α − φ) + u u
u
ρ
n
sin( π2 + nφ)
Z ∞
n u du
= f (u) ρ n ρ
2n u
π π


0 1 + 2 u cos n( 2 + nφ) + u
ρ
n
sin( π2 − nφ)
Z ∞
n u du
+ g (u) ρ
n ρ
2n u
0 π π
1 + 2 u cos( 2 − nφ) + u
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CONTINUE....

∞
ρn u n−1 cos nφf (u)du
Z
1
=
2α 0 u 2n − 2u n ρn sin nφ + ρ2n
Z ∞
1 ρn u n−1 cos nφg (u)du
+
2α 0 u 2n + 2u n ρn sin nφ + ρ2n
∞
ρn cos nφ u n−1 f (u)du
 Z 
=
2α 0 u 2n − 2ρn u n sin nφ + ρ2n
Z ∞
ρn cos nφ u n−1 g (u)du

+ (22)
2α 0 u 2n + 2ρn u n sin nφ + ρ2n
This is the required potential function in the infinite wedge shaped
region.
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INTRODUCTION MATHEMATICAL PRELIMINARIES POTENTIAL PROBLEM IN AN INFINITE WEDGE SHAPED REGION US

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

MATHEMATICAL PRELIMINARIES

POTENTIAL PROBLEM IN AN INFINITE WEDGE SHAPED

REGION USING MELLIN TRANSFORM

ANALYSIS OF PERFECTLY BONDED WEDGES AND BONDED

WEDGES WITH AN INTERFACIAL CRACK UNDER
ANTIPLANE SHEAR LOADING

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BASIC INTRODUCTION

The equations of equilibrium in absence of body force are given by

∂τrr 1 ∂τr θ ∂τrz τrr − τθθ
+ + + =0
∂r r ∂θ ∂z r
∂τr θ 1 ∂τθθ ∂τθz 2τr θ
+ + + =0 (23)
∂r r ∂θ ∂z r
∂τrz 1 ∂τθz ∂τzz τrz
+ + + =0
∂r r ∂θ ∂z r

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INTRODUCTION MATHEMATICAL PRELIMINARIES POTENTIAL PROBLEM IN AN INFINITE WEDGE SHAPED REGION US

FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM

A bi-material wedge composed of two bonded isotropic wedges
with apex angles θ1 and θ2 ,shear moduli µ1 and µ2 and infinite
length in the direction perpendicular to the plane of the
wedge.Because of imperfect bonding ,a crack exists along the
common edge.Choosing the common edge as the reference axis for
defining the co-ordinate θ,the crack lies on the line θ = 0 between
the radii r = a and r = b.The condition of anti-plane shear
deformation is imposed on the composite wedge and
traction-traction boundary conditions occur on the edges of the
composite wedge ;however,on the faces of the crack the
traction-free condition is applied.In such conditions,the only
non-zero displacement component is the out-of-plane component
W,which is a function of in-plane co-ordinates r and θ and the
non-vanishing stress components are τrz (r , θ) and τθz (r , θ).
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FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM

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INTRODUCTION MATHEMATICAL PRELIMINARIES POTENTIAL PROBLEM IN AN INFINITE WEDGE SHAPED REGION US

CONTINUE....
So,according to the problem,the anti-plane displacement field is
given by
ur = 0, uθ = 0, uz = W (r , θ). (24)
rr = 0 = θθ = zz = r θ . (25)
The non-vanishing strain components and corresponding stress
components are given by
   
1 ∂W 1 ∂W
rz = , θz = . (26)
2 ∂r 2 r ∂θ
τrz = 2µrz
∂W
= µ (27)
∂r
∂W
τθz =
∂θ
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CONTINUE....
For bi-material,k = 1, 2.
The constitute equations for isotropic material,

∂ µk ∂
τrzk = µk k
Wk , τθz = Wk . (28)
∂r r ∂θ
First two equations of equlibrium are identically satisfied.From the
third equation of (23)
τk
 
∂ k 1 ∂ k ∂ k
τrz + τθz + τzz + rz = 0
∂r r r ∂θ ∂z r
 
∂ ∂Wk 1 ∂ µk ∂Wk µk ∂Wk
⇒ µk + ( )+ =0
∂r ∂r r ∂θ r ∂θ r ∂r
∂2 µk ∂ 2 µk ∂Wk
⇒ µk 2 W k + 2 2 W k + =0
∂r r ∂θ r ∂r
⇒ 52 Wk = 0 (29)
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CONTINUE....

Boundary conditions of (29) are

1
τθz (r , θ1 ) = Pδ(r − h)
2
τθz (r , θ2 ) = Pδ(r − h)
W1 (r , 0) = W2 (r , 0); 0 ≤ r ≤ a, b ≤ r ≤ ∞ (30)
(Continuity property )
1 2
τθz (r , 0) = τθz (r , 0)
1 2
τθz (r , 0) = τθz (r , 0) = 0, a ≤ r ≤ b

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CONTINUE....

Here,δ denotes the Dirac-Delta function,h is the location of the

application of the concentrated tractions which may vary from zero
to infinity.Here,we suppose that h ≥ b ≥ a.

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SOLUTION OF THE PROBLEM

Now,the application of the Mellin Transform (4) in conjunction
with integration by parts on (29)

M[52 Wk , S] = 0
Z ∞
⇒ 52 Wk r (S−1) dr = 0
0
Z ∞ 2
1 ∂2

∂ 1 ∂
⇒ 2
+ + 2 ∂θ 2
Wk r (S−1) dr = 0
0 ∂r r ∂r r
Z ∞ 2 Z ∞
∂ (S+1) ∂
⇒ 2
Wk r dr + Wk r (S−1) dr
0 ∂r 0 ∂r
Z ∞ 2
∂
+ Wk r (S−1) dr = 0
0 ∂θ2

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CONTINUE....

 ∞
(S+1) ∂Wk (r , θ)
⇒ r S
− Sr Wk (r , θ) + S 2 Wk∗ (S, θ)
∂r 0
d2
+ 2 Wk∗ (S, θ) = 0
dθ
d2
⇒ W ∗ (S, θ) + S 2 Wk∗ (S, θ) = 0, k = 1, 2. (31)
dθ2 k
provided
 
(S+1) ∂Wk (r , θ) S
lim r − Sr Wk (r , θ) = 0; k = 1, 2
r →0 ∂r
 
(S+1) ∂Wk (r , θ) S
lim r − Sr Wk (r , θ) = 0; k = 1, 2. (32)
r →∞ ∂r
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CONTINUE....
Solutions of (31)are given by

Wk∗ (S, θ) = Ak (S) sin Sθ + Bk (S) cos Sθ; k = 1, 2. (33)

Now,we will take the Mellin Transform of first and second

equations of boundary conditions (30),
Z ∞
1∗
τθz (S, θ1 ) = P δ(r − h)x (S−1) dx
0
= Ph(S−1) (34)
 Z ∞ 
as f (x)δ(x − x0 )dx = f (x0 )
−∞

Similarly,
2∗
τθz (S, −θ2 ) = Ph(S−1) (35)
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CONTINUE....

Now,using Mellin Transform on (28) , we get,

τrzk∗ = µk [−(S − 1)Wk∗ (S − 1, θ)] (36)

where M[f 0 (x); S] = −(S − 1)f ∗ (S − 1)

∂
k∗
τθz = µk W ∗ (S − 1, θ). (37)
∂θ k
From (33), we can write

Wk∗ (S − 1, θ) = Ak (S − 1) sin(S − 1)θ

+Bk (S − 1) cos(S − 1)θ (38)

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CONTINUE....

∂
⇒ µk W ∗ (S − 1, θ) = µk [(S − 1)Ak (S − 1) cos(S − 1)θ]
∂θ k
−µk [(S − 1)Bk (S − 1) sin(S − 1)θ]
k∗
⇒ τθz (S, θ) = µk [(S − 1)Ak (S − 1) cos(S − 1)θ]
−µk [(S − 1)Bk (S − 1) sin(S − 1)θ] (39)
(using (37))
Particularly,for k=1 , from (34) ,we get
µ1 [(S−1)A1 (S−1) cos(S−1)θ1 −(S−1)B1 (S−1) sin(S−1)θ1 ] = Ph(S−1)
(40)
Similarly,for k=2 from (35) ,we get
µ2 [(S−1)A2 (S−1) cos(S−1)θ2 +(S−1)B2 (S−1) sin(S−1)θ2 ] = Ph(S−1)
(41)
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CONTINUE....
From (40) ,

Ph(S−1)
B1 (S − 1) = A1 (S − 1) cot(S − 1)θ1 −
µ1 (S − 1) sin(S − 1)θ1

Replacing (S-1) by S,we get,

PhS
B1 (S) = A1 (S) cot Sθ1 − (42)
µ1 S sin Sθ1

Similarly,from (41),

Ph(S−1)
B2 (S − 1) = − A2 (S − 1) cot(S − 1)θ2
µ2 (S − 1) sin(S − 1)θ2

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CONTINUE....
Replacing (S-1) by S,we get,

PhS
B2 (S) = − A2 (S) cot Sθ2 (43)
µ2 S sin Sθ2
Now,taking Mellin Transform of 4th equation of (30) ,we get
1∗ 2∗
τθz (S, 0) = τθz (S, 0)
⇒ µ1 A1 (S − 1) = µ2 A2 (S − 1), (putting k = 1 and θ = 0 in (38))
µ1
⇒ A2 (S − 1) = A1 (S − 1)
µ2
Replacing (S-1) by S,we get,
µ1
A2 (S) = A1 (S) (44)
µ2
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CONTINUE....

To apply the 3rd and 5th equation of boundary conditions (30)

,the following unknown function may be defined:
∂
f (r ) = [W1 (r , 0) − W2 (r , 0)] (45)
∂r
Then using 3rd equation of boundary conditions (30) , (45)
becomes
f (r ) = 0; 0 ≤ r ≤ a, b ≤ r ≤ ∞ (46)
Also,the single-valued condition of displacement requires that
Z b
f (r )dr = 0 (47)
a

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CONTINUE....
Now,applying the inversion formula (5) in (33), the solution may
be obtained as
Z c+i∞
1
Wk (r , θ) = r −S (Ak sin Sθ + Bk cos Sθ)ds; k = 1, 2
2πi c−i∞
(48)
Substituting (48) in (45),taking Mellin transform from both sides
of the resultant equation and using the boundary condition (46), in
conjunction with the use of equation (44), we determine A1 in
terms of f (r ) as follows:
Z b Z ∞  Z c+i∞ 
S−1 ∂ 1 −S
f (r )r dr = r B1 dS r S−1 dr
a 0 ∂r 2πi c−i∞
Z ∞  Z c+i∞ 
∂ 1 −S
− r B2 dS r S−1 dr
0 ∂r 2πi c−i∞
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CONTINUE....

Z ∞ Z c+i∞
 
∂1 −S
= r (B1 − B2 )dS r S−1 dr
0 ∂r
2πi c−i∞
Z ∞ Z c+i∞ 
1 −S
= −(S − 1) r (B1 − B2 )dS r S−2 dr
0 2πi c−i∞
Z ∞
= −(S − 1) (B1 (r ) − B2 (r )) r S−2 dr
0
= −(S − 1) (B1 (S − 1) − B2 (S − 1))

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CONTINUE....

Replacing(S-1) by S, we get,
Z b
f (r )r S dr = −S(B1 (S) − B2 (S))
a
1 b
Z
⇒ B1 (S) − B2 (S) = − f (r )r S dr
S a
PhS PhS
⇒ A1 (S) cot Sθ1 − − + A2 (S) cot Sθ2
µ1 S sin Sθ1 µ2 S sin Sθ2
1 b
Z
=− f (r )r S dr
S a
[from (42) and (43) ]

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CONTINUE....

1 b
  Z
A2 (S)
⇒ A1 (S) cot Sθ1 + cot Sθ2 = − f (r )r S dr
A1 (S) S a
 
S 1 1 1
+Ph +
S µ1 sin Sθ1 µ2 sin Sθ2
1 b
  Z
µ1
⇒ A1 (S) cot Sθ1 + cot Sθ2 = − f (r )r S dr
µ2 S a
 
1 S 1 1
+ Ph +
S µ1 sin Sθ1 µ2 sin Sθ2
[ from (44) ]

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CONTINUE....

 Z b 
µ2 S
⇒ A1 (S) = − f (ν)ν dν
S[µ2 cot Sθ1 + µ1 cot Sθ2 ] a
  
µ2 S 1 1
+ Ph + (49)
S[µ2 cot Sθ1 + µ1 cot Sθ2 ] µ1 sin Sθ1 µ2 sin Sθ2
Applying the second equation of (28) with k=1 on the equation
(48),together with the use of the equation (42) and equation (49),
we may obtain
1 ∂W1
r τθz = µ1
∂θ
Z c+i∞ 
1 −S
= µ1 r S(A1 cos Sθ − B1 sin Sθ)ds
2πi c−i∞

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CONTINUE....

 S
c+i∞
sin(S(θ1 − θ)) + sin(S(θ + θ2 ))
Z
1 h
= P ds
2πi
c−i∞ r R cos Sθ1 sin Sθ2 + sin Sθ1 sin Sθ2
Z c+i∞  S
1 h (R − 1) sin Sθ2 cos Sθ
+ P ds
2πi c−i∞ r R cos Sθ1 sin Sθ2 + sin Sθ1 sin Sθ2
Z c+i∞ R b ν S


1 a µ 2 r f (ν) sin(S(θ1 − θ)) sin Sθ2
− dνds
(50)
2πi c−i∞ R cos Sθ1 sin Sθ2 + sin Sθ1 sin Sθ2

where
µ2
R= (51)
µ1

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CONTINUE....
The first integral in (50)is the solution of a bimaterial wedge
compared of two isotropic wedges bonded together along a
common edge without any crack on the interfacial region(a = b
implies that no crack exists and sets the second intrgral in
(50)equal to zero). Now,the equation for poles are obtained by

R cos Sn θ1 sin Sn θ2 + sin Sn θ1 sin Sn θ2 = 0 (52)

tan(Sn θ1 ) cot(Sn θ2 ) = −R (53)

equation(53) has not been solved analytically,in general,but it

appears to have symmetric real roots + − Sn with respect to
imaginary axis of the complex plane.It can also be shown that the
roots are simple poles of integrand in (50).
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CONTINUE....

On the other hand,from the condition (32) and the requirement

that the expression for strain energy ought to be integrable in the
vicinity of the wedge apex,the strip of regularity becomes |C | < S1 ,
where S1 is the least of the poles Sn .

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Analysis of a Bi-material Wedge with Perfect Bonding

Along the Interface :

As mentioned above, letting a = b in (50), we may obtain the

solution of the perfect bonding problem of a bimaterial wedge.
Here,the integration is a meromorphic function in S. Two different
regions should be considered which are: r ≤ h and r ≥ h. The
choice of contour is subjected to the requirement that the
integrand should approach zero as |S| → ∞ . Thus, in the region
r ≤ h ,we consider second and third quadrants of complex S-plane
and in the region r ≥ h, we consider the first and fourth quadrants
of complex S-plane.

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CONTINUE....
Now,we use the Residue theorem to obtain the stress field. As all
the poles are simple, for S = Sn , residue will be
p(Sn )
Res(f ; Sn ) =
q 0 (Sn )
where
 S
h
p(S) = P sin(S(θ1 − θ)) + sin(S(θ + θ2 )) + (R − 1) sin Sθ2 cos Sθ
r
and q(S) = R cos Sθ1 sin Sθ2 + sin Sθ1 cos Sθ2 .
For r ≤ h, as we consider the contour engulfing the second and
third quadrants, we put S = −Sn . Therefore,,stress field will be
∞
" #
1 1 X
r τθz (r , θ) = 2πi Res(f ; −Sn )
2πi
n=1

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CONTINUE....

Now
p(−Sn )
Res(f ; −Sn ) =
q 0 (−Sn )

S
P hr n [sin(Sn (θ1 − θ)) + sin(Sn (θ + θ2 ))]
=
(Rθ1 + θ2 ) sin Sn θ1 sin Sn θ2 [1 + λ cot2 Sn θ1 ]

S
P hr n [(R − 1) sin Sn θ2 cos Sn θ]
+
(Rθ1 + θ2 ) sin Sn θ1 sin Sn θ2 [1 + λ cot2 Sn θ1 ]
(using (53))

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CONTINUE....

then τθz1 (r , θ) becomes ( for r ≤ h )

1 (r , θ) =
τθz
P P∞ r
Sn −1 sin(Sn (θ1 −θ))+sin(Sn (θ+θ2 ))
h(Rθ1 +θ2 ) n=1 h sin Sn θ1 sin Sn θ2 [1+λ cot2 Sn θ1 ]

∞
P X  r Sn −1 (R − 1) sin Sn θ2 cos Sn θ
+
h(Rθ1 + θ2 ) h sin Sn θ1 sin Sn θ2 [1 + λ cot2 Sn θ1 ]
n=1
(54)
For r ≥ h ,as we consider the contour engulfing the first and fourth
quadrant ,we put S = Sn .

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CONTINUE....
Therefore,
1 (r , θ) =
τθz
P P∞ r Sn +1 sin(Sn (θ1 −θ))+sin(Sn (θ+θ2 ))


h(Rθ1 +θ2 ) n=1 h sin Sn θ1 sin Sn θ2 [1+λ cot2 Sn θ1 ]

∞
P X  r Sn +1 (R − 1) sin Sn θ2 cos Sn θ
+
h(Rθ1 + θ2 ) h sin Sn θ1 sin Sn θ2 [1 + λ cot2 Sn θ1 ]
n=1
(55)
where
R(θ1 + Rθ2 )
λ= (56)
Rθ1 + θ2
Similar relations may be derived for the stress component τrz
,displacement field W and also for the other wedge designated by
sub/superscript 2.The relation (54) shows a strength of geometric
singularity of λS = 1 − S1 at the wedge apex.
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CONTINUE....

In the special case,where the apex angles of the two wedges are
equal (θ1 = θ2 = α) ,we obtain from equation (52), two series of
poles which are Sn = nπ π
α and Sn = (2n + 1) 2α , (n = 0, 1, 2, . . . )
nπ
When Sn = α , (54) and (55) gives nothing other than zero.
π
When Sn = (2n + 1) 2α , we obtain
π
 P  
P ∞ n r (2n+1) 2α −1 cos (2n+1)πθ


hα n=1 (−1) h ,r ≤h
1
τθz (r , θ) = (2n+1) π
+1
 2α 
P P ∞ n h

(2n+1)πθ
hα n=1 (−1) r
2α
cos 2α ,r ≥h
(57)
Equations (57) are independent of material property and thus for
equal shear moduli (µ1 = µ2 ) ,the same results are obtained too.

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CONTINUE....
From (57),
π π
(2n + 1) − 1 ≥ 0 ⇒ π ≥ 2α (when n = 0) ⇒ α ≤
2α 2
i.e. stress field is bounded in a bimaterial wedge with 0 ≤ α ≤ π2 .
When
π π
(2n + 1) − 1 ≤ 0 ⇒ ≤ α, (when n = 0)
2α 2
π
i.e. in a wedge with 2 ≤ α ≤ π , we have a strength of singularity
of
π
λs = 1 − (58)
2α
at the wedge apex. Let, α = π , we encounter the antiplane
problem of an edge crack in a composite wedge and obtain a
singularity of order 12 ,which is the case for an edge crack.
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Analysis of a Bi-material Wedge with an Interfacial Crack:

Existance of an interfacial crack brings the second integral of
equation (50) into account. Both the integrals in (50) are
meromorphic functions in S and four distinct regions of
0 ≤ r ≤ a, a ≤ r ≤ b, b ≤ r ≤ h and r ≥ h should be
recognized. Since, we need only the region a ≤ r ≤ b for applying
the boundary condition, last equation of (30). Now, for the first
integral in (50), we complete the contour integration by a
semicircular arc including the negative part of the real
axis, Re(S) ≤ 0. For the second integral in (50), after changing the
order of the integration, we break the limits into regions [a, r ] and
[r , b]. Then for the integral in [a, r ], we take a semicircular arc
including the positive part of the real axis, Re(S) ≥ 0 and for the
integral in [r , b], we must consider a semicircular arc including
negative part of real axis, Re(S) ≤ 0.
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CONTINUE....

Utilizing the residue theorem, we obtain the stress field

1 (r , θ) =
r τθz
1 P∞ r Sn sin(Sn (θ1 −θ))+sin(Sn (θ+θ2 ))


(Rθ1 +θ2 ) n=1 P h sin Sn θ1 sin Sn θ2 [1+λ cot2 Sn θ1 ]
∞ S
+ (Rθ11+θ2 ) n=1 P hr n sin S(R−1) sin Sn θ2 cos Sn θ
P

2
n θ1 sin Sn θ2 [1+λ cot Sn θ1 ]

X b µ2 ν S f (ν) sin(Sn (θ1 − θ))

"∞ Z
#
1 r n
− dν
Rθ1 + θ2 a sin Sn θ1 [1 + λ cot2 Sn θ1 ]
n=1

X b µ2 r S f (ν) sin(Sn (θ1 − θ))

"∞ Z
#
1 ν n
+ dν ; a ≤ r ≤ b
Rθ1 + θ2 r sin Sn θ1 [1 + λ cot2 (Sn θ1 )]
n=1
(59)
in which λ is defined by (56).

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CONTINUE....

Now, we apply last equation of boundary conditions (30) on

(59).Then we get,

ν Sn
∞ Rr ∞ Rb
S
f (ν)dν X r νr n f (ν)dν


X
a r
−
1 + λ cot2 Sn θ1 1 + λ cot2 Sn θ1
n=1 n=1

∞ r Sn


P X h [sin Sn θ1 + R sin Sn θ2 ]
= ; a ≤ r ≤ b. (60)
µ2 sin Sn θ1 sin Sn θ2 [1 + λ cot2 Sn θ1 ]
n=1

This is the basic relation for the derivation of singular integral

equation.

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Derivation of the Singular Integral Equation in the case

θ1 = θ2 = α :
In this case, (52) reduces to
sin(Sn α) cos(Sn α) = 0 (61)
which gives two sets of zeroes : Sn = nπ π
α and Sn = (2n + 1) 2α ,
nπ
(n = 0, 1, 2, . . . ) In (60), Sn = α gives nothing other than zero.
π
Thus, applying Sn = (2n + 1) 2α in (60) and changing the order of
summation and integration yields
Z r π X ∞   nπ Z b π X ∞   nπ
ν 2α ν α r 2α r α
f (ν)dν − f (ν)dν
a r r r ν ν
n=1 n=1
∞
π X  r  nπ
P(1 + R)  r  2α α
= (−1)n ; a ≤ r ≤ b. (62)
µ2 h h
n=1

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CONTINUE....
In first integral of (62), we can see that ν < r and in the second
integral r < ν. Also, we have supposed that h ≥ b .Using the series
expansion formulas, (62) becomes
Z r  γ Z b  γ
ν 2 1 r 2 1
ν

γ f (ν)dν −
γ f (ν)dν
a r 1− r r ν 1 − νr

γ
r 2
P(1 + R) h

= γ ; a ≤ r ≤ b. (63)
µ2 1 + hr
Z b γ γ
r

γ
2
r 2ν2 P(1 + R) h
⇒ f (ν)dν = − r γ
; a ≤ r ≤ b (64)
νγ − r γ


a µ2 1+ h
in which
π
γ= (65)
α
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CONTINUE....

If we make the following change in variables

t = ν γ , x = r γ , c = aγ , d = b γ , e = h γ (66)

and define 1
− 21 1
φ(t) = t γ f (t γ ) (67)
Therefore, (64)becomes
Z d √  
φ(t) µ1 + µ 2 P e µ2
dt = −γ ; c ≤x ≤d R= (68)
c t −x µ 1 µ2 e + x µ1

equation (68) has to be solved as it is subjected to the condition

(47), which under the relations (66) and (67) changes form to

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CONTINUE....

Z b
f (ν)dν = 0
a
Z d
φ(t)
⇒ 1 dt = 0 (69)
t2
c
The general solution of (68) can be given as
 Z d 
1 1 1 P(t)
φ(x) = [(x − c)(d − x)]− 2 B − 2 [(t − c)(d − t)] 2 dt ;
π c t −x
(70)
c ≤x ≤d
in which √
µ1 + µ2 P e
P(t) = −γ (71)
µ 1 µ2 e + t
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CONTINUE....
Now,we have to compute the integral
Z dp
(t − c)(d − t)
I = dt (72)
c (t − x)(t + e)
to obtain φ(x) .
Here x is constant with respect to integration variable t. To
compute the integral, we may use the following change in variable:
p
(t − c)(d − t) = (t − c)u

Applying this change of variable on (72), we obtain

2(d − c)2
Z ∞
u 2 du
I = (73)
(c − x)(c + e) 0 (u 2 + 1)(u 2 − m2 )(u 2 + l 2 )

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CONTINUE....
where
d −x 2 d +e
m2 = , l = (74)
x −c c +e
Now, computing the integral in (73) by the method of partial
fraction expansion and substituting the results into (70) and
facilitating yields
" √ p #
P e P e(c + e)(d + e) 1
φ(x) = B − + [(x − c)(d − x)]− 2 ,
µe α µe α(x + e)
(75)
c ≤x ≤d
in which  
µ1 µ2
µe = .
(µ1 + µ2 )
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CONTINUE....
The constant B is obtained by applying the condition (69) on
(75) , which gives
 √ √ 
P e(c+e)(d+e) 1
P e
Z d B − µe α + µe α(t+e) [(t − c)(d − t)]− 2
1 dt = 0
c t2
1
[(t − c)(d − t)]− 2
 Z d
µe α
⇒ √ B −1 √ dt
P e c t
Z d
p dt
= − (c + e)(d + e) p
c (t + e) t(t − c)(d − t)
√  
P e p I1
⇒ B= 1 − (c + e)(d + e) (76)
µe α I2

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CONTINUE....
where Z d
dt
I1 = p (77)
c (t + e) t(t − c)(d − t)
and Z d
dt
I2 = p (78)
c t(t − c)(d − t)
To carry out the integrations (77) and (78), we make the
successive changes in variables :
t = (d − c)u 2 + c, u = cos θ (79)
Z π Z π
2 dθ 2 dθ
∴ I2 = p = √ p (80)
2
0 d cos2 θ + c sin θ 0 d 1 − k 2 sin2 θ
d−c
where k2 = d
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CONTINUE....
π
K (k, π2 ) = √ dθ
R 2
0 is called the complete elliptic integral of
1−k 2 sin2 θ
first kind.
Similarly, I1 becomes
Z π
2 dθ
I1 = √ p (81)
0 d(d + e)(1 + n sin2 θ) 1 − k 2 sin2 θ

where n = − d−c 2
d+e , k =
d−c
d .
Z π
π 2 dθ
Π(k, n, ) = p
2 0 (1 + n sin θ) 1 − k 2 sin2 θ
2

is called the complete elliptic integral of third kind.

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CONTINUE....
Putting the values of I1 and I2 from (81) and (80) respectively in
(76) ,we get ,
√ " #
(c + e)(d + e) Π(k, n, π2 )
p
P e
B= 1− (82)
µe α d +e K (k, π2 )

Now, putting the value of B from (82) in (75), we arrive at

" √ ( )#
(c + e)(d + e) Π(k, n, π2 )
p
P e
φ(x) = 1−
µe α d +e K (k, π2 )
1
[(x − c)(d − x)]− 2
" √ p #
P e P e(c + e)(d + e) 1
+ − + [(x − c)(d − x)]− 2
µe α µe α(x + e)

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CONTINUE....

1 Π(k, n, π2 )
 
P p 1
= e(c + e)(d + e) −
µe α x +e d + e K (k, π2 )
1
[(x − c)(d − x)]− 2 , (83)
c ≤x ≤d
where
d −c d −c
n=− , k2 = (84)
d +e d
Now,with the aid of (66) and (67), we may obtain f(r) as follows :
Π(k, n, π2 )
 
P p γ γ γ γ γ
1 1
f (r ) = h (a + h )(b + h ) γ − γ
µe α r + hγ b + hγ K (k, π2 )
γ 1
[r 2 −1 [(r γ − aγ )(b γ − r γ )]− 2 ], a ≤ r ≤ b (85)
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CONTINUE....

where
b γ − aγ b γ − aγ
K2 = , n = − (86)
bγ b γ + hγ
If the location of application of the concentrated traction is far
enough from the crack tips (h >> b), then

b γ − aγ
n = −
b γ + hγ
b γ a γ



−
= − h b
γ h
h +1

The above computation shows that n → 0 as b << h and a << h.

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INTRODUCTION MATHEMATICAL PRELIMINARIES POTENTIAL PROBLEM IN AN INFINITE WEDGE SHAPED REGION US

CONTINUE....
Since,  π  π
Π k, 0, = K k, (87)
2 2
then from (85)
 
P p γ γ γ γ γ
1 1
f (r ) = h (a + h )(b + h ) γ − γ
µe α r + hγ b + hγ
γ 1
r 2 −1 [(r γ − aγ )(b γ − r γ )]− 2 ; a ≤ r ≤ b
 
b γ r γ
r


P (aγ + hγ )(b γ + hγ )  h − h
= γ
 
µe α h r γ b γ




h + 1 h +1
γ 1
r 2 −1 [(r γ − aγ )(b γ − r γ )]− 2 ; a ≤ r ≤ b
 
r b
= 0 as a ≤ r ≤ b << h, << 1, << 1
h h
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INTRODUCTION MATHEMATICAL PRELIMINARIES POTENTIAL PROBLEM IN AN INFINITE WEDGE SHAPED REGION US

CONTINUE....
on the other hand,if the crack tip r = a coincides with the wedge
apex (a = 0), then a singularity of unity is observed at the apex.
Stress Intensity Factor
The stress intensity factors at the crack tips r = a and r = b may
be defined as
1
1
K (a) = lim [2(a − r )] 2 τθz (r , 0)
r →a
µ1 µ2 1
= lim [2(r − a)] 2 f (r )
r →a µ1 + µ2
1
1
K (b) = lim [2(r − b)] 2 τθz (r , 0)
r →a
µ 1 µ2 1
= − lim [2(b − r )] 2 f (r ) (88)
r →b µ1 + µ2

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NUMERICAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS :

In order to take the location and the length of the crack into
account,we may write the distance of the centre of the crack with
respect to the apex and the crack length in terms of the crack tips
co-ordinates
a+b b−a
c0 = , a0 = (89)
2 2
Substituting (89) into (85), (86) and (88), we can show the
variation of the density function f (r ) and the stress intensity
factors in appropriate graphs.

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INTRODUCTION MATHEMATICAL PRELIMINARIES POTENTIAL PROBLEM IN AN INFINITE WEDGE SHAPED REGION US

CONTINUE....
0.4

0.2

0.0 y

-0.2

-0.4
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

r
Figura: Variation of f (r ) as a function of a0 (a ≤ r ≤ b)

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CONTINUE....
1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

c0
Figura: Variation of SIF K (a) as a function of a0
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INTRODUCTION MATHEMATICAL PRELIMINARIES POTENTIAL PROBLEM IN AN INFINITE WEDGE SHAPED REGION US

CONTINUE....
1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

c0
Figura: Variation of SIF K (b) as a function of a0
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INTRODUCTION MATHEMATICAL PRELIMINARIES POTENTIAL PROBLEM IN AN INFINITE WEDGE SHAPED REGION US

CONTINUE....

The first graph shows the variation of µe f P(r )a0 as a function of ar0
in constant ac00 and ah0 . In this particular
example,α = π2 , ac00 = 2 and ah0 = 4.
The second and third graph show the variation of the stress
intensity factors as functions of relative crack distance, ac00 for
α = π2 and ah0 = 4.
It is observed that K (a) → 0 ,K (b) → 0 as ac00 → ∞. On the other
hand, K (a) → ∞ as ac00 → 1(or , a → 0), whereas K (b) is finite for
c0
a0 = 1(or , a = 0).

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REFERENCES

A.R.Shahani, S.Adibnazari Analysis of perfectly bonded wedges

and bonded wedges with an interfacial crack under antiplane
shear loading. Sharif University of Technology, Azadi
Ave., Tehran, Iran,1998.
Erdogan, F., Gupta, G.D. Bonded wedges with an interface
crack under anti-plane shear loading. International Journal of
Fracture II,583-593,1975.
Ian N.Sneddon, The use of Integral Transforms, THM edition
1974.
Kargarnovin, M.H., Shahani, A.R., Fariborz, S.J. Analysis of
an isotropic finite wedge under anti-plane deformation.
International Journal of Solid and Structures 34, 113-128,1997.
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INTRODUCTION MATHEMATICAL PRELIMINARIES POTENTIAL PROBLEM IN AN INFINITE WEDGE SHAPED REGION US

APPLICATIONS OF MELLIN TRANSFORM IN

FRACTURE MECHANICS AND POTENTIAL
PROBLEMS

SUBMITTED BY DEBORPITA BISWAS

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
PROFESSOR JAGABANDHU DE

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATHETICS
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY, SHIBPUR

May,2017

THANK YOU....
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