Computer Architecture 2

http://www.unhas.ac.id/amil/TE2015/arsikom2/

L #1
Amil A. Ilham
http://www.unhas.ac.id/amil
Pengantar

ADMINISTRASI KULIAH

2
 Administrasi Kuliah
• Jadwal Kuliah:
– Setiap hari Rabu, 09.00 – 10.20 Wita
• Kuliah akan dilaksanakan sesuai jadwal di atas,
kecuali jika ada pemberitahuan khusus.
• Jika ada pembatalan kuliah karena tugas luar
kota, dll, akan disampaikan ke Ketua Kelas.

3
 Administrasi Kuliah
• Penilaian
– MID/FINAL Test (wajib diikuti)
• Total Nilai = 0, jika MID/FIN Test tidak diikuti.
– Quiz (kapan saja)
– Tugas Individu dan Kelompok
– Presentasi, dll.

4
 Administrasi Kuliah
• Hal-hal lain:
– Tidak ada (waktu) perbaikan nilai.
– Ujian susulan hanya akan diberikan jika
berhalangan hadir pada saat ujian karena:
• Sakit atau alasan pribadi lain yang dapat diterima.
• Ada pemberitahuan pada saat ujian atau sebelum ujian
(Do not hesitate to let me know!)

5
 Rules!
• Please be aware that:
– No mark (zero) for late assignments without prior
permission or urgent reasons.
– No mark (zero) for cheated assignments or exams.
– No talks via mobile phone during class.
• Silent mode is OK
• You can leave class if you have an urgent call.
– No FB, Twitter, SMS, dkk, during class.
– No “kaos oblong” and “sandal”.
– No smoking!
– Snack/candy is OK during class.

6
Pengantar

PENGANTAR

7
Computer Organization
A Typical Computer Organization
CPU: Central Processing Unit
RF: Register File
ALU: Arithmetic & Logic Unit
I/O: Input/Output

9
Inside the personal computer
 Close-up of PC motherboard

The Intel Pentium 4 processor

 Inside the processor chip

The Intel Pentium 4 processor

 Designing Computers
All computers more or less based on the same basic design:
the Von Neumann Architecture!

13
 The Von Neumann Architecture
Bus

Processor (CPU)

Memory Input/Output
Control Unit

ALU
Communicate with
Store data and program
"outside world", e.g.
• Screen
Execute program • Keyboard
• Storage devices
• ...
Do arithmetic/logic operations
requested by program

14
Computing Core

15
Processor: Picture of Intel Ivy Bridge

16
 What is a Computing Thread ?
• A computing thread is a sequence of machine
instructions
• A computer program is made of one or more threads
– One thread: single-thread programming
– >1 thread: multi-thread programming
• Threads allow to parallelize computations
– We can expect programs to run faster
• Multiple thread can be executed on:
– A single computing core: few acceleration to expect
– Several computing cores: we can expect the program to
run faster
• Threads are scheduled and allocated by the operating
system
17
 Technology Used in Computers

Transistors
Vacuum Tube

Integrated
Circuit- IC
Microprocessor VLSI*
chips
*VLSI: Very large-scale integration
18
 Evolution of Computers

First Generation: ENIAC, 1946 (U of Penn) –Vacuum Tubes

• The first programmable electronic

digital computer
• 18,000 vacuum tubes
• 30 ton, 30m x 2.5m x 1m
• 5000 additions per second
• 20×10-decimal-digit words
• Programmed by 3000 switches
• Cost: almost $500,000
(approximately $6,000,000 today)
(became stored program in 1948
following von Neumann's advise)

19
 Evolution of Computers

Second generation (1954-1959) - Transistor

Manchester University Experimental Transistor Computer

http://history.acusd.edu/gen/recording/computer1.html
http://www.computer50.org/kgill/transistor/trans.html

20
 Evolution of Computers

Third generation (1959-1971) - IC

PDP-8, Digital Equipment Corporation

 Thanks to the use of ICs, the DEC PDP-8

is the least expensive general-purpose small
computer in 1960s

http://history.acusd.edu/gen/recording/computer1.html
http://www.piercefuller.com/collect/pdp8.html

21
 Evolution of Computers

Fourth generation (1971-present) - microprocessor

 In 1971, Intel developed 4-bit 4004 chip for calculator
applications.

ROM/RAM buffer Timing Reset

Control logic

Instruction Program
decoder counter

ALU Reg.

I/O
Refresh
logic

System bus

Block diagram of Intel 4004 4004 chip layout http://www.intel.com

A good review article: The History of The Microprocessor, Bell Labs Technical Journal, 1997.
22
Intel 4004 @ 70s

• Intel 4004, first single chip CPU

– 4- bit processor for a calculator
– 2,300 transistors
– 16-pin DIP package
– 740kHz (eight clock cycles per CPU
cycle of 10.8 microseconds)
– ~ 100K OPs per second

23
Intel Itanium 9500 Series

• 64-bit processor
• 3.1 billion transistors
• 2.53 GHz, issue up to 12
instructions per cycle
• 8 Cores
• 54 MByte of cache!!

In ~40 years, about 1,000,000

times growth in transistor
count and performance!

24
 Transistor Count-
Intel Processors

Transistor count doubles every 18-24 months

25
 Processor Transistor Count

Intel 4004, 2300tr

(1971) Intel P4 – 55M tr
(2001)

Intel McKinley – 221M tr.

(2001)

Intel Core 2 Extreme Quad-

core 2x291M tr.
(2006)
26
 Multiprocessor
• “We are dedicating all of our future product development to
multicore designs. … This is a sea change in computing”
Paul Otellini, President, Intel (2005)

• All microprocessor companies switch to MP (2X CPUs / 2 yrs)

Manufacturer/Year AMD/’05 Intel/’06 IBM/’04 Sun/’05

Processors/chip 2 2 2 8
Threads/Processor 1 2 2 4
Threads/chip 2 4 4 32

27
 Assignment 1 (Homework)
• Tuliskan soal dalam Bahasa Inggris.
• Terjemahkan soal ke dalam Bahasa Indonesia.
• Tuliskan masing-masing jawaban dari setiap
pertanyaan (Pilihan jawaban hanya boleh
digunakan satu kali).
• Aturan yang harus diikuti:
– Tugas individu
– Dikumpul minggu depan pada awal kuliah
– Ditulis tangan rapi atau diketik (Tidak dibolehkan
copy-paste)
– Tidak dibolehkan menggunakan translation tools
(Google translate, dsb)
28