COMMAND INSTRUMENT RATING

CAO EXTRACT
 Civil Aviation Order 20.9

4.5 Action in the event of a fire hazard

4.5.1 A fuelling operation shall be suspended and the Airport Fire Service notified
when any fuel of a quantity likely to create a fire hazard is spilled on or within
15 metres (50 feet) of the aircraft or ground fuelling equipment, including the
bilge of a fuelling barge, and the operation shall not recommence until the fire
hazard is removed.
4.5.2 A fuelling operation shall be stopped as soon as it becomes apparent that an
infringement exists of any of the relevant requirements of this Order.
4.5.3 When any fuel of a quantity likely to create a fire hazard is spilled on or
within 15 metres (50 ft) of the aircraft or ground fuelling equipment, the pilot
in command or, in his absence, the operator shall ensure that:
(a) passengers remaining on board or in the process of embarking or
disembarking are removed to a point at least 15 metres (50 ft) from the
spilled fuel; and
(b) mobile power units, vehicles and power operated loading devices
operating within 15 metres (50 ft) of the spilled fuel are shut down; and
(c) maintenance work of any nature on or within the aircraft is suspended and
not recommenced until the spilled fuel has been removed.
4.7 In this subsection:
cabin crew member means a person who:
(a) is a member of the operating crew, but not the flight crew, of an aircraft;
and
(b) may be assigned to emergency duties in the aircraft under subsection 12
of section 20.11 of the Civil Aviation Orders.
passenger zone in relation to an aircraft, means an area within the aircraft
which has:
(a) seats for 72 or less passengers; and
(b) an exit.

5 Starting and ground operations of engines

5.1 The pilot in command or in his absence any other person responsible for
starting or ground operation of an aircraft shall ensure that:
5.1.1 In the case of land aircraft, passenger loading equipment to permit rapid
evacuation of passengers and crew is kept immediately available during the
starting of engines.
5.1.2 In the case of seaplanes, water transport of a capacity sufficient to enable rapid
evacuation of passengers and crew is immediately available during the starting
of engines.
5.1.3 Where any fuel or other flammable material is spilled within 15 metres (50 ft)
of an aircraft, the aircraft engines shall not be started or operated until the fire
hazard has been removed.
5.1.4 An aircraft engine shall not be started or operated:
(a) within 5 metres (17 ft) of any sealed building; or
(b) within 8 metres (25 ft) of other aircraft; or

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(c) within 15 metres (50 ft) of any exposed public area; or

(d) within 15 metres (50 ft) of any unsealed building in the case of an aircraft
with a maximum take-off weight exceeding 5 700 kg (12 566 lb); or
(e) within 8 metres (25 ft) of any unsealed building in the case of an aircraft
with a maximum take-off weight not exceeding 5 700 kg (12 566 lb);
and turbine engines, in addition, shall not be operated within the appropriate
distance specified below of any other aircraft, fuelling equipment or exposed
public areas which lie to the rear of and within a 15 degree arc either side of
the exhaust outlet axis of that engine:

Engine type Power condition Minimum distance

metres
Turbo-prop At or below normal slow taxiing 15 (50 ft)
power
At power used to initiate 23 (75 ft)
movement of a stationary aircraft
Turbo-jet At or below normal slow taxiing 30 (100 ft)
thrust
At thrust used to initiate 46 (150 ft)
movement of a stationary aircraft

Note Fuelling equipment does not include equipment and outlet points of an installation
located below ground level when the equipment is stowed and covering hatches are in place.
5.2 The operator of an aircraft shall ensure that all persons who may be required
to start the engine of the aircraft are familiar with the method of operation of
any installed engine nacelle fire extinguishing equipment.
5.3 The pilot in command and the operator shall ensure that passengers do not
embark or disembark or that freight is not loaded or unloaded from the aircraft
whilst an engine of the aircraft is operating unless the passengers and/or the
loading personnel have been given instruction and guidance to protect them
from injury as a consequence of engine operation.

6 Ground operation of aircraft radar equipment

6.1 The requirement of this subsection shall apply to all radar equipment with a
nominal peak power output rating in excess of 25 kW.
6.2 During all ground operation, including testing and maintenance of aircraft
radar equipment, the operator and person in charge of such equipment shall
ensure that:
6.2.1 The equipment is not energised in its normal mode (antenna rotating) unless
the sector area scanned by the radar beam is clear of the following objects to a
distance of 37 metres (120 ft) from the antenna:
(a) aircraft being refuelled or defuelled;
(b) fuel tankers, fuel tanks or fuel storage areas;
(c) persons or cargo;
(d) any other aircraft or aircraft hangar.

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Note For each radar installation the sector area should be defined in terms of readily
distinguishable dimensions preferably related to some feature of the aircraft and should appear
in the Aircraft Maintenance Manual.
6.2.2 The equipment is not energised with the antenna stationary and the beam
directed towards any of the objects specified in paragraph 6.2.1 unless the
distance separating them from the antenna is in excess of 60 metres (200 ft).
6.2.3 The distance specified in paragraphs 6.2.1 and 6.2.2 may be reduced by
75 per cent when an approved beam attenuating device is used between the
antenna and any object specified in paragraph 6.2.1.
6.2.4 The equipment is not energised in any radiating mode of operation when the
aircraft in which the equipment is fitted is in a hangar or other enclosure
unless a suitable microwave energy absorbing shield is fitted over the antenna.
6.2.5 The equipment is not to be operated in any aircraft which is being refuelled or
defuelled.
Note During all testing of aircraft radar equipment the beam should, whenever possible, be
directed with maximum upward tilt toward a clear area.

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Civil Aviation Order 20.18 (as amended)
made under regulations 207 and 232A of the Civil Aviation Regulations 1988.

This compilation was prepared on 23 August 2012 taking into account amendments up to
Civil Aviation Order 20.18 Amendment Instrument 2012 (No. 1).

Prepared by the Legislative Drafting Branch, Legal Services Division, Civil Aviation Safety
Authority, Canberra.

Contents
Section 20.18 (Aircraft equipment — basic operational requirements)
Page

1 Application ..................................................................................................................................... 1
2 Definitions ...................................................................................................................................... 2
3 Instrumentation for flight under Visual Flight Rules ...................................................................... 2
4 Equipment for flight under Instrument Flight Rules ....................................................................... 3
5 Windshield clear vision equipment ................................................................................................ 4
6 Recording equipment .................................................................................................................... 4
7 Assigned altitude indicator and altitude alerting system ............................................................... 5
8 Radiation indicator......................................................................................................................... 6
9 Ground proximity warning system ................................................................................................. 6
9A Directions relating to use of navigation computer systems ........................................................... 8
9B Directions relating to carriage and use of automatic dependent surveillance – broadcast
equipment .................................................................................................................................... 10
9C Standards for Mode S transponder equipment ........................................................................... 13
9D Directions for mandatory GNSS equipment for I.F.R. flight ........................................................ 14
9E Carriage of Mode S transponder equipment ............................................................................... 17
10 Serviceability ............................................................................................................................... 18
Appendix I ................................................................................................................................... 20
Appendix II .................................................................................................................................. 21
Appendix III ................................................................................................................................. 23
Appendix IV ................................................................................................................................. 24
Appendix V .................................................................................................................................. 25
Appendix VI ................................................................................................................................. 26
Appendix VII ................................................................................................................................ 27
Appendix VIII ............................................................................................................................... 29
Appendix IX ................................................................................................................................. 30
Appendix X .................................................................................................................................. 31
Appendix XI ................................................................................................................................. 32
Notes to Civil Aviation Order 20.18 ............................................................................................. 35

Section 20.18

Aircraft equipment — basic operational requirements

1 Application
This section applies to all Australian registered aircraft.
Note Particular attention is drawn to the fact that this section does not include requirements for oxygen
equipment, radio apparatus or emergency equipment which are specified in Civil Aviation Orders
sections 20.4 and 20.11 respectively.

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2 Definitions
In this section, unless a contrary intention appears:
minimum equipment list means a list that provides for the operation of aircraft with
permissible unserviceabilities, subject to compliance with such conditions, if any, as
CASA directs under subregulation 37 (2) of the Regulations.
permissible unserviceability means any defect or damage that CASA has approved
under subregulation 37 (1) of the Regulations as a permissible unserviceability.
TAWS-B+ system means a terrain awareness and warning system that is equipped
with a visual display and complies with the requirements for Class B equipment
expressed in TSO-C151, TSO-C151a or TSO-C151b.
the Regulations means the Civil Aviation Regulations 1988.
3 Instrumentation for flight under Visual Flight Rules
RPT aeroplanes and large charter aeroplanes
3.1 An aeroplane engaged in:
(a) a regular public transport operation (RPT); or
(b) a charter operation that has maximum take-off weight exceeding 5 700 kg — a
charter operation;
may only be operated under the V.F.R. if it is equipped with the following:
(c) the instruments specified in Appendix II;
(d) any other instruments and indicators specified in the aeroplane’s flight manual.
Note V.F.R. and flight manual are defined in subregulation 2 (1) of CAR 1988.

Helicopters
3.2 A helicopter may only be operated under the V.F.R. if it is equipped with the
following:
(a) the instruments specified in Appendix VI;
(b) any other instruments and indicators specified in the helicopter’s flight manual.
Hot air balloons and hot air airships
3.3 A hot air balloon and a hot air airship may only be operated under the V.F.R. if the
balloon or airship is equipped with the following:
(a) the instruments specified in Appendix X;
(b) any other instruments and indicators specified in the flight manual of the balloon
or airship.
Other aircraft in private, aerial work or charter operations
3.4 An aircraft:
(a) engaged in a private, aerial work or charter operation; and
(b) not mentioned in paragraphs 3.1 to 3.3;
may only be operated under the V.F.R. if it is equipped with the following:
(c) the instruments specified in Appendix I;
(d) any other instruments and indicators specified in the aircraft’s flight manual.

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4 Equipment for flight under Instrument Flight Rules

4.1 An aeroplane shall not be operated under the Instrument Flight Rules unless it is
equipped with:
(a) the flight and navigation instruments specified in Appendixes II, III and IV to this
section as applicable; and
(b) any other instruments or indicators specified in the aeroplane flight manual; and
(c) the minimum lighting equipment specified in Appendix V to this section; and
(e) in the case of single pilot regular public transport operations, earphones for the
pilot with boom or throat microphone and a press to transmit control on the
control column. The earphones and microphone shall be compatible with the
radio installation in the aeroplane, and shall be used by the pilot during flight.
4.1A Subject to paragraphs 4.1B and 4.1C, an aeroplane engaged:
(a) in regular public transport operations; or
(b) in charter operations; or
(c) in aerial work operations as an air ambulance or for a flying doctor service;
must not be operated under the Instrument Flight Rules unless it is equipped with a
serviceable automatic pilot approved by CASA that has the following capabilities:
(d) a capability of operating the flight controls to maintain flight and manoeuvre the
aeroplane about the roll and pitch axis;
(e) an automatic heading capability;
(f) an altitude hold capability.
Note For the purpose of meeting the requirements of subparagraph 4.1A (d), an automatic pilot is
taken to have the capability of manoeuvring the aeroplane about the pitch axis if it does so solely to
restore the selected altitude after a disturbance.
4.1B In spite of paragraph 4.1A, an aeroplane referred to in that paragraph that is not
equipped with an automatic pilot in accordance with that paragraph may be operated
under the Instrument Flight Rules, if the aeroplane:
(a) is equipped with fully functioning dual controls; and
(b) has 2 control seats, with 1 control seat occupied by the pilot in command of the
aeroplane and the other by a person who holds a commercial pilot (aeroplane)
licence or an air transport pilot (aeroplane) licence with:
(i) an endorsement for that type of aeroplane; and
(ii) at least a co-pilot (aeroplane) instrument rating.
4.1C If the automatic pilot fitted to an aeroplane engaged:
(a) in charter operations; or
(b) in aerial work operations as an air ambulance or for a flying doctor service;
loses a capability referred to in paragraph 4.1A, the aeroplane may, if the pilot is
satisfied that it is safe to do so, be operated under the Instrument Flight Rules by a
single pilot at any time within the period of 3 days commencing on the day on which
the automatic pilot loses the capability.
4.1D Paragraphs 4.1A, 4.1B and 4.1C apply in addition to, and not in derogation of,
paragraph 4.1.
4.2 A helicopter shall not be operated under the Instrument Flight Rules unless it is
equipped with:
(a) the flight and navigation instruments specified in Appendixes VII, VIII, or IX to
this section as applicable; and

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(b) any other instruments, indicators or equipment specified in the helicopter flight
manual; and
(c) the minimum lighting equipment specified in Appendix V to this section; and
(d) an approved automatic pilot, or automatic stabilisation system, for other than
night VFR flights except that in the case of such flight which will involve more
than 30 minutes flight over water or over land areas where the helicopter’s
altitude cannot be maintained by reference to ground lighting, an approved
autostabilisation system or a 2 pilot crew shall be carried.
Note Because of considerable variation in the individual stability characteristics of different helicopter
types and in the associated automatic pilot and automatic stabilisation systems approved by the
certification authority in the country of certification, it is not possible to detail precise specifications for
this equipment. This consideration also applies to the flight crew complement. Accordingly each
application for approval to conduct I.F.R category operations will be individually assessed on the basis
of the specific helicopter type and its associated automatic pilot or autostabilisation equipment and the
proposed operating environment.

5 Windshield clear vision equipment

5.1 An aircraft with a flight compartment windshield may only be operated under the
V.F.R. or the I.F.R. if it has a means of clearing heavy outside precipitation from the
windshield at a rate which ensures an unobstructed view for each pilot.
Note I.F.R. is defined in subregulation 2 (1) of CAR 1988.
5.2 Paragraph 5.1 does not apply for:
(a) an aeroplane with a MTOW less than 5 700 kg; or
(b) a helicopter with a MTOW less than 2 750 kg maximum;
if the windshield design satisfies CASA that moderate rain will not impair the pilot’s
view for take-off, landing or normal flight.
6 Recording equipment
6.1 An aircraft of maximum take-off weight:
(a) In excess of 5 700 kg and which is:
(i) turbine powered; or
(ii) of a type first certificated in its country of manufacture on or after
1 July 1965;
shall not be flown (except in agricultural operations) unless it is equipped with an
approved flight data recorder and an approved cockpit voice recorder system;
(b) Less than or equal to 5 700 kg and which is:
(i) pressurised; and
(ii) turbine powered by more than 1 engine; and
(iii) of a type certificated in its country of manufacture for operation with more
than eleven places; and
(iv) issued with its initial Australian Certificate of airworthiness after
1 January 1988;
shall not be flown unless it is equipped with an approved cockpit voice recorder
system.
6.1A Paragraph 6.1 does not apply to an aircraft for which there is in force an airworthiness
certificate in the agricultural category or the restricted category.

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6.2 The flight data recorder and cockpit voice recorder systems installed in an aircraft
under this section:
(a) must comply with the requirements of section 103.19 and 103.20 respectively;
and
(b) will be considered for approval when CASA has equipment available allowing
replay of the recordings.
6.3 Where an aircraft is required to be so equipped by this section, the flight data recorder
system shall be operated continuously from the moment when the aircraft commences
to taxi under its own power for the purpose of flight until the conclusion of taxiing
after landing.
6.4 Where an aircraft is required to be so equipped by this section, the cockpit voice
recorder system shall be operated continuously from the start of the use of the check
list before starting engines for the purpose of flight until completion of the final check
list at the termination of the flight.
6.5 Where an aircraft is required to be so equipped by this section the operator shall
ensure that:
(a) the flight data recorder retains its last 25 hours of recording; and
(b) the cockpit voice recorder retains its last 30 minutes of recording; and
(c) data from the last 2 occasions on which the flight data recorder system was
calibrated from which the accuracy of the system can be determined are
preserved.
6.6 The operator of an aircraft which is required by this section to be equipped with
recorders shall take action to ensure that during ground maintenance periods the
recorders are not activated unless the maintenance is associated with the flight data
recording equipment or with the aircraft engines.
6.7 An aircraft required to be fitted with a flight data recorder system and/or a cockpit
voice recorder system may operate with an unserviceable recorder system for a period
of 21 days commencing on the day on which the system was determined to be
unserviceable providing that:
(a) the aircraft does not depart from an aerodrome where staff and equipment are
available to replace the unserviceable units; and
(b) where the aircraft is required to be fitted with both a flight data recorder and
cockpit voice recorder system, 1 system is serviceable; and
(c) the aircraft is not operating training or test flights.
7 Assigned altitude indicator and altitude alerting system
7.1 Piston engined aircraft and unpressurised turbine engine aircraft operating above
15 000 feet in controlled airspace under Instrument Flight Rules (except night
V.M.C.) shall be equipped with an altitude alerting system.
7.2 Pressurised turbine engined aircraft operating in controlled airspace under Instrument
Flight Rules (except night V.M.C.) shall be equipped with an altitude alerting system.
7.3 Unless equipped with an altitude alerting system, an aircraft operating in controlled
airspace under Instrument Flight Rules (except night V.M.C.) shall be equipped with
an assigned altitude indicator.
7.4 An altitude alerting system or an assigned altitude indicator shall be so designed and
located that:
(a) it can be readily adjusted for setting from each pilot seat; and

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9E.4 On and after 4 February 2016, an aircraft operating at Brisbane, Sydney, Melbourne or
Perth aerodrome must carry a serviceable Mode S transponder that meets the
standards of:
(a) subsection 9C; and
(b) the following clause or clauses of Appendix XI:
(i) clauses 2 and 5 of Part B; or
(ii) clause 7 of Part C; or
(iii) clause 8 of Part C.
Note 1 A Mode A/C transponder does not meet this requirement.
Note 2 ADS-B OUT transmission is not mandatory but the Mode S transponder must be ADS-B
capable.
9E.5 Paragraphs 9E.2 and 9E.4 do not apply to an aircraft for a flight if the Mode S
transponder equipment is unserviceable for the flight, and each of the following
applies:
(a) the flight takes place within 3 days of the discovery of the unserviceability;
(b) at least 1 of the following applies for the flight:
(i) flight with unserviceable equipment has been approved by CASA, in writing,
subject to such conditions as CASA specifies;
(ii) the unserviceability is a permissible unserviceability set out in the minimum
equipment list for the aircraft, and any applicable conditions under
subregulation 37 (2) of the Civil Aviation Regulations 1988 have been
complied with;
(c) ATC clears the flight despite the unserviceability.
10 Serviceability
10.1 In the case of a charter or regular public transport aircraft, all instruments and
equipment fitted to the aircraft must be serviceable before take-off, unless:
(a) flight with unserviceable instruments or equipment has been approved by CASA,
subject to such conditions as CASA specifies; or
(b) the unserviceability is a permissible unserviceability set out in the minimum
equipment list for the aircraft and any applicable conditions under subregulation
37 (2) of the Regulations have been complied with; or
(c) CASA has approved the flight with the unserviceable instrument or equipment
and any applicable conditions that CASA has specified in writing have been
complied with; or
(d) the unserviceable instrument or equipment is a passenger convenience item only
and does not affect the airworthiness of the aircraft.
10.1A A private or aerial work aircraft must not be operated:
(a) under the V.F.R., unless:
(i) all instruments and equipment required to be fitted to the aircraft under
subsection 3 are serviceable before take-off; or
(ii) CASA has approved the flight with the unserviceable instrument or
equipment and any applicable conditions that CASA has specified in writing
have been complied with; or
(b) under the I.F.R., unless:
(i) all instruments and equipment required to be fitted to the aircraft under
subsection 4 are serviceable before take-off; or

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(ii) CASA has approved the flight with the unserviceable instrument or
equipment and any applicable conditions that CASA has specified in writing
have been complied with.
10.2 Where flight is conducted with unserviceable instruments or equipment under the
provisions of paragraph 10.1 or 10.1A, the unserviceable instruments or equipment
shall be prominently placarded ‘UNSERVICEABLE’ or removed from the aircraft.
Note Where an instrument or piece of equipment performs more than 1 function, it is permissible to
placard as unserviceable only the function(s) which are unserviceable.
10.3 The holder of an Air Operator’s Certificate authorising a regular public transport
operation must:
(a) have a minimum equipment list or lists for the aircraft used to conduct those
operations; and
(b) include each list in the operations manual for the aircraft to which that list
applies.
10.4 The holder of an Air Operator’s Certificate authorising charter operations:
(a) may have a minimum equipment list or lists for the aircraft used to conduct those
operations; and
(b) must include each list in the operations manual for the aircraft to which that list
applies.

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Appendix III
Instruments required for aeroplanes with a maximum take-off weight not
greater than 5 700 kg engaged in charter operations under the Instrument
Flight Rules (except night V.M.C.) excluding freight only charter operations
1 The flight and navigation instruments required are:
(a) an airspeed indicating system with means of preventing malfunctioning due to
either condensation or icing; and
(b) 2 sensitive pressure altimeters; and
(c) (i) a direct reading magnetic compass; or
(ii) a remote indicating compass and a standby direct reading magnetic
compass; and
(d) an accurate timepiece indicating the time in hours, minutes and seconds; and
(e) a rate of climb and descent indicator (vertical speed indicator); and
(f) an outside air temperature indicator; and
(g) 2 attitude indicators (artificial horizons); and
(h) a heading indicator (directional gyroscope or equivalent approved by CASA); and
(i) a turn and slip indicator except that only a slip indicator is required when a third
attitude indicator usable through flight attitude of 360 degrees pitch and roll is
installed; and
(j) a means of indicating whether the power supply to the gyroscopic instruments is
working satisfactorily; and
(k) in turbo-jet aeroplanes with operating limitations expressed in terms of Mach
number, a Mach number indicator (Machmeter).
2 The instruments specified in 1 (a), (b), (e) and (k) of this Appendix shall be capable of
being connected to either a normal or alternate static source but not both sources
simultaneously. Alternatively, they may be connected to a balanced pair of flush static
ports.
3 The instruments specified in 1 (g), (h) and (i) of this Appendix shall have duplicated
sources of power supply.
4 CASA may, having regard to the type of aeroplane, approve an attitude indicator
incorporated in an automatic pilot system as being 1 of the 2 attitude indicators
required by subparagraph 1 (g) of this Appendix.
5 A gyro-magnetic type of remote indicating compass installed to meet the requirements
of subparagraph 1 (c) (ii) of this Appendix may also be considered to meet the
requirement for a heading indicator specified in subparagraph 1 (h) of this Appendix,
provided it has a duplicated power supply.

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Appendix IV
Instruments required for aeroplanes engaged in:
(i) aerial work and private operations under the Instrument Flight Rules
(including night V.M.C.); and
(ii) charter operations under night V.M.C; and
(iii) Instrument Flight Rules freight only charter operations in aeroplanes
with maximum take-off weight not greater than 5 700 kg.
1 The flight and navigational instruments required are:
(a) an airspeed indicating system; and
(b) a sensitive pressure altimeter; and
(c) (i) direct reading magnetic compass; or
(ii) a remote indicating compass and a standby direct reading magnetic
compass; and
(d) an accurate timepiece indicating the time in hours, minutes and seconds, except
that this may be omitted if it is carried on the person of the pilot or navigator; and
(e) a rate of climb and descent indicator (vertical speed indicator) for other than night
V.M.C. flights; and
(f) an outside air temperature indicator; and
(g) an attitude indicator (artificial horizon); and
(h) a heading indicator (directional gyroscope); and
(i) a turn and slip indicator except that only a slip indicator is required when a
second attitude indicator usable through flight attitudes of 360 degrees of pitch
and roll is installed; and
(j) means of indicating whether the power supply to the gyroscopic instruments is
working satisfactorily; and
(k) except for aeroplanes engaged in night V.M.C. flights, means of preventing
malfunctioning due to either condensation or icing of at least 1 airspeed
indicating system.
2 The instruments specified in subparagraphs 1 (a), (b), (e) and (k) of this Appendix
shall be capable of being connected to either a normal or an alternate static source but
not both sources simultaneously. Alternatively, they may be connected to a balanced
pair of flush static ports.
3 Except for aeroplanes engaged in night V.M.C. private and aerial work operations the
instruments specified in subparagraphs 1 (g), (h) and (i) of this Appendix shall have
duplicated sources of power supply unless the turn and slip indicator or the second
attitude indicator specified in subparagraph 1 (i) has a source of power independent of
the power operating other gyroscopic instruments.
4 A gyro-magnetic type of remote indicating compass installed to meet the requirements
of subparagraph 1 (c) (ii) of this Appendix may be considered also to meet the
requirement for a heading indicator specified in subparagraph 1 (h) of this Appendix,
provided that such installation complies with the power supply requirements of
paragraph 3 of this Appendix.

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Appendix V
Electric lighting equipment flight under the Instrument Flight Rules at night
(including night V.M.C.)
The electric lighting equipment is:
1 Instrument illumination
illumination for all instruments and equipment, used by the flight crew, that are
essential for the safe operation of the aircraft. The illumination shall be such that:
(a) all illuminated items are easily readable or discernible, as applicable; and
(b) its direct or reflected rays are shielded from the pilot’s eyes; and
(c) its power supply is so arranged that in the event of the failure of the normal
source of power, an alternative source is immediately available; and
(d) it emanates from fixed installations.
2 Intensity control
means of controlling the intensity of the illumination of instrument lights, unless it can
be demonstrated that non-dimmed instrument lights are satisfactory under all
conditions of flight likely to be encountered.
3 Landing lights
2 landing lights except that, in accordance with the provisions of regulation 308 of the
Regulations, aircraft engaged in private and aerial work operations and charter
operations not carrying passengers for hire and reward are exempted from this
requirement provided that 1 landing light is fitted.
Note A single lamp having 2 separately energised filaments may be approved as meeting the
requirement for 2 landing lights.
4 Passenger compartment lights
lights in all passenger compartments.
5 Pilots’ compartment lights
means of lighting the pilots’ compartment to provide illumination adequate for the
study of maps and the reading of flight documents.
6 Position and anti-collision lights
equipment for displaying the lights prescribed in regulation 196 of the Regulations.
Note In accordance of the provision of subregulation 195 (1) of the Regulations, position and anti-
collision lights shall be displayed at night and in conditions of poor visibility.
7 Emergency lighting
emergency lighting as specified in (Civil Aviation Regulations 1998) Part 39-105
AD/General/4B Amdt 3 and a shock-proof electric torch for each crew member at the
crew member station.

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 Flight crew licensing Part 61
Instrument ratings Subpart 61.M
Privileges and requirements for grant of instrument ratings Division 61.M.1

Regulation 61.855

Subpart 61.M—Instrument ratings

Division 61.M.1—Privileges and requirements for grant of
instrument ratings

61.855 Privileges of instrument ratings

Subject to Subpart 61.E and regulations 61.860 to 61.880, the
holder of an instrument rating is authorised to pilot an aircraft:
(a) under the IFR; or
(b) at night under the VFR.
Note: Subpart 61.E sets out certain limitations that apply to all pilot licences,
and ratings and endorsements on pilot licences.

61.860 Limitations on exercise of privileges of instrument ratings—

general
(1) The holder of an instrument rating is authorised to conduct an
instrument approach operation of a particular kind as pilot in
command of an aircraft only if the aircraft is equipped for that kind
of operation.
(2) The holder of an instrument rating is authorised to pilot an aircraft
in a single-pilot operation under the IFR only if the holder has:
(a) passed the flight test for the rating in a single-pilot aircraft; or
(b) completed an instrument proficiency check in a single-pilot
aircraft.
(3) The holder of an instrument rating is authorised to conduct a
circling approach under the IFR on a flight only if:
(a) the holder passed the flight test for the rating within the
previous 12 months, and the flight test included a circling
approach; or
(b) the holder’s most recent instrument proficiency check
included a circling approach; or
(c) both:

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Subpart 61.M Instrument ratings
Division 61.M.1 Privileges and requirements for grant of instrument ratings

Regulation 61.865

(i) the holder is successfully participating in an operator’s

training and checking system for an operation that
includes circling approaches; and
(ii) the operator holds an approval under regulation 61.040
for the system for this subregulation.
(4) For paragraph (3)(b), an instrument proficiency check includes an
operator proficiency check:
(a) that covers IFR operations; and
(b) that is conducted by a flight examiner who holds an
instrument rating flight test endorsement.
(5) The holder of an instrument rating is authorised to conduct an
instrument approach operation in an aircraft using a procedure of a
particular kind only if the holder has:
(a) completed training in the conduct of instrument approach
operations using the procedure; and
(b) demonstrated, to a person mentioned in subregulation (6), his
or her competence in the conduct of instrument approach
operations using the procedure.
(6) For paragraph (5)(b), the persons are as follows:
(a) CASA;
(b) an examiner who is authorised to conduct an instrument
approach operation using the same procedure;
(c) a person who holds an approval under regulation 61.040 to
assess the holder’s competence.

61.865 Limitations on exercise of privileges of instrument ratings—

endorsements
(1) The holder of an instrument rating is authorised to pilot an aircraft
mentioned in column 2 of an item in Part 1 of table 61.890 under
the IFR, or at night under the VFR, only if the holder also holds the
endorsement mentioned in column 1 of the item.
(2) The holder of an instrument rating is authorised to conduct an
instrument approach operation mentioned in column 2 of an item in
Part 2 of table 61.890 only if the holder also holds the endorsement
mentioned in column 1 of the item.

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 Flight crew licensing Part 61
Instrument ratings Subpart 61.M
Privileges and requirements for grant of instrument ratings Division 61.M.1

Regulation 61.870

61.870 Limitations on exercise of privileges of instrument ratings—

recent experience: general
(1) This regulation applies to the holder of an instrument rating subject
to subregulation (1A).
(1A) This regulation does not apply to the holder if:
(a) the holder has successfully completed an operator proficiency
check that covers IFR operations within the previous 3
months; or
(b) both:
(i) the holder is successfully participating in an operator’s
training and checking system for an IFR operation; and
(ii) the operator holds an approval under regulation 61.040
for the system for this subregulation.
(2) The holder is authorised to pilot an aircraft under the IFR only if
the holder has conducted at least 3 instrument approach operations
within the previous 90 days in an aircraft or an approved flight
simulation training device for the purpose.
(3) The holder is authorised to pilot an aircraft of a particular category
under the IFR only if the holder has conducted at least one
instrument approach operation within the previous 90 days in an
aircraft of the same category or an approved flight simulation
training device for the purpose.
(4) The holder is authorised to conduct a 2D instrument approach
operation only if the holder has conducted a 2D instrument
approach operation within the previous 90 days in an aircraft or an
approved flight simulation training device for the purpose.
(5) The holder is authorised to conduct a 3D instrument approach
operation only if the holder has conducted a 3D instrument
approach operation within the previous 90 days in an aircraft or an
approved flight simulation training device for the purpose.
(6) The holder is authorised to conduct an azimuth guidance operation
only if the holder has conducted an azimuth guidance operation
within the previous 90 days in an aircraft or an approved flight
simulation training device for the purpose.

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Subpart 61.M Instrument ratings
Division 61.M.1 Privileges and requirements for grant of instrument ratings

Regulation 61.875

(7) The holder is authorised to conduct a course deviation indicator

operation only if the holder has conducted a course deviation
indicator operation within the previous 90 days in an aircraft or an
approved flight simulation training device for the purpose.
Note: Azimuth guidance operations and course deviation indicator
operations are instrument approach operations: see the definitions of
those terms in regulation 61.010.

61.875 Limitations on exercise of privileges of instrument ratings—

recent experience: single pilot
(1) The holder of an instrument rating is authorised to pilot an aircraft
under the IFR in a single-pilot operation only if the holder has
conducted a flight or simulated flight under the IFR in a
single-pilot operation within the previous 6 months.
(2) For subregulation (1), the flight or simulated flight must:
(a) have a duration of at least one hour; and
(b) include at least one instrument approach or simulated
instrument approach.

61.880 Limitations on exercise of privileges of instrument ratings—

instrument proficiency check
(1) The holder of an instrument rating is authorised to exercise the
privileges of the rating in an aircraft of a particular category only if
the holder has a valid instrument proficiency check for the aircraft
category.
(2) However:
(a) the holder is authorised to exercise the privileges of the rating
in a multi-engine aeroplane only if the holder has a valid
instrument proficiency check for multi-engine aeroplanes;
and
(b) the holder is authorised to exercise the privileges of the rating
in a multi-engine helicopter only if the holder has a valid
instrument proficiency check for multi-engine helicopters.
(3) Subject to subregulations (4) and (4B), for subregulations (1) and
(2), the holder is taken to have a valid instrument proficiency check

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 Flight crew licensing Part 61
Instrument ratings Subpart 61.M
Privileges and requirements for grant of instrument ratings Division 61.M.1

Regulation 61.880

for the aircraft category, or for multi-engine aeroplanes or

helicopters, during the following periods:
(a) if the holder passes the flight test for the instrument rating in
a relevant aircraft—the period from when the holder passes
the flight test to the end of the 12th month after the month in
which the holder passes the flight test;
(b) if:
(i) the holder passes the flight test for an instrument
endorsement in a relevant aircraft; and
(ii) the flight test is conducted more than 6 months after the
holder passes the flight test for the rating;
the period from when the holder passes the flight test for the
endorsement to the end of the 12th month after the month in
which the holder passes the flight test for the endorsement;
(c) if the holder successfully completes an operator proficiency
check that covers IFR operations in the relevant aircraft, and
that is conducted by a flight examiner who holds an
instrument rating flight test endorsement—the period from
when the holder successfully completes the check to the end
of the 12th month after the month in which the holder
successfully completes the check;
(d) if:
(i) the holder is successfully participating in an operator’s
training and checking system for an IFR operation in the
relevant aircraft; and
(ii) the operator holds an approval under regulation 61.040
for the system for this subregulation and operations in
the relevant aircraft;
the period during which the holder is successfully
participating in the system;
(e) if the holder successfully completes an instrument
proficiency check for the relevant aircraft—the period from
when the holder successfully completes the check to the end
of the 12th month after the month in which the holder
successfully completes the check;
(f) if:

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Part 61 Flight crew licensing
Subpart 61.M Instrument ratings
Division 61.M.1 Privileges and requirements for grant of instrument ratings

Regulation 61.880

(i) the holder is taken to have a valid instrument

proficiency check under any of paragraphs (a) to (e) for
the relevant aircraft (the existing check); and
(ii) within 3 months before the validity of the existing check
expires, the holder successfully completes an instrument
proficiency check for the relevant aircraft;
the period from when the validity of the existing check
expires to the end of the 12th month after the validity of the
existing check expires.
(4) If, at any time, the holder attempts, but does not successfully
complete, an instrument proficiency check mentioned in
subregulation (4A) (the failed check), the holder is no longer taken
to have a valid instrument proficiency check for:
(a) the aircraft category in which the holder attempted the failed
check; or
(b) multi-engine aircraft of the category in which the holder
attempted the failed check.
(4A) For subregulation (4), the failed check may be any of the
following:
(a) an instrument proficiency check for an aircraft category;
(b) an instrument proficiency check for multi-engine aeroplanes
or helicopters;
(c) an instrument proficiency check for an aircraft type.
(4B) If the holder is taken to have a valid instrument proficiency check
for the relevant aircraft only because of the holder’s participation
in an operator’s training and checking system, the check is taken to
be valid only for operations conducted by the operator.
(5) For paragraphs (3)(e) and (f), the holder successfully completes an
instrument proficiency check for the relevant aircraft if:
(a) CASA or a flight examiner:
(i) assesses the holder’s competency to conduct operations
under the IFR in a relevant aircraft as meeting the
standards mentioned in the Part 61 Manual of Standards
for an instrument proficiency check in the relevant
aircraft; and

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 Flight crew licensing Part 61
Instrument ratings Subpart 61.M
Privileges and requirements for grant of instrument ratings Division 61.M.1

Regulation 61.880

(ii) endorses the holder’s licence document to the effect that

the holder has completed the instrument proficiency
check; and
(iii) includes in the endorsement the matters mentioned in
subregulation (8); or
(b) a person mentioned in subregulation (7) assesses the holder
as competent to conduct operations under the IFR in a
relevant aircraft, and CASA or a flight examiner:
(i) conducts an oral assessment of the holder’s knowledge
of IFR operation procedures to the standards mentioned
in the Part 61 Manual of Standards for an instrument
proficiency check; and
(ii) endorses the holder’s licence document to the effect that
the holder has completed the instrument proficiency
check; and
(iii) includes in the endorsement the matters mentioned in
subregulation (8).
(6) For paragraphs (3)(e) and (f), the instrument proficiency check
must be conducted in a relevant aircraft or an approved flight
simulation training device for the proficiency check.
(7) For paragraph (5)(b), the person is the holder of an approval under
regulation 61.040 to conduct the proficiency check.
(8) For subparagraphs (5)(a)(iii) and (b)(iii), the matters are:
(a) the date on which the instrument proficiency check is
conducted; and
(b) the aircraft to which the instrument proficiency check relates.
(9) In this regulation:
relevant aircraft, for an instrument proficiency check, means:
(a) if the instrument proficiency check is for an aircraft
category—a single-engine or multi-engine aircraft of that
category; or
(b) if the instrument proficiency check is for multi-engine
aeroplanes—a multi-engine aeroplane; or
(c) if the instrument proficiency check is for multi-engine
helicopters—a multi-engine helicopter.

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Part 61 Flight crew licensing
Subpart 61.M Instrument ratings
Division 61.M.1 Privileges and requirements for grant of instrument ratings

Regulation 61.885

61.885 Requirements for grant of instrument ratings

(1) An applicant for an instrument rating must:
(a) hold a private pilot licence, commercial pilot licence or air
transport pilot licence; and
(b) meet the requirements for the grant of:
(i) at least one instrument endorsement mentioned in
column 1 of an item in Part 1 of table 61.890; and
(ii) at least one instrument endorsement mentioned in
column 1 of an item in Part 2 of table 61.890.
Note 1: Paragraph (a) is satisfied if the applicant holds a certificate of
validation of an overseas flight crew licence that is equivalent to a
private pilot licence, commercial pilot licence or air transport pilot
licence: see item 36 of Part 2 of the Dictionary.
Note 2: An application for a pilot licence mentioned in paragraph (a) and an
instrument rating may be made at the same time: see
subregulation 61.155(2).

(2) The applicant must also have:

(a) passed the aeronautical knowledge examination for the
instrument rating; and
(b) completed flight training for the instrument rating; and
(c) passed the flight test mentioned in the Part 61 Manual of
Standards for the instrument rating and the aircraft category
rating associated with the applicant’s pilot licence; and
(d) met the aeronautical experience requirements mentioned in
subregulation (5).
Note 1: For paragraph (a), for the conduct of aeronautical knowledge
examinations, see Division 61.B.3.
Note 2: For paragraph (b), for the requirements for flight training, see
Division 61.B.2.
Note 3: For paragraph (c), for the conduct of flight tests, see Division 61.B.4.
Note 4: For paragraph (d), for the determination of a person’s flight time and
other aeronautical experience, see Division 61.A.2.

(3) For paragraph (2)(b), the flight training must have been conducted
in an aircraft of the same category as the aircraft in which, or the
aircraft represented by the flight simulation training device in
which, the flight test is conducted.

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 Flight crew licensing Part 61
Instrument ratings Subpart 61.M
Privileges and requirements for grant of instrument ratings Division 61.M.1

Regulation 61.887

(4) For paragraph (2)(c), the flight test must be conducted in an aircraft
unless the applicant has previously held:
(a) an instrument rating; or
(b) an overseas rating that CASA is satisfied is equivalent to an
instrument rating; or
(c) a qualification issued by the Australian Defence Force that
CASA is satisfied is equivalent to an instrument rating.
(5) For paragraph (2)(d), the applicant must have aeronautical
experience that includes:
(a) at least 50 hours of cross-country flight time as pilot in
command; and
(b) at least 40 hours of instrument time, including:
(i) at least 10 hours of dual instrument time; and
(ii) either:
(A) if subregulation (6) applies—at least 10 hours
of instrument flight time; or
(B) in any other case—at least 20 hours of
instrument flight time.
(6) This subregulation applies if any instrument ground time relied on
by an applicant for paragraph (5)(b) is:
(a) completed in an approved flight simulator for the purpose;
and
(b) supervised by a pilot instructor who holds an instrument
rating training endorsement.
(7) For subregulation (5), the cross-country flight time and instrument
flight time must have been conducted in an aircraft of the same
category as the aircraft in which, or the aircraft represented by the
flight simulation training device in which, the flight test is
conducted.

61.887 Removal of instrument rating conditions about acting as pilot

in command under IFR
(1) This regulation applies to the holder of an instrument rating
granted on the basis of regulation 202.272 or 202.274 if the rating

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Part 61 Flight crew licensing
Subpart 61.M Instrument ratings
Division 61.M.1 Privileges and requirements for grant of instrument ratings

Regulation 61.887

is subject to the condition that the holder is not authorised to act as

pilot in command under the IFR.
(2) CASA must remove the condition, to the extent that it relates to a
particular aircraft category or class, if:
(a) the holder applies to CASA for the removal of the condition;
and
(b) the holder meets the requirements under this Part for the
grant of:
(i) an instrument rating; and
(ii) an instrument endorsement that would authorise the
holder to pilot an aircraft of that category or class under
the IFR.

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 Flight crew licensing Part 61
Instrument ratings Subpart 61.M
Privileges and requirements for grant of instrument endorsements Division 61.M.2

Regulation 61.890

Division 61.M.2—Privileges and requirements for grant of

instrument endorsements

61.890 Kinds of instrument endorsement

The kinds of instrument endorsement are set out in column 1 of
table 61.890.

Table 61.890 Instrument endorsements

Column 1 Column 2 Column 3
Item Endorsement Activities Requirements
authorised

Part 1—Aircraft category/class endorsements

1 Single-engine Pilot an Single-engine aeroplane class rating or type
aeroplane aeroplane of the rating for a type of single-engine aeroplane
instrument single-engine At least 10 hours of dual instrument time in
endorsement aeroplane class an aeroplane or an approved flight
under the IFR simulation training device for the purpose
or at night
At least 5 hours of aeronautical experience
under the VFR
at night as pilot of an aeroplane or an
approved flight simulation training device
for the purpose, including at least one hour
of dual flight and one hour of solo night
circuits
2 Multi-engine Pilot an Multi-engine aeroplane class rating or type
aeroplane aeroplane under rating for a type of multi-engine aeroplane
instrument the IFR or at At least 10 hours of dual instrument time in
endorsement night under the a multi-engine aeroplane or an approved
VFR flight simulation training device for the
purpose
At least 5 hours of aeronautical experience
at night as pilot of an aeroplane or an
approved flight simulation training device
for the purpose, including at least one hour
of dual flight and one hour of solo night
circuits

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Part 61 Flight crew licensing
Subpart 61.M Instrument ratings
Division 61.M.2 Privileges and requirements for grant of instrument endorsements

Regulation 61.890

Table 61.890 Instrument endorsements

Column 1 Column 2 Column 3
Item Endorsement Activities Requirements
authorised
3 Single-engine Pilot a Single-engine helicopter class rating or type
helicopter single-engine rating for a type of single-engine helicopter
instrument helicopter At least 10 hours of dual instrument time in
endorsement under the IFR a helicopter or an approved flight simulation
or at night training device for the purpose
under the VFR
At least 5 hours of aeronautical experience
at night as pilot of a helicopter or an
approved flight simulation training device
for the purpose, including at least 3 hours of
dual flight and one hour of solo night
circuits
4 Multi-engine Pilot a Type rating for a type of multi-engine
helicopter helicopter helicopter
instrument under the IFR At least 10 hours of dual instrument time in
endorsement or at night a multi-engine helicopter or an approved
under the VFR flight simulation training device for the
purpose
At least 5 hours of aeronautical experience
at night as pilot of a helicopter or an
approved flight simulation training device
for the purpose, including at least 3 hours of
dual flight and one hour of solo night
circuits
5 Powered-lift Pilot a Type rating for a type of powered-lift
aircraft powered-lift aircraft
instrument aircraft under At least 10 hours of dual instrument time in
endorsement the IFR or at a powered-lift aircraft or an approved flight
night under the simulation training device for the purpose
VFR
At least 5 hours of aeronautical experience
at night as pilot of a helicopter or
powered-lift aircraft or an approved flight
simulation training device for the purpose,
including at least 3 hours of dual flight and
one hour of solo night circuits

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 Flight crew licensing Part 61
Instrument ratings Subpart 61.M
Privileges and requirements for grant of instrument endorsements Division 61.M.2

Regulation 61.890

Table 61.890 Instrument endorsements

Column 1 Column 2 Column 3
Item Endorsement Activities Requirements
authorised
6 Gyroplane Pilot a Gyroplane aircraft class rating or type rating
instrument gyroplane for a type of gyroplane
endorsement under the IFR At least 10 hours of dual instrument flight
or at night time in a gyroplane
under the VFR
At least 5 hours of aeronautical experience
at night as pilot of a helicopter or gyroplane
or an approved flight simulation training
device for the purpose, including at least
3 hours of dual flight and one hour of solo
night circuits
7 Airship Pilot an airship Airship class rating or type rating for a type
instrument under the IFR of airship
endorsement or at night At least 10 hours of dual instrument time in
under the VFR an airship or an approved flight simulation
training device for the purpose
At least 5 hours of aeronautical experience
at night as pilot of an airship or an approved
flight simulation training device for the
purpose, including at least 3 hours of dual
flight and one hour of solo night circuits
Part 2—Instrument approach endorsements
8 IAP 2D Conduct a 2D
instrument instrument
endorsement approach
operation
9 IAP 3D Conduct a 3D IAP 2D instrument endorsement
instrument instrument
endorsement approach
operation

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Part 61 Flight crew licensing
Subpart 61.M Instrument ratings
Division 61.M.2 Privileges and requirements for grant of instrument endorsements

Regulation 61.895

61.895 Privileges of instrument endorsements

Subject to Subpart 61.E, Division 61.M.1 and regulation 61.900,
the holder of an endorsement mentioned in column 1 of an item in
table 61.890 is authorised to conduct the activity mentioned in
column 2 of the item.
Note: Subpart 61.E sets out certain limitations that apply to all pilot licences,
and ratings and endorsements on pilot licences.

61.900 Limitations on exercise of privileges of instrument

endorsements
(1) The holder of an endorsement mentioned in column 1 of an item in
Part 2 of table 61.890 is authorised to conduct an instrument
approach operation in IMC using a navigation system of a
particular kind only if the holder has previously conducted:
(a) an instrument approach operation; or
(b) a simulated instrument approach operation in a flight
simulation training device;
using a navigation system of that kind.
(2) The holder of an IAP 3D instrument endorsement is authorised to
conduct a 3D instrument approach operation only if:
(a) the holder passed the flight test for the endorsement within
the previous 24 months; or
(b) the holder’s most recent instrument proficiency check
included a 3D instrument approach operation; or
(c) both:
(i) the holder is successfully participating in an operator’s
training and checking system for an operation that
includes 3D instrument approaches; and
(ii) the operator holds an approval under regulation 61.040
for the system for this subregulation.
(3) For paragraph (2)(b), an instrument proficiency check includes an
operator proficiency check:
(a) that covers IFR operations; and
(b) that is conducted by a flight examiner who holds an
instrument rating flight test endorsement.

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 Flight crew licensing Part 61
Instrument ratings Subpart 61.M
Privileges and requirements for grant of instrument endorsements Division 61.M.2

Regulation 61.905

61.905 Requirements for grant of instrument endorsements

(1) An applicant for an endorsement mentioned in column 1 of an item
in table 61.890 must hold:
(a) an instrument rating; and
(b) the rating or endorsement (if any) mentioned in column 3 of
the item.
Note: Subregulation (1) is satisfied, in relation to a required licence, rating
or endorsement, if the applicant holds a certificate of validation of an
overseas flight crew licence, rating or endorsement that is equivalent
to the required licence, rating or endorsement: see item 36 of Part 2 of
the Dictionary.

(2) The applicant must also have:

(a) completed flight training for the endorsement; and
(b) met the aeronautical experience requirements (if any)
mentioned in column 3 of the item; and
(c) passed the flight test mentioned in the Part 61 Manual of
Standards for the endorsement.
Note 1: For paragraph (a), for the requirements for flight training, see
Division 61.B.2.
Note 2: For paragraph (b), for the determination of a person’s flight time and
other aeronautical experience, see Division 61.A.2.
Note 3: For paragraph (c), for the conduct of flight tests, see Division 61.B.4.

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