juk; 10

myF 1: fzpdpapd; tuyhW kw;Wk;

kPl;ly; tpdhf;fs;

IL.Mohamed Irfan
learnbyself.com

MC - Nintavur
1 | ILM.Irfan G10||Unit-1 Unit End Revision learnbyself.com
fzpdpapd; tuyhW (History of Computer)
 mghf];(Abacus) vDk; vz; rl;lk; fp.K
500 k; Mz;Lfspy; rPdhtpy; fzpj;jy;
nraw;ghLfSf;fhf vd gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

 1642 y; gpud;]; ehl;ilr; Nru;e;j gpis];

g];fy; (Blaise Pascal) vd;gtuhy; KjyhtJ
nghwpKiwf; fzpg;ghdhd $l;lw;nghwp
(adding machine) fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J
g];fypd;(Pascaline) vdTk; miof;fg;gl;lJ.
,f;fUtp $l;ly; kw;Wk; fopj;jy;
nra;iffis khj;jpuk; nra;af; $bajhf
,Ue;jJ.

 1674 k; Mz;L N[u;kd; ehl;ilr; Nru;e;j

fzpjtpashuhd Nfhl;gpul; tpy;ypak;
ypgpdpl;]; (Golfed William Leibnitz)
vd;gtu; g];fypd; ,ae;jpuj;ij NkYk;
tpupTgLj;jp gb fzf;fplyp(Step Reckoner)
vDk; ,ae;jpukhf khw;wpdhu;.
,t;tpae;jpuk; +, -, *, / Mfpa
nraw;ghLfisr; nra;aj;jf;fjhf
khw;wg;gl;lJ.

 N[h]g; n[Fthl (Joseph Jaquard) vd;gtu;

1839k; Mz;lstpy; Jis ml;ilfisg; gad;gLj;jp
njhopwglf; $ba nerT rhjdj;ij
mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhu;.

 1822 Mz;L gpuhd;]; ehl;L

fzpjtpashuhd rhu;s];
ghNg[; (Charlse Babbage)
vd;gtuhy; Kjd; Kjypy;
nghwpKiwf; fzpj;jYf;F
mtrpakhd khjpupia
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
tpj;jpahrg; nghwp (Difference
engine) cUthf;fpdhu;.
2 | ILM.Irfan G10||Unit-1 Unit End Revision learnbyself.com
 rhu;s;]; ghNg[; tp;j;jpahrg;
nghwpia etPdg;gLj;jp juTfis
cs;nrYj;jTk;> juTfis
Nrkpf;fTk;> jftiy ntspaplTk;
Vw;wthW tpj;jpahrg; nghwpapid
(Different engine) cUthf;fpdhu;.
,d;W ghtidapy; cs;s etPd
fzpdpfspd; rhuk;r khjpupahd juT
cs;sPL> nrad;Kiw> ntspaPL
vd;gtw;iw Kjd; Kjypy;
tpj;jpahrg; nghwpapy; gad;gLj;jpa
fhuzj;jpdhy;. ,tu; fzpdpapd;
je;ij vd miof;fg;gLfpd;whu;.

 ,tuJ vz;zf;fU Njhw;wj;jpw;F cjtpaspj;j Nyb mlh M`];lh

yt;Ny];(Lady Ada Augusta Lovelace) vd;gtu; KjyhtJ fzzp epuyhsu;
(programmer) vd miof;fg;gLfpd;whu

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3 | ILM.Irfan G10||Unit-1 Unit End Revision learnbyself.com
Kjyhk; jiyKiwf;fzzp (1st Generation computer (1940 - 1956 Vacuum
tube))
,f;fhyfl;l fzpdpfspy; ntw;wplf; Foha;fs;(Vacuum
tube) gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
mwpTWj;jy;fis toq;Ftjw;fhd epuy;gLj;jy; nkhopahf
0> 1 ,id mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l ,ae;jpu nkhop
gad;gLjjg;gl;lJ.










gpujhd epidtfkhf fhe;j ngwy; (Magnetic drum) gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,J
kpff; Fiwe;j nfhs;ssitNa nfhz;L fhzg;gl;lJ.
 mjpf ntg;gk; ruhrupahf 250KW/h gad;gL;j;jpaJ mNjNeuk; ruhrupahf
1500 rJumb ,lg;gug;ig nfhz;bUe;jJ mNjNeuk; mjpf ntg;gj;ij
ntspaPL nra;jJ.
xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l ,yj;jpudpay; kw;Wk; fzdp rhu; mwpTs;stu;fshNyNa
,af;ff; $bajhf ,Ue;jJ.
cs;sPL ntspaPl;bw;fhf Jis ml;il kw;Wk; Mspfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lNjhL
ntspaPl;Lf;fhf Jis ml;il(Punch card) gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
cjhuzk;: ENIAC – (Electronic numerical integrated calculator and
computer), EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator)>
EDVAC (Electronic discrete variable automatic computers), UNIVAC
(Universal Automatic Computer)
4 | ILM.Irfan G10||Unit-1 Unit End Revision learnbyself.com
2k; jiyKiw fzpdpfs; (2nd Generation Computers (1957-1963 -
Transistors))
,f;fzpdpfspy; kpd;kg; ngUf;fpfs (Transistors) ;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ ,jdhy; Kd;diu tpl gd;klq;F
Ntfkhf nraw;gl;lJ.
gpujhd epidtfkhf magnetic core gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
epuy;gLj;jYf;fhf xUq;FNru; (Assmbly) nkhop
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
fzdpapd; gUkd; Nkirapy; itf;ff; $ba msT rpwpajhfpaNjhL
Kd;diu tpl $ba epidtf Mw;wy;, nraw;ghl;Lj;jpwz; $baJ
,uz;lhk; ju epidtfkhf fhe;j ehlh (Magnetic Tape) gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
,f;fhy fl;l fzpdpfSf;F cjhuzkhf:-
IBM 1620, UNIVAC 1108, IBM 7094, CDC 1604, CDC 3600

3k; jiyKiw fzzpfs; (3rd Generation Computers (1964 – 1975 - (Integrated

circuits – IC))
cs;sf nraw;ghl;bw;fhf xd;wpizf;fg;gl;l
Rw;Wf;fs;(IC) gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 IC apd; tUifapd; gpd;du; fzzpapd; Njhw;wk;
rpwpjhfpaJ, Ntfk; mjpfupj;jJ, tpiyFiwe;jJ,
epidtf Mw;wy; mjpfupj;jJ.
cs;sPL ntspaPl;bw;fhf tpirg;gyif,
fhl;rpj;jpiu> Rl;b (Keyboard, Monitor, Mouse)
Ngd;w Gjpa rhjdq;fs; gad;ghl;bw;F te;jJ.
,f;fhy fzdpfSf;F fl;lisfis toq;f
Pascal, BASIC, FORTRAN Nghd;w nkhopfs;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
rpW(Mini) fzzpfs; xU nghJthd gad;ghl;L
fzzpfshf ,f;fhy fl;lj;jpNyNa ntspaPL nra;ag;gl;lJ
,e;j fzzpf;F cjhuzkhf:- IBM – 360 Series, PDP (Personal Data
Processor), TDC – 316, Honey well 6000 series
5 | ILM.Irfan G10||Unit-1 Unit End Revision learnbyself.com
4k; jiyKiw fzzpfs; (4 Generation Computers (1975 – 1989 - LSI, VLSI ))
th

 cs;sf nraw;ghl;bw;fhf ngupa mstpy; ,ize;j

Rw;Wfs; (Large scale integration(LSI)) kw;Wk; kpfg;ngupa
mstpy; ,ize;j Rw;Wf;fs; (Very large scale
integration) gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ,J Ez;nrayp
(Microprocessors) vdTk; miof;fg;gl;lJ.


 Ez; (Micro), ifaff; fzpdpfs;(Palm top)> cau; nfhs;jpwd; nfhz;l td;
tl;Lf;fs;> nefpo;tl;Lf;fs;> fzpdp tiyaikg;Gf;fs; vd;gd Njhw;wk;
ngw;wd.
 ,f;fzdpfs; Ntfkhf nraw;gl;lNjhL $ba epidtf nfhs;ssit
nfhz;bUe;jNjhL Fiwe;jsT kpd;rhuj;ij gad;gLj;jpaJ.
fzdpf;F fl;lisfis toq;Ftjw;fhf cau; kl;l fzdp nkhopfs;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
 GUI (Graphical User Interface) cld; $ba ,af;f Kiwik nkd;nghUl;fs;
gad;ghl;bw;F te;jd.
,e;j fzzpf;F cjhuzkhf:-
IBM PC, Apple II, DEC 10, STAR 1000

5k; jiyKiw fzzpfs; (5th Generation Computers ( 1989 - ,w;iw tiu

ULSIC))
cs;sf nraw;ghl;bw;fhf kpfg;gpukhz;lkhd mstpy; ,ize;j Rw;Wfs;
(Ultra Large scale integration Circuit(ULSIC)) gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
,f;fzpdpfspy; nraw;if Ez;zwpT El;gq;fs; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;ld
(Artificial intelligent) ,jid mbg;gilahf nfhz;Nl %yf;$w;W fzzp
(Molecular Computer), kugzf;fzzp (DNA Computer) Nghd;w capupay;
fzzpfspd; njhopy;El;gk; Njhd;wpAs;sJ.
mjpAau; nfhs;jpwd; nfhz;l td;tl;Lf;fs;> xspapay; nefpo; tl;Lf;fs;>
,izak; vd;gd Njhw;wk; ngw;wd.
xNu Neuj;jpy; xd;wpw;F Nkw;gl;l nraw;ghLfis nra;aj;jf;f fzdpfs;
mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;lik. (Parallel processing)
APPLE, IBM, DELL, Lenova Nghd;w epWtdq;fs; fzdp cw;gj;jpapy;
gpugykhdtfshfTk; Intel, Cirias, IDT, AMD kw;Wk; Motorola Nghd;w
epWtdq;fs; Ez;nrayp jahupg;gjpy; gpugykhd fk;gdpfs;.
fzdpf;F fl;lisfis toq;Ftjw;fhf Java, VB.Net, C++, Python, etc
Nghd;w cau; kl;l fzdp nkhopfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
,e;j fzzpfSf;F cjhuzkhf:-
Desktop, Laptop, Notebook, Ultrabook, Pentium PCs
6 | ILM.Irfan G10||Unit-1 Unit End Revision learnbyself.com
gFjp I
1. jfty; njhlu;ghf gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; gpioahd $w;W
(1) jftiy tpl juT gpuNahrdk; $baJ
(2) jfty; %yk; jPuk
; hdj;jpw;F tu KbAk;
(3) jfty; vd;gJ Kiwtopg;gLj;jg;gl;l juT MFk;
(4) juT nrad;Kiwf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;L jfty;fs; ngwg;gLfp;d;wd.

2. KjtytJ fzpdp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;l El;gtpayhsu;.

(1) mlh nyt;Ny]; (2) rhu;s]; ghNg[; (3) g];fhy; (4) N`u;kd; n`hyupj;

3. KjyhtJ ,yj;jpudpay; fzpdpapy; cgNahfpf;fg;gl;l ,yj;jpudpay;

cgfuzk; vJ?
(1) ,U Kidak; (Diode) (2) ntw;wplf; Foha;
(3) kpd; Njf;fp (4) jpupjaq;fs;

4. Nghf;Ftuj;jpw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ICT ,d; gq;fspg;G ahJ?

(1) CAL (2) CBI (3) CCTV (4) WWW

5. N`u;kd; n`hyupj; (Herman Hollerith) vd;tupdhy; gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ

fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ?
(1) Jis ml;il (2) LCD njupg;gp
(3) Nkhnlhk; (MODEM) (4) mghf;f]; (ABACUS)

6. ,uz;lhk; jiyKiwf; fzpdpfSf;F mbg;gilaha; mike;jJ

(1) ntw;wplf; Foha; (2) nefpo;tl;L ehlh
(3) nraw;if Ez;kjp (4) jpup jilak;(Transistor)

7. Kjy; kpd;dpay; ,yf;ff; fzpdp “ENIAC” vd;w ngaupy; cUthdJ

,jw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gl;l %y ,yj;jpudpay; ghfk;….A….. MFk;. A
apdhy; Fwpf;fg;gLtJ ahJ?
(1) jpuhd;]p];lu; (2) xd;wpize;j Rw;W (IC)
(3) ntw;wplf; Foha; (4) Ez; rpy;Yfs;

8. Ez;Kiwtopahf;fpfs; (Microprocessors) etPd fzpdpiag;

gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ,J cl;gLk; re;jjp vJ?
(1) Kjyhk; re;jjp (2) ,uz;lhk; re;jjp
(3) %d;whk; re;jjp (4) Ie;jhk; re;jjp

9. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; juT my;yhjJ

(1) mky; 50cm cauKilatd; (2) khztdpd; nkhj;jg;Gs;sp
(3) ,d;iwa ntg;gepiy 38oC (4) tpkypd; fzpjghlg; Gs;sp 65
7 | ILM.Irfan G10||Unit-1 Unit End Revision learnbyself.com
10. xU njhFjpapd; $W my;yhjJ
(1) cs;sPL (2) ntspaPL (3) nkd;nghUs; (4) Kiwtopahf;fk;

11. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; Kiwtopg;gLj;jg;glhjJ.

(1) fky; ngw;w ruhrupg; Gs;sp (2) epky; tFg;gpy; caukhdtd;
(3) ,d;iwa ntg;gepiy
(4) rpth Mq;fpy ghlj;jpy; cau; Gs;sp ngw;whd;

12. gz;gwp jftypd; ,ay;G my;yhjJ

(1) nrk;ik (2) nghUj;jk;
(3) vy;yh mk;rq;fSk; ,Uj;jy; (4) fpuak; mjpfupj;jy;

13. Rfhjhuj;Jiwapy; jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopDl;gtpaypd; gq;fspg;G

(1) LMS (2) MRI (3) MICR (4) CCTV

14. fzpdpapd; je;ij vd miof;fg;gLgtu; ahu;?

(1) gpis]; g];fhy; (2) N[h]g; n[Fthl;
(3) rhu;s];; ghNg[; (4) N`hthl; va;l;fd;

15. ,yq;ifapy; mur Jiwfis fzpdp kag;gL;j;Jk; nraw;ghl;bw;F

nghUg;ghf ,Uf;Fk; epWtdk;
(1) ICTA (2) nkhwl;Lt gy;fiyf;fofk;
(3) nfhOk;G gy;fiyf;fofk; (4) CERT

16. fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s kpd;durhq;f (e-government) ,izg;G Clhf

murhq;fj;jpdhy; Copau;fSf;fhf ngw;Wf;nfhLf;Fk; xU NritahdJ.
(1) thfd mDkjpg;gj;jpuq;fis GJg;gpg;gjw;fhd trjpaspj;jy;
(2) Gjpa tpahghuq;fis gjpT nra;tjw;F trjpaspf;Fk;
(3) ,yq;ifapd; Rq;f jfty;fis ,e;jpahtpw;F toq;Fjy;
(4) mur cj;jpNahfj;ju;fSf;F nts;s tpthuz tpguq;fis toq;Fjy;

17. fzpdpapd; gupkhd tsu;r;rp njhlu;ghf fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s $w;Wf;fspy;

jtwhdJ ahJ?
(1) KjyhtJ jiyKiwf; fzpdpfspy; jpuhd;rp];uu;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ
(2) ,uz;lhk; jiyKiwf; fzpdpfspy; mjpfstpy; kpd;rhuk;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ
(3) %d;whk; jiyKiwf; fzpdpfspy; xUq;fpide;j Rw;W (IC)
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ
(4) Ie;jhk; jiyKiwf; fzpdpfs; nraw;if Ez;kjp mwpit
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ.
8 | ILM.Irfan G10||Unit-1 Unit End Revision learnbyself.com
18. jug;gl;Ls;s mwpf;iffisf; fUJf.
A – mWtilf;F NuNgh njhopEl;gj;ij gad;gLj;jy;
B – Esk;G ngUf;fj;ij jLf;f jhdpaq;fp G+r;rp fl;Lg;ghL ,ae;jpuj;ij
gad;gLj;jy;
C – fhw;wpd; Ntfk; kw;Wk; kiotPo;r;rp vd;gtw;iw vjpu;T $w thdpiy
mstPl;L fUtpfis gad;gLj;jy;.
Tptrhaj;ij Nkk;gLj;j NkNy $wg;gl;l ve;j njhopEl;gk;/fs; cjTfpwJ?
(1) B kl;Lk; (2) A, B kl;Lk;
(3) A, C kl;Lk; (4) A, B kw;Wk; C vy;yhk;

19. juTfis toq;Fjy; mjd; ngWNgw;iw ngWjy; kw;Wk; juTfis

njhFg;gjd; %yk; jahu; nra;tjd; %yk; mu;j;jKs;sjhf Mf;FtJ
gw;wpa nrhw;fs; gy KiwNa jug;gl;Ls;sJ. NkNy $wpatw;Wf;F
mikthf fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sitfspy; rupahdij njupT nra;f.
(1) tUtpisT Kiwtopahf;fk; cs;sPL
(2) Kiwtopahf;fk; tUtpisT cs;sPL
(3) cs;sPL Kiwtopaf;fk; tUtpisT
(4) cs;sPL tUtpisT Kiwtopahf;fk;

20. KjyhtJ nghwpKiwf; fzpj;jYf;fhd fUtpahfpa $l;lw; nghwpia

mwpKfk; nra;jtu;
(1) rhu;s;]; ghNg[; (2) gpis]; g];fhy;;
(3) mlh M`];lh (4) Pof. `hthl;
21. KjyhtJ tu;j;jf Nehf;fpyhd mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;l fhyfl;lk;.
(1) 1k; jiyKiw (2) 2k; jiyKiw
(3) 3k; jiyKiw (4) 4k; jiyKiw
22. 2k; jiyKiwf; fzdpfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l cs;sPl;L rhjdk;
(1) tpirg;gyif(keyboard) (2) Rl;b (Mouse)
(3) Jis ml;il (4) fhl;rpj;jpiu
23. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; jftypd; gz;gy;yhjJ?
(1) Ntfk; (2) rupahdJ
(3) cupaNeuj;jpy; fpilf;ff; $baJ (4) vjpu;T $wf; $baJ.

24. tptrhaj; Jiwapy; ICT apd; Jiwrhu; ed;ikay;yhjJ ahJ?

(1) jd;dpaf;f Kiwahf ePu; toq;fy;
(2) rLjpr; Rfhjhug; ghJfhg;G
(3) NuhNghj; njhopDl;gtpaypd; %yk; nrbfis eLjy;
(4) thdpiy mstPl;Lg; nghwpfs

25. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ fhyj;jhy; Ke;jpa fzpg;gPl;Lf; fUtpahFk;.

(1) tpj;jpahrg; nghwp (2) $l;lw;nghwp
(3) ENIAC (4) gFg;gha;Tg; nghwp
9 | ILM.Irfan G10||Unit-1 Unit End Revision learnbyself.com
26. கணி஦ி உலகில் முதyhவது இலத்திப஦ினல் - எண்ணினல் கணி஦ிahf
கருதப்஧டுவது எது?
(1) ABC கணி஦ி (2) EDVAC (3) UNIVAC (4) ENIAC

27. ஧ின்வரும் கூற்றுக்களை கருதுக?

A – 5ம் தiலமுiw கணி஦ினில் உள்sf nraw;ghl;bw;fhf kpfg; NgusT
xUq;fpizg;G Rw;Wf;fs; (VLSI) gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
B – 3ம் தiலமுiw கணி஦ினில் ஧ிபதh஦ ஥ிi஦வகநhக திண்ந ஥ிiy
Njf;f rh஦ங்கள் ஧னன்஧டுத்தப்஧ட்ட஦.
C – வiபவினல் ஧ன஦ர் இiடமுகத்துடdhd ஧ணிச்nrனல் முiwik 3ம்
தiyமுiw கணி஦ிகspல் Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ.
இவற்றுள் ஧ிiழah஦ கூற்று/ கூற்றுக்கள் எைவ?
(1) A நட்டும் (2) A, C நட்டும் (3) A, B, C அi஦த்தும் (4) எதுவுநல்ல
28. NtWNtwhf vLj;J fUj;J mspf;fg;gl Kbahj vz;fs;> nrhw;fs;>
FwpaPLfs;> tiuGfs; Mfpad
(1) juTfshFk; (2) jfty;fshFk;
(3) njhFjpahFk; (4) fzpdpahFk;
29. gpis]; g]fypdhy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l KjyhtJ nghwpKiwf; fzpg;Gr;
nra;iffisr; nra;Ak; cgfuzk; ahJ?
(1) mghf]; (2) $l;lw; nghwp (3) gFg;gha;T fUtp (4) Mark 1
30. kUj;Jt gupNrhjidapy; clypd; cl;gFjpfis NtWNtwhf Kg;gupkhd
Kiwg;gb glnkLf;f cjk; nghwp vJ?
(1) fzpdpg;gLj;jpa clypd; mr;Rg;gil (CAT)
(2) fhe;jg; gpupT tpk;gkhf;fw; nghwp (MRI)
(3) kpd; ,jatiug; nghwp (ECG) (4) ,jaNeha; jpiuaplw; nghwp

gFjp II
01. Glitf; filnahd;wpy; fhRf; nfhL;f;fy; thq;fYf;F Barcode Reader %yk;
gw;Wr;rPl;L mr;rplg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j nraw;ghl;Lf;F gad;gLj;Jk; cs;sPl;L
ntspaPl;L rhjdj;ijj; jUf.
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02. jiyKiw mbg;gilapy; fzpdpfis 5 jiyKiwfshf tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
mjw;Nfw;g gpd;tUk; ml;ltiziag; G+uzg;gL;j;Jf.

jiyKiw njhopEl;gk;
1 Mk; jiyKiw
3 Mk; jiyKiw

03. xU tq;fp jkJ nraw;ghl;il ICT iag; gad;gLj;jp Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F

cjhuzk; %d;W jUf.

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04. jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopEl;gtpaypd; jPikfs; 4 jUf.

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05. fy;tpj;Jiwapy; ICT ,d; gq;fspg;Gf;fs; ,uz;ilf; jUf.

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06. jfy;; kw;Wk; juTf;fpilapyhd NtWghLfs; 2Ij; jUf.

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07. Rfhjhuj; Jiwapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ICT rhu; fUtpfs; 2Ij; jUf.
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08. gFjp A apw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd gFjp B apid njupf

gFjp A gFjp B
a. $l;lw;nghwp i. N`hthl; va;l;fd;
b. KjyhtJ fzdp epuyhsu; ii. gpis]; g];fy;
c. gFg;gha;Tg; nghwp iii. mlh m`];lh yt;Ny];
d. Mark 1 iv. rhu;s;]; ghNg[;

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09. tptrhaj;jpy; fzdp fl;Lg;gLj;jpa KiwikfSf;fhd(computer Controlled
systems) ,U cjhuzq;fisr; RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.

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10. “kpd;fw;wyhdJ ghuk;gupa tFg;giw kl;lf; fw;wYld; xg;gplg;gLk; NghJ
xUtu; jdJ fjpapy;(pace) fw;gjw;F cjTfpd;wJ” ePu; ,f;$w;Wld;
cld;gLfpd;wPuh? ckJ tpiliar; RUf;fkhf

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11. doenets.lk ,izaj;jsj;jpidg; gad;gLj;jp mky; jdJ O/L guPl;irg;
ngWNgw;wpidg; ghu;g;gjw;fhf jdJ Rl;nlz;zpidj; jl;lr;R nra;J
mOj;jpdhy; mtdJ ngWNgW fhl;rp;g;gLj;jg;gLk;. Nkw;gb epfo;tpd;
cs;sPL> nrad;Kiw> ntspaPL vd;gtw;wpid cjhuzk; je;J vOJf.