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Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum: Technical Seminar Report On
Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum: Technical Seminar Report On
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN
Submitted by:
SHYAMARAJU H (USN: 1AJ15EC006)
Mrs. LEENA.L.B
Assistant Professor
C I T –NORTH
Lingadheera Gollahalli, Kundana Hobli, Devanahalli Taluk, Bengaluru – 562110
CERTIFICATE
With deep sense of gratitude, I acknowledge the help and encouragement of my seminar guide, Mrs.leena.l.b,
Assistance Professor, Department of ECE, CIT-NORTH Bangalore, for her successful guidance, support, help and
suggestion.
I would also like to express my deep sense of gratitude to Mrs. , Head of the Department of
Electronic & Communication Engineering for her exemplary guidance, valuable suggestions, expert advice and
encouragement.
Last but not the least, I take this opportunity in expressing my gratitude and respect to all those who directly
or indirectly helped and encouraged me during the course of project.
ABSTRACT
Recent studies have shown that about 60%of road accidents can be reduced if the driver is warned
before. Studies in Europe have also shown that warning signals about the road traffic, road topology
ahead allows for early braking which resulted in 3.6% crash reduction. Road accidents have become
the main cause of mortality in today’s world. To avoid this new technologies have come into
existence to provide faster & reliable communication between the vehicles. Vehicular Ad hoc
networks are emerging as a new class of wireless network spontaneously formed between moving
vehicles equipped with wireless interfaces, passengers & pedestrians. Inter vehicle communication is
attracting considerable attention from research community. As it will help to increase road safety,
reduce traffic congestion and can assist drivers with safety and information.
INTRODUCTION:
Vehicles represent such a fundamental component in our society that ratio of vehicle-population
to human-population in cities is constantly on increase. Now this would have a strong effect on our
lives and we now need advanced inter vehicle communication capabilities. Through these new
communication capabilities, vehicles will provide several new services to their passengers. A limited
but representative list of new services that will be made available by the DSRC/IEEE 802.11p
technology includes road vehicle safety, road navigation support, location-related commercials, and
networked interactive entertainment. The vehicle infrastructure integration was first launched by
the U.S. Department of transportation (USDOT) during the ITS World congress in 2003. Then the
vehicle infrastructure Integration consortium was formed in early 2005. IVC has attracted research
attention from the transport industry of Japan and US. Within this area there are also a lot of
different services that can be provided, and different strategies to implement them. The main goal
of IVC is to upgrade on board devices (i.e. GPS, sensors) and thus to extend the horizon of drivers.
IVC applications can provide us with Cooperative assistance systems focused on coordinating the
vehicles in critical points like junctions with no traffic lights. Communication-based longitudinal
control tries to exploit the look-through capability of IVC to reduce accidents and platooning vehicles
to increase the capacity of the road, while information and warning functions give support with real-
time warning messages to avoid collisions.
LITERATURE SURVEY
[1] R. Bishop has proposed a paper ”A survey of intelligent vehicle application worldwide,” in IEEE
intelligent Vehicle Symposium 2000.
This paper suggests intelligent vehicle(IV) system uses sensing and intelligent algorithm to
understand the environment immediately around the vehicle either assisting the driver in vehicle or
fully controlling the vehicle(automation).
[2] Yang, X., Liu, J., Zhao, F., Vaidya N. H. Proposed a paper “A Vehicle to vehicle Communication
Protocol for Cooperative Collision Warning”
It can be seen from the graph in Figure 1, that the latency requirement grows exponentially as the
vehicle move faster. Security requirements are also important. A vehicle could transmit false
warnings, in order to show up as an emergency vehicle. Also, messages can be used to track a
vehicle and get private information about the driver and passengers. Security mechanisms such as
authentication, integrity and privacy protection must be supported. The IVC networks must also
support scalability. The network can become dense in a very short time, if a lot of vehicles get stuck
in a traffic jam.
CHAPTER 4
SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
A vehicular network can be deployed by network operators and service providers or through
integration between operators, providers and appropriate governmental authority. Recent
advances in wireless technologies and emerging trends in ad hoc network scenarios allow a
number of deployment architectures for vehicular networks. Such network architectures can be
deployed for highway, rural and city environments. Irrespective of the deployment environment
such architectures should allow communication among nearby vehicles and nearby fixed roadside
equipment.
The figure 2 below illustrates the reference architecture. This reference architecture covers three
aspects of vehicular communication: In –vehicle, ad hoc and infrastructure domain. The In- Vehicle
domain refers to a local network inside each vehicle logically composed of two types of units: (i)
An On- board unit (OBU) and (ii) One or more application units (AUs)
An OBU is a device in the vehicle having communication capabilities (wireless and/ or wired),
while an AU is a device executing a single or set of applications while making use of the OBU‟s
communication capabilities. Indeed, an AU can be an integrated part of a vehicle and be
permanently connected to an OBU. It can also be a portable device such as a laptop or PDA that
can dynamically attach to (and detach from) an OBU. The AU and OBU are usually connected with
a wired connection, while wireless connection is also possible (using Bluetooth etc). This
distinction between AU and OBU is logical, and they can very well co-exist as a single physical unit.
The Ad hoc domain is a network composed of vehicles equipped with OBUs and road side units
(RSUs) that are stationary along the road. OBUs of different vehicles form a mobile ad hoc
network (MANET), where an OBU is equipped with communication devices, including at least
short- range wireless communication device dedicated for road safety. OBUs and RSUs can be seen
as nodes of ad hoc network, respectively mobile and static nodes. An RSU can be attached to an
infrastructure network, which in turn can be connected to the internet. RSUs can also
communicate to each other directly or via multi hop approach. Their primary role is improvement
of road safety, by executing special applications and by sending, receiving or forwarding data in
the ad hoc domain.
Two types of infrastructure domain access exist: RSU and hot spot. RSUs may allow OBUs to access
the infrastructure and consequently to be connected to the internet. OBUs may also communicate
with Internet via public, commercial or private hot spots (Wi-Fi hot spots). In the absence of RSUs
and hot spots, OBUs can utilize communication capabilities of cellular radio networks (GSM, GPRS,
WiMax and 4G) if they are integrated in the OBU.
CHAPTER 5
There are two approaches to establish the way the vehicles will send warning messages. One is the
passive approach in which vehicles broadcast their motion information. And the other is the active
approach the messages are only send when the problem occurs, that is, when the vehicle acts
abnormally. This protocol chooses the active approach because it causes much less traffic in the net.
When an emergency occurs (i.e. change of direction, mechanical failure) then the vehicle is said to
be Abnormal Vehicle (AV). This Vehicle must send an Emergency Warning message (EWM) to let the
surrounding cars to know about this event.
a) Assumptions In this protocol it is assumed that every vehicle is equipped with a system which is
able to get the geographical position of the vehicle. It is also assumed that the vehicle has a wireless
transceiver. All vehicles use the same IEEE 802.11 standard and share a common channel. The VCWC
protocol does not require all vehicles to be able to send or receive these messages, since this
protocol is also helpful when not all the vehicles have a transceiver. Even when the majority of
vehicles do not count with this system, the VCWC protocol brings benefits to all vehicles.
b) Message Differentiation The VCWC uses different types of messages. As they have different
priorities, the protocol must support a mechanism of differentiation between messages. Of all the
messages, EWMs have highest priority. The forwarded EWMs occurs when the vehicle receives EWM
and must spread the warning alert to other vehicles. The third type of message is the non- time
sensitive messages, which deal with control tasks. In order to perform this differentiation, the way
802.11 coordinates media access is analyzed. When a vehicle has a packet to transmit, it has to wait
for the channel to be idle during the Inter Frame Space (IFS). Then, a random back off is selected to
transmit. Different levels of priorities can be established using different IFS. For eg, message with
high priority uses a small IFS.
c) Congestion Contorl of EWMs It is common that more than one AV coexists in time. For example, if
a car stops in the highway due to a mechanical failure, it remains sending EWMs messages to
approaching vehicles and will remain AV until it is retired from the road. Also, due to the natural
chain effect that is produced in emergency events, the coexisting AVs might send messages at the
same time, leading to packet collisions. The VCWC protocol has to deal with multiple AVs.
Figure 3: Collision Scenario
Another phenomenon might increase congestion in the network. This is known as Redundant EWMs.
In Figure 3 is shown an example of this. Vehicle A suddenly stops, vehicle N3 breaks because of A‟s
detention. In this case, the EWM sent by N3 and the EWM sent by vehicle A are actually warning
about the same event.
To ensure a reliable communication over unreliable wireless channel, EWMs must be repeatedly
sent at a certain rate. However, if the retransmission rate is too high, there are more EWM
messages travelling in the same time which leads into a high congestion of the network. In
addition, as a EWM cannot be transmitted until the previous has been transmitted; the inter-
transmission duration of EWMs adds delay to the retransmission delay as shown in Figure 4. Delay
= Delaywait + Delayretransmission …. (1)
Figure 4 shows the total delay, described by equation 1. Hence, a high transmission rate would
contribute to high congestion, increasing the waiting time (Delaywait). In the other hand, a low
transmission rate would increase the retransmission time (Delayretransmission). A good balance
must be found. The strategy presented in the VCWC protocol takes into accounts the fact that at
the beginning of an accident event the delay must be minimized.
However, once the closer vehicles have been warned, the higher distance with the approaching
cars allows a certain delay relaxation. This is shown in Figure 5, where vehicle A must quickly alert
vehicle N3, but can offer a bigger delay to warn vehicle N6. This relaxation delay allows the VCWC
protocol to reduce the transmission rate, and consequently reduce the traffic congestion in the
network.
Applications
Vehicular networking applications can be broadly categorized into:
Primarily employed to decrease the probability of traffic accidents and the loss of life of the
vehicle occupants.
It focus on improving the vehicle traffic flow, traffic coordination and traffic assistance and
provide update local information.
The future work will be to design an IOT based frame work for inter-vehicular communication.
REFERENCES