Object

Object30
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

http://www.f5debug.net/post/2012/09/17/350-Interview-Questions-and-Answers-on-Net-
Framework-OOPS-ASPNet-CNet-SQL-Server-WCF-in-one-place.aspx

Question 1 - What Is CLR ?

CLR is Common Language Runtime is the runtime that converts a MSIL code into the host machine
language code. It is the execution engine for .NET Framework applications. It provides a number of
services, including:
• Code management (loading and execution)
• Memory Management
• Thread Management
• Conversion of IL to native code.
• Access to metadata (enhanced type information)
• Managing memory for managed objects (Garbage collection)
• Enforcement of code access security (Security Management)
• Exception handling, including cross-language exceptions
• Interoperation btw managed code, COM objects, and pre-existing DLL's (unmanaged code
and data)
• Support for developer services (profiling, debugging, and so on).
• Type safety.

Question 2 - What is CLR HOST?

A CLR host is an application that is responsible for loading the CLR into a process, creating
application domains within the process, and executing user code within the application domains.
Examples of hosts that ship with the .NET Framework include:
• ASP.Net - An ISAPI filter that ships with ASP.NET loads the CLR and does the initialization
necessary to handle web requests.
• Internet Explorer: - A MIME filter hooks into IE versions 5.01 and higher to execute
managed controls referenced from HTML pages.

Question 3 - What is CTS?

CTS is Common Type System, which describes how types are declared, used and managed. CTS
facilitate cross-language integration, type safety, and high performance code execution.
Example in VB you have “Integer” and in C++ you have “long” these data types are not compatible
so the interfacing between them is very complicated. In order that these two different languages
communicate Microsoft introduced Common Type System. So “Integer” data type in VB and “int”
data type in C++ will convert it to System.int32, which is data type of CTS.
Question 4 - What is CLS?

CLS Is Common Language Specification, is a specification that defines the rules to support
language integration. This is done in such a way, that programs written in any language (.NET
compliant) can interoperate with one another. This also can take full advantage of inheritance,
polymorphism, exceptions, and other features. It was always a dream of Microsoft to unite all
different languages in to one umbrella and CLS is one-step towards that.
Question 5 - What is an Intermediate Language?
(IL) Intermediate Language Or (CIL) Common Intermediate Language Or (MSIL) Microsoft
Intermediate Language, is one of the Core component of the .NET Framework. Any .NET source
codes written in any .net supportive language (C#,VB.net etc), when compiled are converted to
MSIL. This MSIL, when installed or at the Runtime, gets converted to machine code. The Runtime
conversion of MSIL code to the machine code is handled by a component called as the Just In Time
(JIT) Compiler.

Question 6 - What is Just In Time Compiler?

It is a compiler which converts MS IL (Microsoft Intermediate Language) code to Native Code (i.e.
CPU-specific code that runs on the same computer architecture). Just-In-Time compiler- it converts
the language that you write in .Net into machine language that a computer can understand. There
are 3 types of JITs
• Pre-JIT compiler (Compiles entire code into native code completely in a single Operation)
• Econo JIT compiler (Compiles only methods(Code) called at Runtime)
• Normal JIT compiler (Compiles only that part of code called at Runtime and places in
cache)
Question 7 - What is Portable executable (PE)?
The file format defining the structure that all executable files (EXE) and Dynamic Link Libraries
(DLL) must use to allow them to be loaded and executed by Windows. Windows PE is divided into
2 main sections.
• The first section includes the PE/COFF headers that references the contents within the PE
file.
• The second section is the native image section which contains .data, .rdata, .rsrc, and .text
sections.
Question 8 - What is Managed Code?

Managed code runs inside the environment of CLR i.e. .NET runtime. In short, all IL are managed
code. However, if you are using some third party software example VB6 or VC++ component they
are unmanaged code, as .NET runtime (CLR) does not have control over the source code execution
of these languages.
A runtime-aware compiler compiles the IL into native executable code within a managed execution
environment that ensures type safety, array bound and index checking, exception handling, and
garbage collection. Also, many unproductive programming tasks are automatically taken care of,
such as type safety checking, memory management, and destruction of unneeded objects. You can
therefore focus on the business logic of your applications and write them using fewer lines of code.
The result is shorter development time and more secure and stable applications.
Question 9 - What is UnManaged Code?
As mentioned above the Unmanaged code will be one where
• The CLR cannot able to understand the code.
• The CLR cannot instruct the code.
• The second time compilation is unmanaged code. It is understood only by the machine not
by the user.
Question 10 - What is Garbage Collector?
Garbage collection is a process of releasing the memory used by the objects, which are no longer
referenced. This is done in different ways and different manners in various platforms and languages.
When an program is loaded in the memory there will be a bunch of memory allocated for that
particular program alone and loaded with memory. This bunch of memory is called Managed
Heap(is nothing but a bunch of memory allocated for the program at run time). This amount of
memory will only be used when an object is to be loaded in to the memory for that particular
program.
This memory is separated in to three parts:
• Generation Zero – Smaller size
• Generation One – Medium size
• Generation Two – Larger size
When we try to create an object by using NEW keyword the system will,
• Calculate the number of bytes required for the object or type to be loaded in to the managed
heap.
• The CLR then checks that the bytes required to allocate the object are available in the
reserved region. IF the object fits, it is allocated at the address pointed to by NextObjPtr.
• These processes will happen at the Generation zero level.
Question 11 - What is a Strong Name?
A strong name is a .NET assembly name combined with its version number and other information
to uniquely identify the assembly. This allows multiple versions of the same assembly to peacefully
co-exist in the global assembly cache, where shared assemblies are typically stored. It consists of
five parts as mentioned below
• Simple Name – Usually the name of the file (without the extension) that contains the
assembly
• Public Key – RSA cryptographic public key that helps verify the assembly's authenticity
• Version – Four-part version number, in the form of Major.Minor.Build.Revision
• Culture – Target audience for the assembly, such as "neutral" (default audience), "en-us"
(English – United States) or "fr" (France) etc.
• Processor Architecture – Defines the assembly's format, such as MSIL (intermediate
language) or x86 (binary for Intel x86 processors)

Question 12 - What are the steps to create Strong Name?

We have a set of steps that should be followed to create a strong name as shown below.
• Open .net command prompt.
• Go to the folder containing DLL.
• Type sn -k test.snk, This will create test .snk file in that folder.
• Open the assemblyinfo.cs file of project.
• Type file path in this tag
[assembly:AssemblyKeyFile@"E:\Code\practice\HP\bin\Debug\HP.snk")]
• Build application, finally your strong name created for your DLL.

Question 13 - What are the Problems faced using Strong Name?

• Requires Exact Match. If you use strong names, your application or library must load the
assembly with the exact strong name that you specify, including version and culture.
• Cannot Lose Private Key. If your private key is lost or stolen, the security of your assembly
is compromised. You will be forced to re-issue a new assembly signed with a new public-
private key pair.

Question 14 - What is Program Database?

A program database files holds debugging and project state information that allows incremental
linking of debug configuration of your program. A PDB file can be up to 2GB.

Question 15 - What is Delay Signing?

It is signing an assembly with its strong name public key, which is freely distributable, instead of
using the private key as usual. This allows developers to use and test a strong-named assembly
without access to the private key. Then at a later stage (typically just before shipping the assembly),
a manager or trusted key holder must sign the assembly with the corresponding private key.

[ad]

Question 16 - What is an Assembly?

Assemblies are the building blocks of .NET Framework applications; they form the fundamental
unit of deployment, version control, reuse, activation scoping, and security permissions. An
assembly is a collection of types and resources that are built to work together and form a logical
unit of functionality. An assembly provides the common language runtime with the information it
needs to be aware of type implementations.

Question 17 - What are the Contents of an Assembly

• Type metadata.
• The assembly manifest, which contains assembly metadata.
• Microsoft intermediate language (MSIL) code that implements the types.
• A set of resources

Question 18 - What are the Types of an Assemblies?

Assemblies are of four types
• Private - The assembly is intended only for one application
• Shared - If the assembly is to be made into a Shared Assembly(GAC)
• Static – These are the .NET PE files that you create at compile time.
• Dynamic - These are PE-formatted, in-memory assemblies that you dynamically create at
runtime

Question 19 - What is a Satellite assembly?

• A .NET Framework assembly containing resources specific to a given language.
• Using satellite assemblies, you can place the resources for different languages in different
assemblies.
• The correct assembly is loaded into memory only if the user elects to view in that language.
• Culture is maintained in a text file which acts like a resource to the assembly.

Question 20 - What are the Steps to Create Satellite Assembly?

Below are the steps to create a satellite assembly
• Set the paths for resgen and al.exe:
• Create a .resources file.
• Create the satellite assembly.
• The assembly should have the naming convention for .NET to be able to search for it.
• Specify the settings for culture.
• Put the satellite assembly in the appropriate folder.
 • Once the satellite assembly is created, physically copy it to the appropriate directory.
• Repeat the process for each language in which you are creating an assembly
Question 21 - What is an Assembly Loader?
• Checks if the assembly is Strongly signed.
• If yes it will search in the GAC
• Loader will search the policy file name in the format of
• Policy.AssemblyMajorVersion.AssemblyMinorVersion.AssemblyName
• Eg. MyPolicy.1.2.Assembly1
• If such a file exists it will look inside of it if the version of the assembly that we are trying to
load matches the version/versions range written in the policy file. If it does, it will try to load
the assembly with the version specified there. If no such policy file exists, it will try to load
assembly from the GAC.
• If it will fail to find it in the GAC, it will start to search in the system’s search path.
In web applications it will also include the application’s Bin directory in the search path.

Question 22 - What is Multi Module Assembly or Assembly Linker?

We like to combine Hello.dll with GoodBye.dll and put them into a Private Assembly we call
GreetAssembly.dll.
DotNet> al /t:library /out:bin\Hellowroldassembly.dll bin\GoodDay.dll bin\GoodMorning.dll
For this purpose we use the Assembly Linker. As /t (target) we generate here a library referencing
the two other DLLs. This is also called a Multi-Module Assembly. Again, we store all the binaries
in a bin folder.

Question 23 - What is an Assembly Manifest?

The assembly manifest contains this assembly metadata. An assembly manifest contains all the
metadata needed to specify the assembly's version requirements and security identity, and all
metadata needed to define the scope of the assembly and resolve references to resources and
classes. The assembly manifest can be stored in either a PE file (an .exe or .dll) with Microsoft
intermediate language (MSIL) code or in a standalone PE file that contains only assembly manifest
information.

Question 24 - What is a Metadata?

Metadata is data that describes the state of the assembly and a detailed description of
each type, attribute within the assembly. Metadata stores the following information:
• Description of the assembly.
• Identity (name, version, culture, public key).
• The types that are exported.
• Other assemblies that this assembly depends on.
• Security permissions needed to run.
• Description of types.
• Name, visibility, base class, and interfaces implemented.
• Members (methods, fields, properties, events, nested types).
• Attributes.
• Additional descriptive elements that modify types and
 members.

Question 25 - What is a Base class in .Net?

Base class is the one from which the object and references are being inherited in .net
• System.object is for .Net
• System.Web.UI is for asp.net

Question 26 - What is Full Assembly Reference?

A full assembly reference includes the assembly's text name, version, culture, and public key token
(if the assembly has a strong name). A full assembly reference is required if you reference any
assembly that is part of the common language runtime or any assembly located in the global
assembly cache.

Question 27 - What is Partial Assembly Reference?

We can dynamically reference an assembly by providing only partial information, such as
specifying only the assembly name. When you specify a partial assembly reference, the runtime
looks for the assembly only in the application directory.

Question 28 - What is an Assembly Qualified Name?

An assembly qualified name isn't the filename of the assembly; it's the internal name of the
assembly combined with the assembly version, culture, and public key, thus making it unique.

Question 29 - What is ILDASM (Intermediate Language Disassembler)?

It is a tool provided in C# to view and read the assembly content in manifest view. This tool is
supplied along with the Visual Studio .NET you are using. It is also available along with .NET
SDK. To access this tool, you have to run the ildasm.exe

Question 30 - What is Global Assembly Cache?

• The GAC stores assemblies specifically designated to be shared by several applications on
the computer.
• Assemblies deployed in the GAC must have a strong name.
• When an assembly is added to the GAC, integrity checks are performed on all files that
make up the assembly. The cache performs these integrity checks to ensure that an assembly
has not been tampered with, for example, when a file has changed but the manifest does not
reflect the change.
• Use a developer tool called the Global Assembly Cache tool (Gacutil.exe), provided by
the .NET Framework SDK or Use Windows Explorer to drag assemblies into the cache.
Question 31 – What is an Attribute?
Attributes are declarative tags in code that insert additional metadata into an assembly. Attributes
are of Two types:
• Predefined attributes such as Assembly Version, which already exist and accessed through
Runtime Classes;
 • Custom attributes, which you write yourself by extending the System.Attribute class.
• Example – Custom Attribute for entire assembly
1. using System;

2. [assembly : MyAttributeClass] class X {}

Question 32 – What is Serialization & DeSerialization?

It is a process of taking an object and converting into a form so that it can be transported across the
network or can be persisted in the storage location. This storage location can be physical file,
database or ASP.NET Cache. The form contains the state of the object so that by this format, we can
construct the same object a later point in time, which is called De-serialization. When the object is
subsequently de-serialized, an exact clone of the original object is created. Remoting and Web
Services depend heavily on this process.

Question 33 – Where Serialization is used?

• Used to save session state in ASP.NET.
• Copy objects to the Clipboard in Windows Forms
• Remoting to pass objects by value from one application domain to another.

Question 34 – What are the types of Serialization available in .net?

Serialization of 3 types and are as follows.
• Binary Serialization : Light and compact used in Remoting
• SOAP Serialization : interoperable use SOAP and used in web Services
• XML Serialization : Custom Serialization

Question 35 – What is Binary Serialization?

Binary serialization is a mechanism which writes the data to the output stream such that it can be
used to re-construct the object automatically. The term binary in its name implies that the necessary
information that is required to create an exact binary copy of the object is saved onto the storage
media.

Question 36 – What are the Advantages & Disadvantages of Binary Serialization?

Advantages:
Object can be de-serialized from the same data you serialized it to. It has enhanced performance as
it is faster and even more powerful in the sense that it provides support for complex objects, read
only properties and even circular references.
Disadvantage:
It is not easily portable to another platform.

Question 37 – What is SOAP Serialization?

The SOAP protocol is ideal for communicating between applications that use heterogeneous
architectures. In order to use SOAP serialization in .NET we have to add a reference to
System.Runtime.Serialization.Formatters.Soap in the application.
Question 38 – What are the Advantages of SOAP Serialization?
The basic advantage of SOAP serialization is portability. The SoapFormatter serializes objects into
SOAP messages or parses SOAP messages and extracts serialized objects from the message.

Question 39 – What is a XML Serialization?

XML serialization converts (serializes) the public fields and properties of an object or the
parameters and returns values of methods, into an XML stream that conforms to a specific XML
Schema definition language (XSD) document. XML serialization results in strongly typed classes
with public properties and fields that are converted to a serial format (in this case, XML) for storage
or transport. Because XML is an open standard, the XML stream can be processed by any
application, as needed, regardless of platform." Implementing XML Serialization in .Net is quite
simple.

Question 40 – What are the Advantages of XML Serialization?

• Serialization is of XML based.
• Support for cross platforms programming.
• Easily readable and editable
Question 41 - What is Custom Serialization?

• In some cases, the default serialization techniques provided by .NET may not be sufficient in
real life.
• This is when we require implementing custom serialization.
• It is possible to implement custom serialization in .NET by implementing the ISerializable
interface.
• This interface allows an object to take control of its own serialization and de-serialization
process.
• It gives us a great deal of flexibility in the way we can save and restore objects.

Question 42 - What is a Namespace?

• Containers of objects which contain classes, unions, structures, interfaces,
enumerators, delegates.
• Main goal is for creating hierarchical organization of program.
• Developers does not need to worry about the naming conflicts of classes, functions,
variables etc.

Question 43 - What is GUID?

It is Short form of Globally Unique Identifier,
A unique 128-bit number that is produced by the Windows OS or Windows app to identify a
particular component, application, file, database entry, and/or user.

Question 44 - What is a Formatter?

• A formatter is used to determine the serialization format for objects.
• In other words, it is used to control the serialization of an object to and from a stream.
• They are the objects that are used to encode and serialize data into an appropriate format
 before they are transmitted over the network.
• They expose an interface called the IFormatter interface. IFormatter's significant methods
are Serialize and De-serialize which perform the actual serialization and de-serialization.
• There are two formatter classes provided within .NET, the BinaryFormatter and the
SoapFormatter. Both these classes extend the IFormatter interface.

Question 45 - What is a Binary Formatter?

The Binary formatter provides support for serialization using binary encoding. The BinaryFormater
class is responsible for binary serialization and is used commonly in .NET's Remoting technology.
This class is not appropriate when the data is supposed to be transmitted through a firewall.
Question 46 - What is a SOAP Formatter?
The SOAP formatter provides formatting that can be used to serialize objects using the SOAP
protocol. It is used to create a Soap envelop and it uses an object graph to generate the result. It is
responsible for serializing objects into SOAP messages or parsing the SOAP messages and
extracting these serialized objects from the SOAP messages. SOAP formatters in .NET are widely
used by the Web Services.

Question 47 - What is Reflection?

• It is a collection of classes which allow u to query assembly (class/object) metadata at
runtime.
• Using reflection we can also create new types and their instances at runtime and invoke
methods on these new instances.
• At runtime, the Reflection mechanism uses the PE file to read information about the
assembly.
• We can dynamically invoke methods using System.Type.Invokemember
• We can dynamically create types at runtime using System.Reflection.Emit.TypeBuilder
• With reflection we can do the below
• we can dynamically create an instance of a type
• bind the type to an existing object
• get the type from an existing object
• invoke its methods or access its fields and properties

Question 48 - What is Thread and Process?

• Threads are basically light weight processes responsible for multitasking within a single
application.
• The base class used for threading is System.Threading.
• Threads are implemented when situations in which you want to perform more than one task
at a time.
• A Process is an instance of a running application.
• A thread is the Execution stream of the Process.
• A process can have multiple Threads.
• Example: A Microsoft Word is an Application. When you open a word file, an instance of
the Word starts and a process is allocated to this instance which has one thread.
• Create Thread – use System.Thread() class and create an instance.
• Join Thread - use object.Join() to join threads.
• Suspend Thread - use object.Sleep(<No of seconds>) to suspend a thread.
• Kill Thread - use object.Abort() to abort a thread.
Question 49 - What are the difference between a Dll and an Exe?
DLL EXE

Create an object of dll Not in exe

In Process Component Out Process Component

Multiple Uses Single use

Cannot be started as stand alone Can be started as stand alone

Question 50 - What are Globalization and Localization?

To implementing a multilingual user interface, you design the user interface to open in the default
UI language and offer the option to change to other languages. Globalization is the first step in the
process. A globalized application supports localized user interfaces and regional data for all users.
Truly global applications should be culture-neutral and language-neutral. A globalized application
can correctly accept, process, and display a worldwide assortment of scripts, data formats, and
languages. Accommodating these cultural differences in an application is called localization.

Question 51 - What is a Resource File?

Resource files are the files containing data that is logically deployed with an application. These files
can contain data in a number of formats including strings, images and persisted objects. It has the
main advantage of If we store data in these files then we don't need to compile these if the data get
changed. In .NET we basically require them storing culture specific information’s by localizing
application's resources. You can deploy your resources using satellite assemblies.

Question 52 - What is Code Access Security(CAS)?

CLR allows code to perform only those operations that the code has permission to perform. So CAS
is the CLR's security system that enforces security policies by preventing unauthorized access to
protected resources and operations. Using the Code Access Security, you can do the following:
• Restrict what your code can do
• Restrict which code can call your code
• Identify code
Code access security consists of the following elements:
• Permissions - represent access to a protected resource or the ability to perform a protected
operation.
• Permission sets - A permission set is a collection of permissions.
• Code groups - logical grouping of code that has a specified condition for membership
Evidence
• Policy - Security policy is the configurable set of rules that the CLR follows when
determining the permissions to grant to code.
• There are four policy levels - Enterprise, Machine, User and Application Domain, each
operating independently from each other.
Syntax
 • See CAS objects -- Run 'caspol -lg' from command line.
• Add CAS objects -- caspol -ag 1.3 -site www.mydomain.com FullTrust
• Change CAS obj -- caspol -cg 1.3 FullTrust
• Turn Off -- caspol -s off

Question 53 - What is difference between Code Based Security and Role Based Security?
CAS is the approach of using permissions and permission sets for a given code to run.
Example, Admin can disable running executables off the Internet or restrict access to
corporate database to only few applications.
• Role security most of the time involves the code running with the privileges of the current
user. This way the code cannot supposedly do more harm than mess up a single user
account.
• Neither is better. It depends on the nature of the application; both code-based and role-based
security could be implemented to an extent.

Question 54 - What is difference between Invoke and Begin Invoke

• Delegate.Invoke: Executes synchronously, on the same thread.
• Delegate.BeginInvoke: Executes asynchronously, on a threadpool thread.
• Control.Invoke: Executes on the UI thread, but calling thread waits for completion before
continuing.
• Control.BeginInvoke: Executes on the UI thread, and calling thread doesn't wait for
completion.
• BeginInvoke is asynchronous. When BeginInvoke is called from the UI thread the request
will be executed in parallel with the UI thread. Which means it may not execute until after
the currently executing method has returned. So in this case the text box will never appear to
update because the for loop will not be interrupted, as the calling thread will not wait for this
event to be completed before continuing.
• Alternatively, Invoke is synchronous. The text box will be updated because the calling
thread will wait for the call to complete before continuing execution.

Question 55 - What is the difference between Debug and Trace?

Tracing is actually the process of collecting information about the program's execution. Debugging
is the process of finding & fixing errors in our program. Tracing is the ability of an application to
generate information about its own execution.
Trace and Debug work in a similar way, the difference is that tracing from the Debug class only
works in builds that have the DEBUG symbol defined, whereas tracing from the Trace class only
works in builds that have the TRACE symbol defined.
• Use System.Diagnostics.Trace.WriteLine for tracing that you want to work in debug and
release builds
• Use System.Diagnostics.Debug.WriteLine for tracing that you want to work only in debug
builds.
Question 56 - What is a Debug version of a code?
• Preprocessor(Debugging Diagnostic) macro _DEBUG is enabled.
• More memory size.
• Support files required. (MFC Dll’s)
• No Code Optimization
• Uses MFC Debug Library
• ASSERT is enabled.
 • Execution takes more time

Question 57 - What is a Release version of a code?

• Preprocessor(Debugging Diagnostic) macro NDEBUG is enabled.
• Less memory size.
• Support files not required. (MFC Dll’s)
• Code Optimization
• Uses MFC Release Library
• ASSERT is disabled anything inside of ASSERT will not be executed.
• Execution takes less time

Question 58 - What is an IDisposable Interface?

• The primary use of this interface is to release unmanaged resources. The garbage collector
automatically releases the memory allocated to a managed object when that object is no
longer used.
• However, it is not possible to predict when garbage collection will occur.
• Furthermore, the garbage collector has no knowledge of unmanaged resources such as
window handles, or open files and streams.
• The consumer of an object can call this method when the object is no longer needed.

Question 59 - What is Finalize block in .net?

• Finalize() is called by the runtime
• Is a C# equivalent of destructor, called by Garbage Collector when the object goes out of
scope.
• Implement it when you have unmanaged resources in your code, and want to make sure that
these resources are freed when the Garbage collection happens.
• Finalize() can NOT be overridden or called in C#.
• Since, Finalize() is called by the Garbage Collector, it is non-deterministic.

Question 60 - What is Dispose block in .net?

• Dispose() is called by the user
• Same purpose as finalize, to free unmanaged resources. However, implement this when you
are writing a custom class, that will be used by other users.
• Overriding Dispose() provides a way for user code to free the unmanaged objects in your
custom class.
• Dispose() has to be implemented in classes implementing IDispose interface.
• Dispose() method is called explicitly in the code itself.

Question 61 - What is Runtime Host?

Ranging from Windows applications, Web applications to Mobile applications, CLR is designed to
support various types of applications. .NET Framework provides different types of runtime hosts to
manage the execution of application code(to load runtime in to process, create application domain
within process, load user code in to application domain) and provides various services to the
application. Runtime hosts included in .Net framework are : ASP.NET, Microsoft Internet Explorer
and windows shell.

Question 62 - What is Connection Pooling?

 • A Connection Pool is a container of open and reusable connections. A Connection Pool is
released from the memory when the last connection to the database is closed.
• The Data Providers in ADO.NET have Connection Pooling turned on by default; if you need
to turn it off, specify Pooling = false in the connection string being used.
• Connection Pooling gives you an idle, open, reusable connection instead of opening a new
one every time a connection request to the database is made. When the connection is closed
or disposed, it is returned to the pool and remains idle until a request for a new connection
comes in.
• The pool can house connections up to the maximum limit as specified in the connection
string that was used to connect to the database.
• Advantage of using Connection Pooling is an improvement of performance and scalability
• Disadvantage is that one or more database connections, even if they are currently not used,
are kept open.

Question 63 - What are the main parameters used by Connection Pooling?

Connection Pooling is controlled and the parameters passed to a connection string comprises the
following:
• Connect Timeout
• Min Pool Size
• Max Pool Size
• Pooling

Question 64 - What is Connection Pool Manager?

A Connection Pool is maintained internally by the Connection Pool Manager. When a request for a
subsequent connection comes in, the Connection Pool Manager searches the pool for the availability
of a free connection and returns it to the application if one is available. Connection Pools works as
below
• If any unused connection is available, it returns one.
• If all connections are used up, a new connection is created and added to the pool.
• If the number of connections reaches the maximum number of connections in the pool, the
requests are queued until a connection becomes free for reuse.

Question 65 - What is Object Pooling?

It is something that tries to keep a pool of objects in memory to be re-used later and hence it will
reduce the load of object creation to a great extent. Whenever there is a request for a new object, the
pool manager will take the request and it will be served by allocating an object from the pool.
Pooling basically means utilizing the resources efficiently, by limiting access of the objects to only
the period the client requires it.

Question 66 - What are the Advantages of Object Pooling?

It minimizes the consumption of memory and the system's resources by recycling and re-using
objects as and when it is needed and serving the request for new objects from the pool of ready-to-
be-used objects. The objects that the application is done with (the objects are no longer needed) are
sent back to the pool rather than destroying them from the memory.
According to MSDN, "Once an application is up and running, memory utilization is affected by the
number and size of objects the system requires. Object pooling reduces the number of allocations,
and therefore the number of garbage collections, required by an application.
Question 67 - What is the Difference between Connection Pooling and Object Pooling?
Object Pooling is great in the sense that it can optimize access to expensive resources (like file
handles or network connections) by pooling them in memory and reusing them as and when they
are needed.
According to MSDN, "Object pooling lets you control the number of connections you use, as
opposed to connection pooling, where you control the maximum number reached."

Question 68 - What is an Indexer?

• Indexers permit instances of a class or struct to be indexed in the same way as arrays.
• Indexers are similar to properties except that their accessors take parameters.
• The indexers are usually known as smart arrays in C#.
• An indexer, also called an indexed property, is a class property that allows you to access a
member variable of a class using the features of an array.
• Defining an indexer allows you to create classes that act like virtual arrays. Instances of that
class can be accessed using the [] array access operator.

Question 69 - What are the important points to remember on indexers?

• Indexers are always created with this keyword.
• Parameterized property are called indexer.
• Indexers are implemented through get and set accessors for the [ ] operator.
• ref and out parameter modifiers are not permitted in indexer.
• Indexer is an instance member so can't be static but property can be static.
• Indexers are used on group of elements.
• Indexer can be overloaded.

Question 70 - What is the Difference between Indexers and Properties?

Indexers Properties

Indexers are created with this keyword Properties don't require this keyword

Indexers are identified by signature Properties are identified by their names

Indexers are accessed using indexes Properties are accessed by their names

Indexer are instance member, so can't be static Properties can be static as well as instance
members

Question 71 - What are the different Access Modifiers available?

• Public - Access to same assembly or another assembly that references it.
• Private - Access to same class or struct.
• Protected - Access to same class or struct, or in a class that is derived.
• Internal - Access to any code in the same assembly, but not from another assembly.
• Protected Internal - Access to any code in the assembly in which it is declared, or from
within a derived class in another assembly.
Question 72 - What are the differences between Class and Struts?
Class Struct

Class is a reference type Struct is a value type

Class supports inheritance Struct will not support inheritance
Class variables are stored on Heap Struct variables are stored on Stack
Class can have destructor Struct will not have destructor
Boxing a class object creates reference to Boxing a strut object will create a copy in diff
same object type
All the members of Class are private by All the members of struct are public by
default default
Class is well suited for Data hiding Struts are not suited for Data hiding

Question 73 - What are the Similarities between Class and Struts?

Both are user defined types.
Both of them can have constructor without parameter and with parameter.Both can have
delegates and events.Both can have methods, properties , fields, constants , enumerations,
events.

Question 74 - What is the term Virtual means?

When we need to override a method of the base class in the sub class, then we give the
virtual keyword in the base class method. This makes the method in the base class to be
overridable. Methods, properties, and indexers can be virtual, which means that their
implementation can be overridden in derived classes. You cannot use the virtual modifier
with the following modifiers:
• Static,
• Abstract
• Override
Question 75 - What is a Sealed Class?
• Sealed classes are used to restrict the inheritance feature of object oriented
programming.
• Once class is defined as sealed class, this class cannot be inherited so we can’t
derive class.
• Keywords: C# - Sealed , VB.NET - NotInheritable
• If you have ever noticed, struct are sealed. You cannot derive a class from a struct.
• A sealed class cannot be used as a base class. For this reason, it cannot also be an
abstract class.
• The best usage of sealed classes is when you have a class with static members.
• Example - The Pens and Brushes classes of the System.Drawing namespace. The
Pens class represent the pens for standard colors.
• This class has only static members. Pens.Blue represents a pen with blue color.
 Similarly, the Brushes class represents standard brushes.
• The Brushes.Blue represents a brush with blue color.
Question 76 - What is Polymorphism?
• Polymorphism is one of the primary characteristics (concept) of object-oriented
programming.
• Poly means many and morph means form. Thus, polymorphism refers to being able to use
many forms of a type without regard to the details.
• Polymorphism is the characteristic of being able to assign a different meaning specifically,
to allow an entity such as a variable, a function, or an object to have more than one form.
• Polymorphism is the ability to process objects differently depending on their data types.
• Polymorphism is the ability to redefine methods for derived classes.

Question 77 - What are the Types of Polymorphism?

• Compile time Polymorphism (method overloading)
• Run time Polymorphism (method overriding)

Question 78 - What is Method Overloading? Or What is Early Binding?

Method overloading means having two or more methods with the same name but with different
signatures

Question 79 - What is Method Overriding or What is Late Binding?

Method overriding means having two or more methods with the same name , same signature but
with different implementation. (Base class and Child class implementation of a method with same
name and signature)

Question 80 - What is an Inheritance?

It is the ability to use all of the functionality of an existing class, and extend those capabilities
without re-writing the original class. It is the process by which one object acquires the properties of
another object. A new class that is created by inheritance is sometimes called a child class or a
subclass. The class you originally inherited from is called the base class, parent class, or the
superclass.
Question 81 - What are the Types of Inheritance?
• Implementation inheritance refers to the ability to use a base class's properties and
methods with no additional coding.
• Interface inheritance refers to the ability to use just the names of the properties and
methods, but the child class must provide the implementation.
• Visual inheritance refers to the ability for a child form (class) to use the base forms (class)
visual representation as well as the implemented code.

Question 82 - What is Multiple Inheritance?

C# does not support multiple implementation inheritance. A class cannot be derived from more than
one class, However, a class can be derived from multiple interfaces.

Question 83 - What are the examples of Multiple Inheritance?

Imagine a class named TransmitData, whose function is to transmit data, and another class named
ReceiveData, whose function is to receive data. Now imagine that you want to create a class named
SocketPort, whose function is to transmit and receive data. In order to accomplish this, you would
want to derive SocketPort from both TransmitData and ReceiveData.

Question 84 - What are the Advantages of Inheritance?

• Once a behavior (method) or property is defined in a super class(base class),that behavior or
property is automatically inherited by all subclasses (derived class).
• Code reusability increased through inheritance.
• Inheritance provide a clear model structure which is easy to understand without much
complexity Using inheritance, classes become grouped together in a hierarchical tree
structure Code are easy to manage and divided into parent and child classes.

Question 85 - What is an Encapsulation?

• Encapsulation is a process of hiding all the internal details of an object from the outside
world.
• Encapsulation is the ability to hide its data and methods from outside the world and only
expose data and methods that are required
• Encapsulation gives us maintainability, flexibility and extensibility to our code.
• Encapsulation makes implementation inaccessible to other parts of the program and protect
from whatever actions might be taken outside the function or class.
• Encapsulation provides a way to protect data from accidental corruption
• Encapsulation hides information within an object
• Encapsulation is technique or process of making fields in a class private and providing
access to the fields using public methods
• Encapsulation allows us to create a "black box" and protects an objects internal state from
corruption by its clients.
• The idea of encapsulation comes from the need to cleanly distinguish between the
specification and the implementation of an operation and the need for modularity.
Question 86 - What are the examples of Encapsulation?
• Let's say you have an object named Bike and this object has a method named start(). When
you create an instance of a Bike object and call its start() method you are not worried about
what happens to accomplish this, you just want to make sure the state of the bike is changed
to 'running' afterwards. This kind of behavior hiding is encapsulation and it makes
programming much easier.
• Video Recorder, which has a record, play, pause buttons is another example of
encapsulation, so VCR is encapsulated into a single object where the internals can change
but stays the same for users interface point of view.
• Medical Capsules i.e. one drug is stored in bottom layer and another drug is stored in Upper
layer these two layers are combined in single capsule.

Question 87 - What is an Abstraction?

• Abstraction means to show only the necessary details to the client of the object.
• Abstraction is about paying attention to the details that are relevant and ignoring the rest.
• It refers to act of representing essential features without including background details /
explanations.

Question 88 - What are the examples of Abstraction?

• Do you know the inner details of the Monitor of your PC? What happen when you switch
 ON Monitor? No Right, Important thing for you is weather Monitor is ON or NOT.
• When you change the gear of your vehicle are you really concern about the inner details of
your vehicle engine? No but what matter to you is that Gear must get changed that’s it!!
• Let’s say you have a method "CalculateSalary" in your Employee class, which takes
EmployeeId as parameter and returns the salary of the employee for the current month as an
integer value. Now if someone wants to use that method. He does not need to care about
how Employee object calculates the salary? An only thing he needs to be concern is name of
the method, its input parameters and format of resulting member. This is abstraction; show
only the details which matter to the user.
• TV Remote Button in that number format and power buttons and other buttons there just we
are seeing the buttons, we don't see the button circuits .i.e buttons circuits and wirings all are
hidden.

Question 89 - Difference between Encapsulation and Abstraction ?

Encapsulation Abstraction

Hiding the internal details or mechanics of how It focus on what the object does instead of how it
an object does something. does it.

Binding data and member functions together Hiding the complexities of your type from
inside a single unit. outside world.

Eg: VCR Example Eg: Monitor Example

Question 90 - What is an Abstract Class?

• It is a class that cannot be instantiated, it exists extensively for inheritance and it must be
inherited.
• Abstract classes cannot be used to instantiate objects; because abstract classes are
incomplete
• Abstract classes may contain only definition of the properties or methods.
• Derived classes that inherit the abstract class needs to implements it's properties or methods.
• An abstract class is essentially a blueprint for a class without any implementation.
• An abstract class is a class that must be inherited and have the methods overridden.
• An abstract class cannot be a sealed class.
• An abstract method cannot be private.
• An abstract member cannot be static.
• An abstract method cannot have the modifier virtual. Because an abstract method is
implicitly virtual.
• The access modifier of the abstract method should be same in both the abstract class and its
derived class. If you declare an abstract method as protected, it should be protected in its
derived class. Otherwise, the compiler will raise an error.
- See more at: http://www.f5debug.net/post/2011/10/25/Interview-Questions-and-Answers-on-Net-
Framework-OOPS-ASPNet-CNet-SQL-Server-WCF-Series-Part-9.aspx#Question1
Question 91 - What is an Interface?
• An interface looks like a class, but has no implementation.
• An interface is a named set of method signatures.
• An Interface is a reference type and it contains only abstract members.
 • An interface is an array of related function that must be implemented in derived type.
• Members of an interface are implicitly public & abstract.
• It can contain definitions of events, indexers, methods parameter less and parameterful
properties.
• The interface can't contain constants, data fields, constructors, destructors and static
members.
• All the member declarations inside interface are implicitly public.
• Interfaces are great for putting together plug-n-play like architectures where components can
be interchanged at will. Since all interchangeable components implement the same interface,
they can be used without any extra programming.

Question 92 - What is a difference between Abstract Class and Interface?

Abstract Class Interface

Cannot be instantiated, means one cannot make a We can only define method definition and no
object of this class. implementation.

Access modifiers are allowed Access modifiers are not allowed

Some methods can be concrete All methods are abstract
A class can inherit only one abstract class A class can inherit many interface.
Can have any access modifiers By default its public static final
Can have constructor and destructor Cannot have constructor and destructor
Only one abstract class can be derived Class can have multiple interfaces
Requires more time to find actual method in Faster
class
Abstract class provides 0 to 100% Interface provides 100% generalization
generalization
It provides both generalization and Interface provides only Generalization
specialization

Question 93 - What is a Constructor?

• Constructor is used to initialize an object (instance) of a class.
• Constructor is a like a method without any return type.
• Constructor has same name as class name.
• Constructor follows the access scope (Can be private, protected, public, Internal and
external).
• Constructor can be overloaded, means we can have constructors with different set of
parameters.
• We can always make the call to one constructor from within the other constructor.
• Only this and base keywords allowed in initializing constructors, other method calls will
raise error.

Question 94 - What is a Constructor chaining?

Overloading the constructor using the this and base keywords so that it overload is called
constructor chaining
Question 95 - What are the Types of constructors?
• Static Constructor
• Default Constructor
• Private Constructor
• Copy Constructor
• Parameterized Constructor
Question 96 - What is a Private Constructor?
• Used to prevent the user to instantiate the class directly.
• Used to prevent the creation of instances of a class when there are no instance fields or
methods
• A private constructor is a special instance constructor.
• It is commonly used in classes that contain static members only.
• If a class has one or more private constructors and no public constructors, then other classes
(except nested classes) are not allowed to create instances of this class.
• Note that if you don't use an access modifier with the constructor it will still be private by
default.
• Private constructors are used to restrict the instantiation of object using 'new' operator.
• This type of constructors is mainly used for creating singleton object.
• Can use nested class (Inner Class) or static method to initialize a class having private
constructor.
• Example of Private Constructor - Math class

Question 97 - What is a Static Constructors?

• Special constructor and gets called before the first object is created of the class.
• The time of execution cannot be determined, but it is definitely before the first object
creation - could be at the time of loading the assembly.
• Static constructors might be convenient, but they are slow. The runtime is not smart enough
to optimize them in the same way it can optimize inline assignments.
• The static constructor for a class executes before any of the static members for the class are
referenced.
• The static constructor for a class executes after the static field initializers (if any) for the
class.
• A static constructor cannot be called directly.
• The user has no control on when the static constructor is executed in the program.
• Example - When the class is using a log file and the constructor is used to write entries to
this file.

Question 98 - What are the features of Static Constructor?

• Only one Static constructor - Overloading needs the two methods to be different in terms
to methods definition, so you can have at the most one static constructor
• Without parameters - It is going to be called by CLR, who can pass the parameters to it, if
required, No one, so we cannot have parameterized static constructor.
• Access only static members - If allowed to work on non-static members, will reflect the
changes in all the object instances, which is impractical. Non-static members in the class are
specific to the object instance
• No access modifier - The call to the static method is made by the CLR and not by the
object, so we do not need to have the access modifier to it.
Question 99 - What is a Default Constructor?
• A default constructor is a constructor in both that has no parameters or where it has
parameters they are all defaulted.
• If no constructor is supplied then the compiler will supply a default constructor.
• This default constructor is a parameter less constructor with no body, which calls the
parameter less constructor of the base class.

Question 100 - What is a COPY Constructor?

• C# does not provide a copy constructor.
• A copy constructor is a special constructor used to create a new object as a copy of an
existing object.
• This constructor takes a single argument: a reference to the object to be copied.
• It is a great convenience to create copy constructor for C# classes using Reflection.
• If you create a new object and want to copy the values from an existing object, you have to
write the appropriate method yourself.
Question 101 - What is a Parameterized constructor?
Constructor that accepts arguments is known as parameterized constructor. There may be situations,
where it is necessary to initialize various data members of different objects with different values
when they are created. Parameterized constructors help in doing that task.

Question 102 - What is a Singleton Class?

• A singleton class is such kind of class in which only one object is created throughout the life
time of the class.
• A Singleton class is used when you wish to restrict instantiation of a class to only one object.

Question 103 - What is a Partial Class?

• It is possible to split the definition of a class or a struct, or an interface over two or more
source files
• Each source file contains a section of class definition, and all parts are combined at compile
time.
• All the partial definitions must proceeded with the key word "Partial".
• All the partial types must be defined within a same assembly and module.
• Method signatures (return type, name of the method, and parameters) must be unique
• The partial types must have the same accessibility.
• If any part is sealed, then the entire class is sealed.
• If any part is abstract, the entire class is abstract.
• Inheritance at any partial type applies to the entire class.

Question 104 - What is a Partial Method?

• A partial method is like a usual method in a class except that the user may or may not
implement it.
• A partial method gets executed only when it has an implementation.
• Definition of a partial method is in one part of the partial class and implementation in
another, but it is legal to have both in the same part of the partial class. Also you can use a
partial method in a partial structure but not in partial interface.
• Partial methods are indicated by the partial modifier.
• Partial methods must be private.
• Partial methods must return void.
 • Partial methods must only be declared within partial classes.
• Partial methods do not always have an implementation.
• Partial methods can be static and generic.
• Partial methods can have arguments including ref but not out.
• You cannot make a delegate to a partial method.

Question 105 - What is a Delegate?

• Delegate in C# is similar to a function pointer in C or C++.
• Delegate is type which holds the method(s) reference in an object. It is also referred as a
type safe function pointers.
• Delegate allows the programmer to encapsulate a reference to a method inside a delegate
object.
• The delegate object can then be passed to code which can call the referenced method,
without having to know at compile time which method will be invoked.
• An interesting and useful property of a delegate is that it does not know or care about the
class of the object that it references.

Question 106 - What is a Syntax of Single class delegate?

• Syntax - delegate result-type identifier ([parameters]);
• result-type: The result type, which matches the return type of the
function.
• identifier: The delegate name.
• parameters: The Parameters, that the function takes.

Question 107 - What are the advantages of Delegates?

• Encapsulating the method's call from caller.
• Effective use of Delegate improves the performance of application.
• Used to call a method asynchronously.
• A delegate type maintains three important pieces of information :
• The name of the method on which it make calls.
• Any argument (if any) of this method.
• The return value (if any) of this method.

Question 108 - What is a Multicast Delegate?

• Delegate wraps a method. Calling delegate results in calling the method. It is possible to
wrap more than one method in a delegate. This is known as a multicast delegate.
• If you make a call to a multicast delegate it will call all the functions it wraps in the order
specified. Please note that functions in this case should not return any values.

Question 109 - What is an Event?

• An event in C# is a way for a class to provide notifications to clients of that class when some
interesting thing happens to an object.
• An event is a way for a class to allow clients to give it delegates to methods that should be
called when the event occurs. The most familiar use for events is in graphical user
interfaces.
• Event Handlers in the .NET Framework return void and take two parameters.
• The first parameter is the source of the event; that is the publishing object.
• The second parameter is an object derived from EventArgs.
 • Events are properties of the class publishing the event.
• The keyword event controls how the event property is accessed by the subscribing classes.

Question 110 - What is a Hash Table?

• Stored in two dimensional array and have a link format of Key and Value.
• The Hashtable object contains items in key/value pairs. The keys are used as indexes.
• The data type of Hashtable is object and the default size of a Hashtable is 16.
• The keys are used as indexes. We can search value by using their corresponding key.
• Items are added to the Hashtable with the Add() method.
• A close friend of Hashtable is Array (came from C/C++), it is an instance of System.Array
class.
- See more at: http://www.f5debug.net/post/2011/10/29/Interview-Questions-and-Answers-on-Net-
Framework-OOPS-ASPNet-CNet-SQL-Server-WCF-Series-Part-11.aspx#Question1
Question 111 – What is the Constructor of Hashtable?
• We have ten overloaded Constructor. we will see some important constructors of Hashtable.
• Constructor with no parameters - Creates an empty Hashtable.
• Constructor with an Integer Parameter - Creates an empty Hashtable.
• Adding an element to the Hashtable -- hashobject.Add(Key as Object, value as Object)
• Accessing an element in the Hashtable -- hashobject.Item({key})
• Deleting a Particular element -- hashobject.Remove(Key as object)

Question 112 – What is an Array?

• Arrays are mechanisms that allow you to treat several items as a single collection.
• All array types are implicitly derived from System.Array, which itself is derived from
System.Object. This means that all arrays are always reference types which are allocated on
the managed heap. There are 4 types of arrays as below.
• Single Dimensional Array
• Mutidimensional Array
• Jagged Array
• Mixed Array

Question 113 – What is a Single-dimensional arrays?

• Single-dimensional arrays have a single dimension
• Syntax - int[] i = new int[50];

Question 114 – What is a Multidimensional arrays?

• A multidimensional array is an array with more than one dimension.
• Multidimensional arrays are also called rectangular arrays because each row will be the
same length.
• Syntax : int[,] squareArray = new int[3, 2] { { 1, 2 }, { 3, 4 }, { 5, 6 } };

Question 115 – What are Jagged arrays?

• One can create multidimensional arrays with irregular dimensions, using jagged arrays.
• Jagged arrays are often called array of arrays. An element of a jagged array itself is an array.
• For example, you can define an array of names of students of a class where a name itself can
be an array of three strings - first name, middle name and last name. Another example of
jagged arrays is an array of integers containing another array of integers.
 • Syntax : int[][] numArray = new int[][] { new int[] { 1, 3, 5 }, new int[] { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 } };
Question 116 – What are Mixed Arrays?
Mixed arrays are a combination of multi-dimension arrays and jagged arrays.

Question 117 – What is an ArrayList?

• An ArrayList is an array that can dynamically grow and shrink.
• The arraylist is more dynamic, you can add and remove items without losing performance.
With the ArrayList class, you can
• add new items to a list
• insert items inside a list
• arrange items of a list
• check the existence of an item in a list
• remove an item from the list
• inquire about the list
• destroy the list.
• using Sort on ArrayList or on Array is faster than most custom implementations. Because
TrySZSort method used in the base class libraries is implemented in native code, it has been
heavily optimized.
• Example : ArrayList list = new ArrayList();

Question 118 – What is the difference between Array and Array List?
Array ArrayList

Array is in the System namespace. ArrayList is in the System.Collections

namespace.
The capacity of an Array is fixed ArrayList can increase and decrease
size dynamically
An Array is a collection of similar items ArrayList can hold item of different
types
An Array can have multiple dimensions ArrayList always has exactly one
dimension
Char[] vowel=new Char[]; ArrayList a_list=new ArrayList();
Array is a primitive data structure, which stores ArrayList is a more like a vector. (A re-
the values in indexed format. sizeable array). It is a collection and
stores any value as an object.

Question 119 – What is the Difference between Array and Collections?

• Array are of fixed size, yes, it can be resized using Redim and Preserve. But for a Collection
we can keep adding elements to it.
• Arrays can store only one data type(Other than object array) whereas collections can hold
any objects.
• Accessing the element is very simple and very fast in collections.
• Removing the element in Collection is very simple, in the case of arrays we need to shift the
entire set of value up and reduce the size.
Question 120 – What is the difference between Array.Copy and Array.Clone?
Array.Copy:
• Array.copy copies all data and structure.
• performs a deep copy of the array.
• CopyTo() copies the elements from the original array to the destination array starting at the
specified destination array index.
• The CopyTo() method copies the elements into another existing array.
Array.Clone
• Array.clone copies only structure not data(ie only shadow part)
• performs a shallow copy of the array.
• Clone() method makes a clone of the original array. It returns an exact length array.
• The Clone() method returns a new array (a shallow copy) object containing all the elements
in the original array.

- See more at: http://www.f5debug.net/post/2011/10/30/Interview-Questions-and-Answers-on-Net-

Framework-OOPS-ASPNet-CNet-SQL-Server-WCF-Series-Part-12.aspx#Question1
Question 121 – What is a Shallow Copy?
A shallow copy means the contents (each array element) contains references to the same object as
the elements in the original array.

Question 122 – What is a Deep Copy?

A deep copy (which neither of these methods performs) would create a new instance of each
element's object, resulting in a different, yet identical object. Basically it copies the source objects
as well. So that there will be two different copies of the sources and objects.

Question 123 – What are the different String Compare options available?
String Functions Description

String.Compare Compares the values of two strings. Returns an integer value

String.CompareOrdinal Compares two strings without regard to local culture. Returns
an integer value
String.CompareTo Compares the current string object to another string. Returns
an integer value
String.StartsWith Determines whether a string begins with the string passed.
Returns a Boolean value
String.EndsWith Determines whether a string ends with the string passed.
Returns a Boolean value
String.Equals Determines whether two strings are the same. Returns a
Boolean value
String.ReferenceEquals Returns true if both objects point to the same location in
memory
Question 124 – What is a Statics Class
• It is not possible to create instances of a static class using the new keyword.
• A class can be declared static, indicating that it contains only static members.
• If a class is declared as static then the variables and methods should compulsorily declared
as static.
• Static classes are loaded automatically by the .NET Framework common language runtime
(CLR) when the program or namespace containing the class is loaded.
• Static classes cannot contain a constructor, although it is still possible to declare a static
constructor to assign initial values or set up some static state.

Question 125 – What are the advantages of using Static Class?

• The advantage of using a static class is that the compiler can check to make sure that no
instance members are accidentally added.
• The compiler will guarantee that instances of this class cannot be created.

Question 126 – List some of the main features of a Static Class?

The main features of a static class are:
• They only contain static members.
• They cannot be instantiated.
• They are sealed.
• They cannot contain Instance Constructors

Question 127 – What is a Static Member?

• A static method, field, property, or event is callable on a class even when no instance of the
class has been created.
• Static members are often used to represent data or calculations that do not change in
response to object state; for instance, a math library might contain static methods for
calculating sine and cosine.
• Static class members are declared using the STATIC keyword.
• Static members are preloaded in the memory.

Question 128 – What is a Static Variable?

• A static variable is a variable that will be the same in all instances of a class.
• The initial value of a static variable is the default value of the variable's type.
• A field declared with the static modifier is called a static variable. A static variable comes
into existence before execution of the static constructor.
• Normally each class as its own copy of all variables. If you declare some as static, then they
will have the same value in each instance of a class.

Question 129 – What is a Static Method?

• Static methods show have static keyword as the method definition
• Static methods are accessed without creating an instance of the class object
• Static methods will not have “this” functionality to access the method
• Static methods cannot access non static members of the class.

Question 130 – What is a Nested Class?

 • A nested class is one that is created inside another class.
• Nested classes have access to the private members of the outer class. So a scenario where
this is the right way would be when creating a Comparer (ie. implementing the IComparer
interface).
• Nested classes are very useful for implementing internal details that should not be exposed.

Question 131 – What is Shadowing or Hiding?

• When global and local variable are in the same name, the local variable in a method which
use to override the global is called the shadowing. ie the Global variable is being shadowed
by local variable.
• When two elements in a program have the same name, one of them can hide and shadow the
other one. So in such cases the element which shadowed the main element is referenced.
• This is a VB.Net Concept by which you can provide a new implementation for the base class
member without overriding the member.
Hiding is the C# concept equivalent for shadowing.
• You can shadow a base class member in the derived class by using the keyword Shadows.
• Shadowing is bad programming practice according to OOPs concepts.
• In shadowing signature could be different.
• In Shadowing both Derived class and Base Class methods are available for use.(So it’s a bad
practice)
• The access level signature and the return type can only be changed when you are shadowing
with VB.NET. Hiding and overriding demands the these parameters as same in C#.

Question 132 – What are Out and Ref parameters?

• The out parameter - return the values in the same variable passed as a parameter of the
method. Any changes made to the parameter will be reflected in the variable.
• The ref keyword on a method parameter causes a method to refer to the same variable that
was passed as an input parameter for the same method. If you do any changes to the
variable, they will be reflected in the variable.
• The implementation of ref and out parameter in IL Code(in CLR) is same, there is no
difference whether you use ref or out parameters.

Question 133 – What are the differences of Out and Ref Parameters?
REF OUT

Ref must be initialized before it is passed to Out its is not necessary, but after method
the method call it should get initialized
Extra performance cost. Faster
The called method can read the argument at The called method must initialize the
any time parameter before reading it
ref parameters are used to get a value and out parameters are used when you just
return a change to that value(Secondary need to get a secondary return value
value)

Question 134 – What are the differences between String and String Builder?
 String String Builder

String objects are immutable, which means StringBuilder are mutable class, which means
that once they are created they cannot be when concatenate any text to the variable it
changed. When we use one of the methods allows us to modify the original value
of the String class, we create a new string without creating a new object.
object.
Here concatenation is used to combine two Here Append method is used.
strings.
String object is used to concatenate two Stringbuilder object is used.
strings.
The first string is combined to the other Insertion is done on the existing string.
string by creating a new copy in the memory
as a string object, and then the old string is
deleted
Less efficient StringBuilder is more efficient for large
amounts of string manipulations

Question 135 – Why C# is strongly typed language?

C# is called Strongly Typed Language because its type rules are very strict. For example you can't
called a function that is designed to call Integer with a string or decimal. If you want to do so then
you will have to explicitly convert them to integer.
Question 136 – What are Imperative and Interrogative function?
• Imperative methods return values or provide information back to the calling code. It returns
a value.
• Interrogative methods, just perform a service and return nothing to the calling code. It does
not return a value.

Question 137 – What is a Collection Class?

• A collection is a set of the same type of objects that are grouped together and that is able to
supply a reference to an enumerator. Part of the System.Collections or
System.Collections.Generic namespace
• An enumerator is an object that iterates through its associated collection. It can be thought of
as a movable pointer pointing to any element in the collection. In order to provide an
enumerator, a class must implement the IEnumerable interface.
• Most collection classes derive from the interfaces ICollection, IComparer, IEnumerable,
IList, IDictionary, and DictionaryEnumerator and their generic equivalents.
• Using generic collection classes provides increased type-safety and in some cases can
provide better performance, especially when storing value types.

Question 138 – What are the differences between Const & Readonly?
Const Read Only

Must be initialized at the time of its creation Assigned in constructor and called at
 Runtime
Used if we want to define something at At Runtime you can make use of the value
compile time.
Protects from accidentally changing value of
the field
Can't be static. Can be either instance-level or static.
Value is evaluated at compile time. Value is evaluated at run time.
Initialized at declaration only. Initialized in declaration or by code in the
constructor

Question 139 – What is a Stack?

• Stack is responsible of keeping track of running memory needed in your application.
• As the name says stack it stacks this memory allocation on the top of the first memory
allocation. You can think about stack as series of compartment or boxes put on top of each
other.
• Memory allocation and de-allocation is done using LIFO (Last in first out) logic. In other
words memory is allocated and de-allocated at only one end of the memory i.e. top of the
stack.
• Reference pointers are allocated on stack.
• At the end event clears all the memory variables which are assigned on stack
• Static Memory – Stack
• Details stored in stack are Name, Data type and Value of the variable.

Question 140 – What is a Heap?

• It creates a pointer on the stack and the actual object is stored in a different type of
memory location called as ‘Heap’. ‘
• Heap’ does not track running memory it’s just pile of objects which can reached at
any moment of time.
• Heap is used for dynamic memory allocation. FIFO (‘First In First Out’)
• Instance created using new keyword it will be in HEAP.
• It did not de-allocate the heap memory. This memory will be later de-allocated by
“Garbage Collector”.
• Dynamic Memory – Heap

Question 141 – What are Value Types?

• Value types are types which hold both data and the memory on the same location.
• When we assign the ‘int’ value to the other ‘int’ value it creates a complete different copy.
These kinds of data types are called as ‘Value types’.
• Value Types in .Net are
• Double, Float, Integer types (sByte, byte, short, ushort, int, uint, long,
ulong, char)
• Decimal, Bool, Enumeration types

Question 142 – What are Reference Types?

• Reference type has a pointer which points to the memory location.
 • When we create an object and when we assign one object to the other object, they both point
to the same memory location. In other words if we change one of them the other object is
also affected this is termed as ‘Reference types’.
• Reference Types in .Net
• String and Object

Question 143 – What are Boxing and UnBoxing means?

• Move a value type to reference type -- stack to the heap – BOXING
• Move reference type to a value type -- heap to the stack -- UNBOXING

Question 144 – What is Early Binding?

• Early binding is nothing but declaring the Object of specific type. With this kind of object its
cant be used to hold any other type of the Object/class.
• Early bound just means the target method is found at compile time.
• If the method doesn't exist the compiler will fail to compile the code.
• Most script languages use late binding, and compiled languages use early binding.
• The compiler guarantees that the function takes the right number of arguments, correct type
and return value is of the correct type.

Question 145 – What is Late Binding?

• Declaring an object of generic type and that object be used to hold the instance of the any
object/Class.
• Late bound means the target method is looked up at run time.
• If the method isn't there, then program will crash or go to some exception handling scheme
at run time.
• Most script languages use late binding, and compiled languages use early binding.
• The target function may not accept the arguments passed to it, and may have a return value
of the wrong type.

Question 146 – What are the different WCF binding available?

• BasicHttpBinding Basic Web service communication. No security by default
• WSHttpBinding Web services with WS-* support. Supports transactions
• WSDualHttpBinding Web services with duplex contract and transaction support
• WSFederationHttpBinding Web services with federated security. Supports transactions
• MsmqIntegrationBinding Communication directly with MSMQ applications. Supports
transactions
• NetMsmqBinding Communication between WCF apps by using queuing. Supports
transactions
• NetNamedPipeBinding Communication between WCF apps on same computer. Supports
duplex contracts and transactions
• NetPeerTcpBinding Communication between computers across peer-to-peer services.
Supports duplex contracts
• NetTcpBinding Communication between WCF apps across computers. Supports duplex
contracts and transactions

Question 147 – What is a BasicHttpBinding?

This binding is used when we need to use SOAP over HTTP.
Question 148 – What is a WSHttpBinding?
It is same like BasicHttpBinding. In short, it uses SOAP over HTTP. But with it also supports
reliable message transfer, security and transaction.
Question 149 – What is a NetTcpBinding?
This binding sends binary-encoded SOAP, including support for reliable message transfer, security,
and transactions, directly over TCP. The biggest disadvantage of NetTcpBinding is that both server
and client should be also made in .NET language.

Question 150 – What is a WSDualHttpBinding?

• The WSDualHttpBinding class is used to provide a secure and interoperable binding.
• It is used with duplex service contracts to let both services and clients send/receive
messages.
• It assists Web Service protocols as does the WSHttpBinding class but for duplex contracts.
• The WSDualHttpBinding class only supports SOAP security and requires reliable
messaging.
• Advantage: can get immediate response w/o waiting on polling timer
• Disadvantage: less scalable than WsHttpBinding
• Disadvantage: less firewall friendly
• Disadvantage: slower than WSHttpBinding
Question 151 – What is an ASP.NET Application and Page Life Cycle?
ASP.NET creates an environment which can process the request. i.e. creates application object,
request, response and context objects
Once environment is created, the request is processed through a series of events which is processed
by using modules, handlers and page objects. MHPM (Module, handler, page and Module event)

Question 152 – What are the Steps for ASP.net environment creation?
Step 1 IIS checks which ISAPI extension can server and pass to respective. e.g. aspx page to
aspnet_isapi.dll
Step 2 If first request then ApplicationManager creates a Application Domain.
Step 3 App Domain will create hosting environment (HttpRuntime) object, then core objects like
HttpContext, HttpRequest and HttpResponse will be created.
Step 4 Once core objects created, HttpApplication is created, if global.aspx is available then object
for that will be created. global.asax file inherits from ‘HttpApplication’ class
Step 5 The HttpApplication object is then assigned to the core ASP.NET objects(HttpContext,
HttpRequest and HttpResponse) to process the page.
Step 6 HttpApplication then starts processing the request by the following format HTTP module
events, handlers and page events. (MHPM)
Step 7 (M: HttpModule): Client request processing starts. Used when we want to inject logic in
events of ASP.NET pipeline. It is an event based processor. 6 important events we can utilize before
page object is created BeginRequest, AuthenticateRequest, AuthorizeRequest,
ResolveRequestCache, AcquireRequestState and PreRequestHandlerExecute.
Step 8 (H: ‘HttpHandler’): Used when we want to inject logic based in file extensions like ‘.ASPX’,
‘.HTML’. It is an extension based processor. Once above 6 events fired, ASP.NET engine will
invoke ProcessRequest event.
Step 9 (P: ASP.NET page): ASP.NET page object will be created. There are 6 important events -
Init, Load, validate, event, render and unload. SILVER to remember the events S – Start , I – (Init) ,
L (Load) , V (Validate), E (Event) and R (Render).
Step 10 (M: HttpModule): Once the page object is executed and unloaded from memory,
HttpModule provides post page execution events which can be used to inject custom post-
processing logic. There are 4 important post-processing events PostRequestHandlerExecute,
ReleaserequestState, UpdateRequestCache and EndRequest.
Question 153 – What is the ASP.NET Page Life Cycle?
Section Event Description

Signals a new request; guaranteed to be

HttpModule BeginRequest
raised on each request.
Signals Asp.Net runtime is ready to
HttpModule AuthenticateRequest
authenticate the user.
Signals Asp.Net runtime is ready to authorize
HttpModule AuthorizeRequest
the user.
Asp.Net runtime determines Page can be
HttpModule ResolveRequestCache loaded from Cache or to load completely.
Caching logic can be implemented here.
Signals Asp.Net runtime is ready to acquire
HttpModule AcquireRequestState
session variables.
Before handling over the control to handler if
HttpModule PreRequestHandlerExecute
we needed to perform any tasks.
Write logic which needs to be executed as per
HttpHandler ProcessRequest
page extensions.
Creating controls dynamically, in case you
have controls to be created on runtime. Any
setting initialization. Master pages and the
Page Init
settings. We do not have access to viewstate,
postedvalues and neither the controls are
initialized.
Asp.Net controls are fully loaded and write UI
Page Load
manipulation logic.
Any valuators on your page, If we like to check
Page Validate
the same here.
Like to make some changes to the final HTML
Render which is going out to the browser, you can
enter your HTML logic here.
Page Unload Page object is unloaded from the memory.
Any logic you would like to inject after the
HttpModule PostRequestHandlerExecute
handlers are executed.
Like to save update some state variables like
HttpModule ReleaserequestState
session variables.
Before you end, if you want to update your
HttpModule UpdateRequestCache
cache.
 Last stage before your output is sent to the
HttpModule EndRequest
client browser.

Question 154 – What is a Directive in ASP.Net?

Directives specify settings that are used by the page and user-control compilers when the compilers
process ASP.NET Web Forms pages and user control files. There are 11 types of directives in
asp.net and are as follows
• @Page - Enables you to specify attributes and values for an Asp.Net Page to be used when
the page is parsed and compiled.
• @Master - It is quite similar to the Page directive. The Master directive belongs to Master
Pages that is .master files.
• @Control - It is used when we build an Asp.Net user controls. The @Control directive helps
us to define the properties to be inherited by the user control. These values are assigned to
the user control as the page is parsed and compiled.
• @Register - Associates aliases with namespaces and classes, which allow user controls and
custom server controls to be rendered when included in a requested page or user control.
• @Reference - Links a page, user control, or COM control to the current page or user control
declaratively.
• @PreviousPageType - Creates a strongly typed reference to the source page from the target
of a cross-page posting.
• @OutputCache - It controls the output caching policies of the Asp.Net page or user control.
• @Import - Imports a namespace into a page or user control explicitly.
• @Implements - It gets the Asp.Net page to implement a specified .NET framework
interface.
• @Assembly - It is used to make your ASP.NET page aware of external components.
• @MasterType - To access members of a specific master page from a content page, you can
create a strongly typed reference to the master page by creating a @MasterType directive.
Question 155 – What are the different Validation Controls in ASP.Net?
• Required Field Validator – Makes an input control as a required field.
• Range Validator – Check that the users input falls under a specific range.
• Compare Validator – Compare the value of 1 input control to other input control or to fixed
value.
• Regular Expression Validator – Ensure the value of 1 input control matches a specified
pattern.
• Custom Validator – we can write our own validation logic, e.g. we can check for values at
run time.
• Validation Summary – Displays report of all the validation errors of current page.
Question 156 – What is the Difference between User Control and Custom Control?
User Controls Custom Controls

Easier to create Harder to create

Complied at runtime Pre-complied control

Cannot be added to tool box Can be added to toolbox

Good for Static layout Good for dynamic layout

Not complied in to dll Complied into dll

HTML Design(Visual Design possible) No Visual Design, HTML needs to be

declared programmatically

One user control cannot be used in different projects one custom control can be used in different
projects

Question 157 – What is the Difference between Client Side and Server Side Code?
Client Side Server Side

Code is written in a scripting language such Code is written in VB, C# or other compiled
as JavaScript and HTML languages
The browser itself executes the code in Code is executed by the server during a
response to a user action and no server roundtrip in response to a user request or
round trip is involved action
Client browser executes code to dynamically The server executes server side code and
modify the HTML. This is called Dynamic returns HTML code to the client browser for
HTML display
Code is script and therefore it is interpreted Code is either compiled dynamically or
precompiled into assemblies

Question 158 – What is the Difference between Server.Transfer and Response.Redirect?

Server.Transfer Response.Redirect

There is no Round trip There is a Round trip

Previous page values are accessible Previous page values are not accessible
Performance wise its better Less performance
Information can be preserved in Server A state can be maintained in Response
transfer through a parameter called redirect but has a lot of drawbacks
preserveForm

Question 159 – What are the different IIS Isolation Levels in ASP.Net?
IIS5 supports three isolation levels
• Low (IIS Process)
• ASP pages run in INetInfo.Exe, the main IIS process
• ASP crashes, IIS crashes
• Medium (Pooled)
• ASP runs in a different process, which makes this setting more reliable
• If ASP crashes IIS won't.
 • High (Isolated)
• Each ASP application runs out-process in its own process space
• If an ASP application crashes, neither IIS nor any other ASP
application will be affected

Question 160 – What are the different Authentication Modes available in ASP.Net?
• Windows
• Form
• Passport
• None
-Question 161 – What is Windows Authentication Mode in ASP.Net?
Windows Authentication mode relies upon IIS to perform the required authentication of a client.
After IIS authenticates a client, it passes a security token to ASP.NET.

Question 162 - What are the advantages and disadvantages of Windows Authentication
Mode?
Advantages - Authenticates using Windows accounts, so you do not need to write any custom
authentication code.
Disadvantages - May require the use and management of individual Windows user accounts.

Question 163 – What is Form Authentication Mode in ASP.Net?

Form Authentication is an authentication scheme that makes it possible for the application to collect
credentials using an HTML form directly from the client. If your application authenticates the
client, it issues a cookie to the client

Question 164 - What are the advantages and disadvantages of Form Authentication Mode?
Advantages - Makes it possible for custom authentication schemes using arbitrary criteria. Can be
used for authentication or personalization. It does not require corresponding Windows accounts.
Disadvantages - Is subject to replay attacks for the lifetime of the cookie, unless using SSL/TLS. Is
only applicable for resources mapped to Aspnet_isapi.dll.

Question 165 – What is Passport Authentication Mode in ASP.Net?

Passport Authentication is a centralized authentication service provided by Microsoft that offers a
single logon. When register with Passport, the Passport service grants a site-specific key. The server
uses this key to encrypt and decrypt the query strings passed between the site and the Passport
logon server.

Question 166 - What are the advantages and disadvantages of Passport Authentication Mode?
Advantages - Supports single sign-in across multiple domains. It is Compatible with all browsers.
Disadvantages - Places an external dependency for the authentication process.

Question 167 – What is None Authentication Mode in ASP.Net?

None Authentication Mode is used when users are not authenticated at all or if you plan to develop
custom authentication code.
Question 168 - What are the advantages and disadvantages of None Authentication Mode?
Advantages - Offers total control of the authentication process providing the greatest flexibility. It
also provides the highest performance if you do not implement an authentication method.
Disadvantages - Custom-built authentication schemes are seldom as secure as those provided by the
operating system. It requires extra work to custom-build an authentication scheme.

Question 169 – What are the different IIS authentications available?

IIS provides a variety of authentication schemes:
• Anonymous (enabled by default) - Anonymous authentication gives users access to the
public areas of your Web site without prompting them for a user name or password.
• Basic - username and password are transmitted in clear text
• Digest - username and password are transmitted with encrypted format
• Integrated Windows authentication (enabled by default) - NTLM authentication/ Kerberos
V5
• Client Certificate Mapping - A certificate is a digitally signed statement that contains
information about an entity and the entity's public key, thus binding these two pieces of
information together.

Question 170 – What is an Event Bubbling?

Server Controls like DataGrid, DataGridView, DataList etc have other controls inside them.
A control can participate in event bubbling through two methods that it inherits from the base class
System.Web.UI.Control. These methods are OnBubbleEvent and RaiseBubbleEvent.
Example an DataGridView can have an Textbox or an button inside it. These Child Controls cannot
raise events by themselves, but they pass the event to the parent control (DataGridView), which is
passed to the page as “ItemCommand” event. This process is known as Event Bubbling.
Question 171 – What are the differences between Machine.Config and a Web.Config files in
Asp.Net?
Web.config Machine.config

Machine level configuration Application/folder level configuration

Can have more than one Web.config Only one Machine.config
Web.config overrides the machine.config file Same
Automatically installed when installing Visual Created when creating an ASP.Net web
Studio. application

Question 172 – What is an Authentication?

Authentication is a process of identifying a user based on their credentials (means user id and
password). There are 5 types of authentication and are as below.
• Password based authentication
• Device based authentication
• Biometric Authentication
• Retina Scanners
• Hand Scanners

Question 173 – What is an Authorization?

Authorization is a process of determining whether an authenticated user is allowed to access a
specific resource or not.

Question 174 – What is an Impersonation?

• It is the process of executing code in the context of another user identity.
• It is the mechanism in the ASP.NET which decide under which account web application
should be run.
• By default Impersonation is off, we need to enable it in Web.config file.
• By default all the ASP.NET applications run under the ASP.NET user account. If you set the
impersonation to TRUE in the Web.config file then that application runs under the current
user's account who has logged in that machine. <identity impersonate="true" />
• We can use the impersonation in this two scenarios:
• To give each web application different permissions.
• To use existing Windows user permission.
• These two scenario are fundamentally different. In the first one, impersonation defines a
single, specific account. In this case, no matter what user access the application, and no
matter what type of user-level security you use, the code will run under the account you've
set. In the second one, the user must be authenticated by IIS. The web-page code will then
execute under the identity of the appropriate user.

Question 175 – What is Autopostback event in ASP.Net?

It is the mechanism, by which the page will be posted Back to the server automatically based on
some events in the web controls.
Example - Dropdown Box web control has the property autopostback, if we set the property to true,
when ever user selects a different value in the combo box, and event will be fired in the server. i.e. a
request will be send to the server.
Autopostback - Property of the control
IsPostback - Property of the Page class
IsPostback is a property which returns Boolean value. It checks weather the page is posted back or
not.

Question 176 – What is Tracing in ASP.Net

Tracing is a way to monitor the execution of your ASP.NET application. You can record exception
details and program flow in a way that doesn't affect the program's output.
Page level Tracing - Enabled on a page-by-page basis by adding "Trace=true" to the Page directive
Application Tracing - You can enable tracing for the entire application by adding tracing settings in
web.config. In below example, pageOutput="false" and requestLimit="20"

Question 177 – What is Scavenging?

It is the process of deleting items from the cache when memory is scarce. Items are removed when
they have not been accessed in some time or when items are marked as low priority when they are
added to the cache. ASP.NET uses the CacheItemPriority object to determine which items to
scavenge first. CacheItemPriority.High assigns a priority level to an item so that the item is least
likely to be deleted from the cache.

Question 178 – What are Trace Listeners?

• It is a class that listens for trace and debug messages from .NET applications.
• Display messages to users by writing messages to files.
 • It can modify messages before displaying them, or even we can filter out the messages
• It is common practice to simply log the message with possibly some formatting for easy
readability.
• It is derived from the System.Diagnostics.TraceListener base class.
• The .NET Framework ships with three trace listeners:
• EventLogTraceListener - logging messages to event logs.
• DefaultTraceListener - logging messages to standard debug output
such as debuggers.
• TextWriterTraceListener - logging messages to text files.

Question 179 – What is the difference between Respose.Write and Response.Output.Write?

Response.Output.Write Respose.Write

Formatted output will be displayed. unformatted output will be displayed.

It gives String.Format-style formatted output. It never gives like that.
It writes the HTTP Output Stream. It writes the text stream
As per specified options it formats the string It just output a string to web page.
and then write to web page.

Question 180 – What is SmartNavigation?

• It is the property that enables the individual controls to maintain focus between
PostBack
• The features of SmartNavigation property are namely:
• Maintaining element focus between post backs
• Eliminate page flash caused by page post back
• Prevents each post back from being saved in the browser history
• The scroll position of a Web page is maintained after PostBack.
• Only the most recent Web page state is retained in the Web browser history folder.
-Question 181 - What is a State Management in ASP.Net?
State management is the process by which you maintain state and page information over
multiple requests for the same or different pages. There are 2 types State Management:
• Client – Side State Management
• Server – Side State Management

Question 182 - What are the different management objects available with Client & Server
Side Stage Management?
Client – Side State Management
• View State – Asp.Net uses View State to track the values in the Controls. You can
add custom values to the view state. It is used by the Asp.net page framework to
automatically save the values of the page and of each control just prior to rendering
to the page. When the page is posted, one of the first tasks performed by page
processing is to restore view state.
 • Control State – If you create a custom control that requires view state to work
properly, you should use control state to ensure other developers don’t break your
control by disabling view state.
• Hidden fields – Like view state, hidden fields store data in an HTML form without
displaying it in the user's browser. The data is available only when the form is
processed.
• Cookies – Cookies store a value in the user's browser that the browser sends with
every page request to the same server. Cookies are the best way to store state data
that must be available for multiple Web pages on a web site.
• Query Strings - Query strings store values in the URL that are visible to the user. Use
query strings when you want a user to be able to e-mail or instant message state
data with a URL.
Server – Side State Management
• Application State - Application State information is available to all pages, regardless
of which user requests a page.
• Session State –Information is available to all pages opened by a user during a single
visit.
Both application state and session state information is lost when the application restarts.
To persist user data between application restarts, you can store it using profile properties.

Question 183 - How to Pass values between pages?

We can use one of the below options to pass value between 2 pages in ASP.Net.
• If the value is a String then we can use either one of the following: QueryString,
PostBack, Cookies, Session, Cache, Application, Database
• If the value is a Dataset or an object then we can use either one of the following:
(Assuming DTO object not serialized) - Session, Application, Cache

Question 184 - What is a View State?

• It is a built-in structure for automatically retaining values amongst multiple requests
for the same page.
• The viewstate is internally maintained as a hidden field on the page but is hashed.
• View State is used to retain the state of server-side objects between post backs.
• Controls perform well - Label, TextBox, CheckBox, RadioButton, and HyperLink
• Controls perform less - DropDownList, ListBox, DataGrid, and DataList because of
size and large data.
• Making roundtrips to the server.
• Item stored in Viewstate exist for the life of the current page. This includes PostBack
(to the same page).

Question 185 - What are the Benefits of ViewState?

• No server resources are required.
• The values in view state are hashed, compressed, and encoded, thus representing a
 higher state of security than hidden fields
• It is good for caching data in Web frame configurations because the data is cached
on the client
• Simple to use

Question 186 - What are the Limitations of ViewState?

• Page loading and posting performance decreases when large values are stored.
• Although view state stores data in a hashed format, it can still be tampered because
it is stored in a hidden field on the page.

Question 187 - What is an EnableViewState in ASP.Net?

• EnableViewState turns on the automatic state management feature that enables
server controls to re-populate their values on a round trip.
• Through EnableViewState=true /false we can define whether we have to maintain
values of control in hidden fields when page is posted back again and again
• For example, if you are binding a control to data on every round trip then you do not
need the control to maintain its view state, since you will wipe out any re-populated
data in any case.
• Viewstate is enabled for all server controls by default. To disable it, set the
EnableViewState property of the control to false.

Question 188 - What are Hidden Fields in ASP.Net?

• These are html input control with hidden type that store hidden data in the html.
• The data stored in hidden field is available when form processed on the server or
using JavaScript.
• Syntax - <input type="hidden" name="EVENTTARGET" id="EVENTTARGETID"
value="" />
• Can store only one value in their value property. The value is saved as a string so we
need to Typecast.
• There are two types of server control hidden fields -
• System.Web.UI.WebControls.HiddenField
• System.Web.UI.HtmlControls.HtmlInputHidden.

Question 189 - What are the Benefits of Hidden Fields in ASP.Net?

• Easy to implement
• Hidden fields are supported by all browsers
• Faster access of information because data is stored on client side
• No server resources are required.

Question 190 - What are the Limitations of Hidden Fields in ASP.Net?

• Not secure because the data is stored on Client side so can be tampered creating a
security hole
• Decreases page performance if too many hidden fields(large data’s)
 • Only support single value and do not support rich structures as HTML.
• Have to work around with delimiters etc to handle complex structures.

-Question 191 - What are Hidden Frames in ASP.Net?

• A hidden frame is a frame with 0 width and height, so that no one can see it.
• You can run programs in there when you need to make a round trip to the server so
that your main frame does not refresh.
• To create one, you just use a frameset tag
• A hidden frame is a complete document, e.g. IFRAME, that is not visible.

Question 192 - What are the Benefits of Hidden Frames in ASP.Net?

• Hidden frames allow you to cache more than one data field.
• The ability to cache and access data items stored in different hidden forms.

Question 193 - What are the Limitations of Hidden Frames in ASP.Net?

• Not supported by all browsers
• Stored data is not secured as it is stored on client's machine in the form of hidden
fields.

Question 194 - What is a Cookie in ASP.Net?

• It is a small bit of text that accompanies requests and pages as they go between the
server and browser.
• The cookie contains information the Web application can read whenever the user
visits the site.
• It provide a useful means in Web applications to store user-specific information.
• Cookies are associated with a Web site, not with a specific page, so the browser and
server will exchange cookie information no matter what page the user requests from
your site.
• Most browsers support cookies of up to 4096 bytes.
• Most browsers allow only 20 cookies per site, so if you try to store more, the old
cookies are discarded.
• Maximum 300 cookies can be stored that will be accepted from all sites combined.

Question 195 - What are the examples of Cookie usage in ASP.Net?

• Cookies are used for all sorts of purposes, all relating to helping the Web site
remember you.
• For example, a site conducting a poll might use a cookie simply as a Boolean value to
indicate whether your browser has already participated in voting so that you don't
vote twice.
• A site that asks you to log on might use a cookie to tell itself that you've already
logged on so that you don't have to keep entering your credentials.
Question 196 - What are the Types of Cookies in ASP.Net?
 • Persistent - Means the cookie will be expired as soon as the application is closed
• Non Persistent - Even the application is closed the data will be remained as per the
cookie timeout value.

Question 197 - What are the Benefits of Cookies in ASP.Net?

• They are simple to use.
• Light in size, thus occupy less memory.
• Stores server information on client side
• Data need not to be sent back to server.
• Cookies persist for much longer period of time than a session.

Question 198 - What are the Limitations of Cookies in ASP.Net?

• Since they are stored on the client side in plain text, they are not secure.
• Number of cookies that can be stored and their size is limited.
• They don't work if security level is set too high in browser.
• Some people might just disable cookies on their browsers.

Question 199 - What is the relation between Cookies and Session State?
• By default, ASP.NET uses a non-persistent cookie to store the session state.
• If a user has disabled cookies on the browser, Session state cannot use a cookie to
store the session ID and Session state doesn't work. - No cookie, No Session state.

Question 200 - What is a Cookieless Session in ASP.Net?

You can configure your application to store Session IDs not in a cookie, but in the URLs of
pages in your site. By keeping the Session ID in the URL, ASP.NET stores the ID in the
browser, in a manner of speaking, and can get it back when the user requests another
page. Cookieless sessions can get around the problem of a browser that refuses cookies
and allow you to work with Session state.
However, under some limited circumstances, if the user shares the URL with someone else
— perhaps to email the URL to a colleague while the user's session is still active — then
both users might end up sharing the same session, with unpredictable results.

Question 201 - What are the Advantages of Session?

• It helps to maintain user states and data to all over the application.
• It can easily be implemented and we can store any kind of object.
• Stores every client data separately.
• Session is secure and transparent from user.

Question 202 - What are the Disadvantages of Session?

• Performance overhead in case of large volume of user, because of session data
stored in server memory.
 • Overhead involved in serializing and De-Serializing session Data, because In case of
State Server and SQL Server session mode we need to serialize the object before
store.

Question 203 - What is an In Proc Mode of storing sessions?

In this mode Session, state is stored in the memory space of the Aspnet_wp.exe process.
This is the default setting. If the IIS reboots or web application restarts then session state is
lost.

Question 204 - What are the Advantages of InProc Sessions?

• It store Session data in memory object of current application domain. So accessing
data is very fast and data is easily available.
• There is not requirements of serialization to store data in InProc Session Mode.
• Implementation is very easy, just similar to using View State.

Question 205 - What are the Disadvantages of InProc Sessions?

• If the worker Process or application domain recycles all session data will be lost.
• Though its fastest, but more session data and more users can affects performance,
because of memory.
• we can't use it in web Garden scenarios .
• This session mode is not suitable for web farm scenarios also.

Question 206 - What is a State Server Mode of Storing Sessions?

In this mode Session state is serialized and stored in a separate process (Aspnet_state.exe);
therefore, the state can be stored on a separate computer (a state server).

Question 207 - What are the Advantages of State Server Session?

• Its keeps the data separate from IIS so, any Issue with IIS does not hamper Session
data.
• It is useful in web farm and web garden scenarios.

Question 208 - What are the Disadvantages of State Server Session?

• Process is slow due to Serialization and De-Serialization
• State Server always need to be up and running.

Question 209 - What is a SQL Server Mode of Storing Session?

• In this mode Session, state is serialized and stored in a SQL Server database.
• SQL Server Session mode is more reliable and secure session state management.
• Its keeps data in a centralized location (database).
• We should use SQL server session mode when we need to implement Session with
some more security.
 • If there happens to be frequent server Restart we can implement SQL server.
• This is perfect mode that fits in web farm and web garden scenarios (I have
explained in details later).
• we can use SQL server Session mode when we need to share session between two
different application.

Question 210 - What are the Advantages of SQL Server mode Session?
• Session data do not affected if we restart the IIS.
• It is the most reliable and secure session management.
• It keeps data located centrally, It can be easily accessible from other application.
• It is very useful in web farm and web garden scenarios.

Question 211 - What are the Disadvantages of SQL Server modes?

• Processing is very slow in nature.
• Object serialization and de-serialization creates overhead for application.
• As the session data is handled in different server, so we have to take care of SQL
server. It should be always up and running.

Question 212 - What is Custom Session Mode in ASP.Net?

• We can use custom session mode in following of the cases,
• We want to store session data rather than SQL Server.
• When we have to use some Existing table to store session data.
• When we need to create our own session ID.

Question 213 - What are the Advantages of using Custom Session Mode in ASP.Net?
• It is useful when we have to use some old database rather than SQL Server.
• It's not depending on IIS , So Restarting web server does not make any effects on
session data.
• We can create our own algorithm for generating Session ID.

Question 214 - What are the Disadvantages of using Custom Session Mode in ASP.Net?
• Processing of Data is very slow.
• Creating a custom state provider is a low-level task that needs to be handled
carefully to ensure security.

Question 215 - What is a Query String in ASP.Net?

• QueryString is way to transfer information from one page to another through the
URL.
• QueryString is attached to the URL with "?".

Question 216 - What are the Benefits of a Query String in ASP.Net?

• Supported by all the browsers
 • No extra effort is needed to code.
• Easy to use.

Question 217 - What are the Limitations of a Query String in ASP.Net?

• All the attributes and values are visible to the end user. Therefore, they are not
secure.
• There is a limit to URL length of 255 characters.

Question 218 - What is Cross Page Posting in ASP.Net?

• Sometimes, other than round-trip cycle of asp.net web page we need to post one
page to another page by configuring controls to be posted to different target page.
This is referenced as cross page posting in ASP.NET.
• Cross page posting is a new feature introduced in ASP.NET 2.0, which eases the life
of developers previously they have to use Server.Transfer which has its own
advantages and disadvantages but now this is a part of ASP.NET which results
flexibility and efficiency.

Question 219 - What is SQL Cache Dependency in ASP.Net?

It is a new technique in ASP.NET 2.0 which can automatically invalidate a cached data
object just like a Dataset. when the related data is modified in the database. So for instance
if you have a dataset which is tied up to a database tables any changes in the database
table will invalidate the cached data object which can be a dataset or a data source.
To enable this we need a syntax that is as follows:-
aspnet_regsql -ed -E -d Northwind
-ed :- command-line switch
-E: - Use trusted connection
-S: - Specify server name it other than the current computer you are working on
-d: - Database Name

Question 220 - What is Global.asax in ASP.Net?

• It used to implement session level and application level events raised by ASP.net or
by HTTP modules.
• It is also known as ASP.net application file and resides in the root directory of the
ASP.NET application.
• Events available with global.asax are as follows

Question 221 - What are the Event available in Global.asax?

Events Description

Application_Init Fired when an application initializes or is first called. It's

invoked for all HttpApplication object instances.
Application_Start Fired when first instance of the HttpApplication class is
created. It allows to create objects that are accessible by
all HttpApplication instances.
Session_Start Fired when a new user visits the application Web site.
Application_BeginRequest Fired when an application request is received. It's the
first event fired for a request, which is often a page
request (URL) that a user enters.
Application_EndRequest The last event fired for an application request.
Application_AuthenticateRequest Fired when the security module has established the
current user's identity as valid. Here, the user's
credentials have been validated.
Application_Error Fired when an unhandled exception is encountered
within the application.
Session_End Fired when a user's session times out, ends, or they
leave the application Web site.
Application_End Fired when the last instance of an HttpApplication class
is destroyed. It's fired only once during an application's
lifetime.

Question 222 - What is Caching in ASP.Net?

• Caching is a technique where we can store frequently used data and Web pages are
stored temporarily on local hard disks for later retrieval.
• This technique improves the access time when multiple users access a Web site
simultaneously or a single user accesses a Web site multiple times.
• Caching can occur on the client (browser caching), on a server between the client
and the Web server (proxy / Reverse Proxy Caching), and on the Web server itself
(page or data caching).
• We can classified caching location in 4 way
• Client Caching (Client Browser)
• Proxy Caching (In between Client and Server)
• Reverse Proxy Caching (In between Client and Server)
• Web Server Caching (Data Caching/ Page Output Caching)

Question 223 - What are the Types of Caching in ASP.Net?

• Page Output caching [Output caching ] - Is used to fetch information or data at page
level. It is best used when the site is mainly static. Used by declaring the output page
directive
• Fragment caching [Output caching ] - Is used to cache the structure level
information. It is used when parts of pages change. For example: user control
• Data Caching - Is used to fetch the information of an application quickly based on
the requirements.
Question 224 - How to cache different versions of the same page in ASP.Net?
• The ways to cache different versions on the same page using ASP.NET cache object is
using OutputCache object. Three parameters of OutputCache, has 3 parameters:
• VarByParam: based on input parameters passed through HTTP POST/GET.
• VarByHeader: based on the page header content.
• VayByCustom: based on declaration of an attribute and overriding
GetVaryByCustomString handler.
• VarByControl: varies with the value of properties of ASP objects.

Question 225 - What is a Fragment Cache in ASP.Net?

It is used to store user controls individually within a web form in cache instead of the whole
web form as such. The idea is to simply have different cache parameters for different user
controls.
control1: <%@ OutputCache Duration="40" VaryByParam="none"%>
control2: <%@ OutputCache Duration="60" VaryByParam="none"%>
If control1 and control2 exist on a single web form together, the values of control1 and
control2 would be cached for different durations based on @OutputCache directive.
Question 226 - What are Resource Files in ASP.Net?
• A resource file is a XML file that contains the strings that we want to Translate into
different languages.
• Can be updated dynamically so that user themselves can modify values in resource
files once the application is deployed on the server without re-compiling the entire
application itself.
• The resource file contains key / value pairs.
• Each pair is an individual resource.
• Key names are not case sensitive.

Question 227 - What are the Types of Resource Files available in ASP.Net?
There are two types of resources
• Local Resources
• Global Resources

Question 228 - What is a Local Resource File in ASP.Net?

• It is specific to a single Web page and used for providing versions of a Web page in
different languages.
• It must be stored in App_LocalResources sub folder.
• It must be named in format <WebPageName> [.language / language and
culture].resx.

Question 229 - What is a Global Resource File in ASP.Net?

 • Global resource can be read from any page or code that is in the application.
• Global resource must be stored in App_GlobalResources at the root of the
application.

Question 230 - What are the main tags in Web.Config file of ASP.Net application?
<authentication> - This element is used to verify the client's identity when the client
requests a page from the server. This is set at the application level. We have four types of
authentication modes: “None”, “Windows”, “Forms”, and “Passport”.
<authorization> - The <authorization> tag controls client access to web page resources.
This element can be declared at any level (machine, site, application, subdirectory, or
page).
<authorization>
<allow users="comma-separated list of users"
roles="comma-separated list of roles"
verbs="comma-separated list of verbs"/>
<deny users="comma-separated list of users"
roles="comma-separated list of roles"
verbs="comma-separated list of verbs"/>
</authorization>
<allow>: Using this tag, we can control access to resources on the basis of the following
verbs. In these attributes, we use symbols: ? and *.? means for anonymous
users/resources, and * means for all users.
users: This contains the list of user names (comma separated) that are allowed to access
the resources.
roles: This contains the list of roles (comma separated) that are allowed to access the
resources.
verbs: This contains the list of HTTP verbs to which the action applies (comma separated).
It is used to create a rule that applies to a specific type of HTTP request (GET, POST, HEAD,
OR DEBUG).
<deny>: Using this tag, we can control access to resources on the basis of the following
verbs:
users: This contains the list of users names (comma separated) that are denied access to
the resources.
roles: This contains the list of roles (comma separated) that are denied access to the
resources.
verbs: This contains the list of HTTP verbs to which the action applies (comma separated).
It is used to create a rule that applies to a specific type of HTTP request (GET, POST, HEAD,
OR DEBUG).
Question 231 - What is the use of <compilation> tag in ASP.Net Web.Config File?
• Compilation tag configure the settings of the compiler.
• debug and defaultLanguage are the common attributes used.
• Setting debug to true means we want the debugging information in the browser, but
it has a performance tradeoff, so normally, it is set as false.
 • The defaultLanguage attribute tells ASP.NET which language compiler to use: VB or
C#.

Question 232 - What is the use of <customErrors> tag in ASP.Net Web.Config File?
• Custom Error tags includes the error settings for the application, and is used to give
custom error pages (user-friendly error pages) to end users.
• If an error occurs then, the website is redirected to the default URL.
• For enabling and disabling custom errors, we need to specify the mode attribute.
• Example of <customErrors> tag:
<customErrors defaultRedirect="url" mode="Off">
<error statusCode="403" redirect="/accesdenied.html" />
<error statusCode="404" redirect="/pagenotfound.html" />
</customErrors>
• "On" means if there is any error, the website is redirected to the default URL.
"Off" means the custom errors are disabled.
"RemoteOnly" shows that custom errors will be shown to remote clients only.

Question 233 - What is the use of <globalization> tag in ASP.Net Web.Config File?
• Globalization tag is used when we want to use encoding or specify a culture for the
application.
• We need to define the character set for the server to send the response to the
client, which is by default is UTF-8, and the settings of which the server should use
to interpret and display culturally specific strings, such as numbers and dates.
• Example of <globalization> tag
<globalization requestEncoding="utf-8" responseEncoding="utf-8" />

Question 234 - What is the use of <httpRuntime> tag in ASP.Net Web.Config File?
• Httpruntime tag can be used to configure the general runtime settings of the
application.
The 2 main settings are: <httpRuntime appRequestQueueLimit="50"
executionTimeout="600" />
• The appRequestQueueLimit attribute defines the number of requests that can be
queued up on the server for processing. If there are 51 or more requests, then
server would return the 503 error ("Server too busy").
• The executionTimeout attribute defines the number of minutes ASP.NET will process
a request before it gets timeout.

Question 235 - What is the use of <trace> tag in ASP.Net Web.Config File?
• Trace tag is used for tracing the execution of an application.
• We have here two levels of tracing: page level and application level.
• Application level enables the trace log of the execution of every page available in the
application. If pageOutput="true", trace information will be displayed at the bottom
 of each page. Else, we can view the trace log in the application root folder, under the
name trace.axd.
• Example of <trace> tag
<trace enabled="false" requestLimit="10" pageOutput="false"
traceMode="SortByTime" localOnly="true" />
Set the attribute localOnly to false for not viewing the trace information from the
client. For enabling trace at page level, set Trace="True" in the Page tag (on the top
of the page).
Question 236 - What is the use of <identity> tag in ASP.Net Web.Config File?
Identity tag is used to control the identity of the application. By default, Impersonation is
disabled. Using Impersonation, an ASP.NET application can execute optionally with the
identity of a client on whose behalf they are operating.
<identity impersonate="false" userName="domain\username" password="password" />

Question 237 - What is the use of <sessionState> tag in ASP.Net Web.Config File?
• Sessionstage tag is used to tell the ASP.NET framework where to store the session.
By default, it's inproc which means storing the session values on the server. But we
have four options:
• "Off" means session is not enabled for the application.
"inproc" means storing the session values on the server.
"StateServer" means session states are stored in a remote server.
"SQLServer" means session states are stored in a SQL Server database. For this, we
need to install the InstallSQLState.sql script in the SQL Server database. It is mainly
used when the we use web farms (an application deployed on multiple servers), but
it makes the performance slow as compared to "inproc".
• Other Basic Settings:
"cookieless": when it is true, it means the session used is without cookies.
“timeout” specifies after how much time the session would expire
"stateConnectionString" needs to be specified when the session mode is
StateServer.
"sqlConnectionString" is connection string of the SQL Server database if the session
mode is SQLServer.
"stateNetworkTimeout" attribute, when using the StateServer mode to store session
state, specifies the number of seconds the TCP/IP network connection between the
web server and the state server can be idle before the session is abandoned. The
default is 10.
• Example
<sessionState mode="Off" cookieless="true"
timeout="100"
stateConnectionString="tcpip=server:port"
sqlConnectionString="sql connection string"
stateNetworkTimeout="number of seconds"/>

Question 238 - What is the use of <appSettings> tag in ASP.Net Web.Config File?
 • AppSetting tag is used to store custom application configuration like database
connection strings, file paths etc.
• This also can be used for custom application-wide constants to store information
over multiple pages. It is based on the requirements of the application.
• Example:
<appSettings>
<add key="Emailto" value="me@microsoft.com" />
<add key="cssFile" value="CSS/text.css" />
</appSettings>
It can be accessed from code like:
ConfigurationSettings.AppSettings("Emailto"); All the values returned from it are
strings.

Question 239 - What is HTTP GET in ASP.Net?

• In HTTP GET method data passed through url QueryString using name value pair. It’s
simpler and you can troubleshoot any problems simply by looking at the address bar
in your browser because all values passed are displayed there.
• This is also the primary weakness of this method. The data being passed is visible
and is limited in size to the maximum length of a request string.

Question 240 - What is HTTP POST in ASP.Net?

• In HTTP POST request data are embedded in a HTTP HEADER. So data are NOT
visible to end user while you can see the data passed in HTTP GET method.
• If you want to pass sensitive information/data, you should have to use HTTP POST
request. Another advantage is that you can send larger amounts of information
compare to HTTP GET method.
Question 241 – What is Normalization in SQL Server?
• In relational database design, the process of organizing data to minimize redundancy
is called normalization.
• It usually involves dividing a database into 2 or more tables and defining
relationships between tables.
• Objective is to isolate data so that additions, deletions, and modifications can be
made in just one table.

Question 242 – What is a De-Normalization in SQL Server?

It is a technique to move from higher to lower normal forms of database modeling in order
to speed up database access.

Question 243 – What are the different Normalization Forms in SQL Server?
• 1NF: Eliminate Repeating Groups
• 2NF: Eliminate Redundant Data
• 3NF: Eliminate Columns Not Dependent On Key
 • 4NF: Isolate Independent Multiple Relationships
• 5NF: Isolate Semantically Related Multiple Relationships

Question 244 – What is a Stored Procedure in SQL Server?

• It is a named group of SQL statements created and stored in the database.
• Accept input parameters so that single procedure can be used by several clients
using different inputs.
• When the procedure is modified, all clients automatically get the new version.
• It reduces network traffic and improve performance.
• It can be used to help ensure the integrity of the database.

Question 245 – What are the Advantages of Stored Procedure in SQL Server?
• Execution plan retention and reuse
• Encapsulation of business rules and policies
• Sharing of application logic between applications
• Access to database objects that is both secure and uniform
• Consistent, safe data modification
• Network bandwidth conservation
• Improved security
• Reduced development cost and increased reliability
• Centralized security, administration, and maintenance for common routines.
Question 246 – What are the DisAdvantages of Stored Procedure in SQL Server?
• Source control can be a pain.
• Debugging is hard.
• Developing stored procedures can be a fairly specialized task, especially as they get
more complex.

Question 247 – What is a User Defined Functions in SQL Server?

A user-defined function (UDF) is a prepared code segment that can accept parameters,
process some logic, and then return some data. UDFs in SQL Server 2000 can accept
anywhere from 0 to 1024 parameters

Question 248 – What is a Scalar value-returning User Defined Function in SQL Server?
• Similar to functions in other languages.
• Returns a single value of a scalar data type.
• Can return user-defined data types.
• Useful when the same segment of T-SQL code is used in several places
• Can be used in several stored procedures and batch SQL statements.
• Used to make the code more maintainable, reusable, and less complex.

Question 249 – What is an In Line Table User Defined Function in SQL Server?
 • Returns a row set of the SQL Server table data type.
• Takes the structure of the row set from the SELECT statement itself.
• It is an exceptional alternative to a view
• Can pass parameters and in essence provide us with a parameterized, non-
updateable view

Question 250 – What is a Multistatement Table User Defined Function in SQL Server?
• Returns a table and is also an exceptional alternative to a view
• Defines column names and data types in the RETURNS clause.
• Able to house more complicated and numerous T-SQL logic blocks.
• It can be used it in the FROM clause of a T-SQL command

Question 251 – What are the Advantages of User Defined Functions?

• UDF can be used in a Select, Where, or Case statement.
• UDF can be used in join T-SQL Statements
• It can act like a table, so the ability to break out complex logic into shorter and
shorter code blocks
Additional benefit of making the code less complex and easier to write and
maintain.
• We can pass parameters to customize and gets the return based on our requirement
• Simpler to invoke in sql statements than a stored procedure.

Question 252 – What are the DisAdvantages of User Defined Functions?

• UDF that return non-deterministic values are not allowed to be called from inside
UDF
• GETDATE is an example of a non-deterministic function. Every time the function is
called, a different value is returned.
• Not every SQL statement or operation is valid within a function.
• The following lists enumerate the valid and invalid function operations:
• Valid:
Assignment statements
• Control-flow statements
• Variable declarations
• SELECT statements that modify local variables
• Cursor operations that fetch into local variables
• INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE statement that act upon local table
variables
•
Invalid:
Built-in, nondeterministic functions such as GetDate()
• Statements that update, insert, or delete tables or views
• Cursor fetch operations that return data to the client

Question 253 – What is the difference between a Stored Procedure and Functions?
 Stored Procedure Functions

Called independently, using the EXEC Called from within another SQL statement
command
May return a scalar value, a table value or Always return a value (either a scalar value
Nothing or a table)
Allow you to enhance application security by Here we can’t use this
GRANT and Deny access

Question 254 – What is a Trigger?

• A trigger is a SQL procedure that initiates an action when an event (INSERT,
DELETE,UPDATE) occurs.
• Triggers can restrict access to specific data, perform logging, or audit data
modifications.
• A trigger cannot be called or executed.

Question 255 – What is a DML Trigger?

• Fired when a Data Manipulation Language (DML) event takes place
• AFTER - Executed after the action of the INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE statement is
performed.
• INSTEAD OF - Executed in place of the usual triggering action. INSTEAD OF triggers
can also be defined on views with one or more base tables, where they can extend
the types of updates a view can support.

Question 256 – What is a DDL Trigger?

• DDL triggers are new to SQL Server 2005.
• This type of triggers, like regular triggers, fire stored procedures in response to an
event.
• They fire in response to a variety of Data Definition Language (DDL) events.
• These events are specified by the T-SQL statements that are start with the keywords
CREATE, ALTER, and DROP.
• Certain stored procedures that perform DDL-like operations can also fire this.
• These are used for administrative tasks like auditing and regulating database
operations.

Question 257 – What is a CLR Trigger?

• CLR triggers can be a DDL or DML one or can also be an AFTER or INSTEAD OF
trigger.
• Here we need to execute one or more methods written in managed codes that are
 members of an assembly created in the .Net framework.
• Again, that assembly must be deployed in SQL Server 2005 using CREATE assembly
statement.
• The Microsoft.SqlServer.Server Namespace contains the required classes and
enumerations for this objective.
• Question 258 – What are the Advantages of Triggers?
• Audit a table for security
• Automatic updating of one or more tables whenever a DML/DDL statement is
executed on that table.
• Triggers can be used to enforce constraints. For e.g. : Any insert/update/ Delete
statements should not be allowed on a table after office hours. For enforcing this
constraint Triggers should be used.
• Used to publish information about database events to subscribers. Events like
Database startup or shutdown or a user even like User login in or user logoff.

Question 259 – What are the DisAdvantages of Triggers?

• It is easy to view constraints, indexes, Sp's in database but triggers are difficult to
view.
• Execute invisible to application. They are not visible or can be traced in debugging
code.
• Hard to follow their logic as it they can be fired before or after the database
insert/update happens.
• Easy to forget about triggers and if there is no documentation it will be difficult to
figure out.
• Run every time when the db fields are updated; it is overhead on system, it makes
system run slower.

Question 260 – What are Views in SQL Server?

• A view is an "Virtual Table".
• It does not contain any data directly, it is a set of query that are applied to one or
more tables as object.
• It can be thought of as a subset of a table.
• It can be used for retrieving data, as well as updating or deleting rows.
• The results of using a view are not permanently stored in the database.
• A view serves as a security mechanism. This ensures that users are able to retrieve
and modify only the data seen by them.
• A view also serves as a mechanism to simplify query execution. Complex queries can
be stored in the form as a view, and data from the view can be extracted using
simple queries.
Question 261 – What are the Types of VIEW?
• Standard Views - Combining data from one or more tables through a standard view.
Focus on specific data and simplifying data manipulation.
• Indexed Views - It has been computed and stored. You index a view by creating a
 unique clustered index on it. Indexed views dramatically improve the performance
of some types of queries. Indexed views work best for queries that aggregate many
rows. They are not well-suited for underlying data sets that are frequently updated.
• Partitioned Views - Joins horizontally partitioned data from a set of member tables
across one or more servers. This makes the data appear as if from one table. A view
that joins member tables on the same instance of SQL Server is a local partitioned
view.

Question 262 – How Views ensure security of data?

• Specific rows of the tables.
• Specific columns of the tables.
• Specific rows and columns of the tables.
• Rows fetched by using joins.
• Statistical summary of data in a given tables.
• Subsets of another view or a subset of views and tables.

Question 263 – List some of the common examples of views?

• A subset of rows or columns of a base table.
• A union of two or more tables.
• A join of two or more tables.
• A statistical summary of base tables.
• A subset of another view, or some combination of views and base table.

Question 264 – What are the Limitations of views?

• A view can be created only in the current database.
• The name of a view must not be the same as that of the base table.
• A view can be created only if there is a SELECT permission on its base table.
• A SELECT INTO statement cannot be used in view declaration statement.
• A trigger or an index cannot be defined on a view.
• The CREATE VIEW statement cannot be combined with other SQL statements in a
single batch.

Question 265 – What are Linked Servers in SQL Server?

• A linked server configuration enables SQL Server to execute commands against OLE
DB data sources on remote servers.
• It is a concept in SQL by which we can add other SQL Server to a Group and query
both the Server.
• Stored Procedure sp_addlinkedserver, sp_addlinkedsrvlogin will be used add new
Linked Server.
• With a linked server, you can create very clean, easy to follow, SQL statements that
allow remote data to be retrieved, joined and combined with local data.
Question 266 – What are the Advantages of Linked Servers?
 • Remote server access.
• The ability to issue distributed queries, updates, commands, and transactions across
the enterprise.
• The ability to address diverse data sources similarly.

Question 267 – What is a Cursor in SQL Server?

It is a database object used by applications to manipulate data in a set on a row-by-row
basis, instead of the typical SQL commands that operate on all the rows in the set at one
time.

Question 268 – What are the steps to Create Cursor in SQL Server?
Below are the steps by step approach to create a Cursor.
• Declare cursor
• Open cursor
• Fetch row from the cursor
• Process fetched row
• Close cursor
• De-allocate cursor

Question 269 – What are the Types of Cursors in SQL Server?

There are 4 types of cursors in SQL Server and are as below.
• Static
• Dynamic
• Forward only
• Keyset Driven

Question 270 – What are the Cursor Optimization Tips available?

• Avoid using SQL Server cursors, whenever possible.
• Do not forget to close SQL Server cursor when its result set is not needed.
• Do not forget to de-allocate SQL Server cursor when the cursors are not needed.
• Reduce the number of records to process in the cursor.
• Reduce the number of columns to process in the cursor.
• Use READ ONLY cursors, whenever possible, instead of updatable cursors.
• Try avoid using insensitive, static and keyset cursors, whenever possible.
• Use FAST_FORWARD cursors, whenever possible.
• Use FORWARD_ONLY cursors, if you need updatable cursor and the FETCH NEXT will
be the only used fetch option.
Question 271 – What are the Cursor Alternatives?
• Set based logic
• SQL Server Integration Services (SSIS) or Data Transformation Services (DTS)
• WHILE loop
 • COALSCE
• sp_MSforeachdb - Run The Same SQL Command Against All SQL Server Databases
• sp_MSforeachtable
• CASE expression - Using the CASE expression instead of dynamic SQL in SQL Server

Question 272 – What are the Limitations of Cursors?

• Cursor requires a network roundtrip each time it fetches a record, thus consume
network resources.
• While data processing, it issues locks on part of the table, or on the whole table.

Question 273 – What is a SubQuery?

• Subquery or Inner query or Nested query is a query in a query.
• A Subquery is usually added in the WHERE Clause of the sql statement.
• Used when we know how to search a value using SELECT statement, but don’t know
the exact value.
• Subqueries are an alternate way of returning data from multiple tables.
• Subqueries can be used with the following sql statements along with the
comparison operators like =, <, >, >=, <= etc. SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE

Question 274 – What are the Properties of Subquery?

• It must be enclosed in the parenthesis.
• It must be put in the right hand of the comparison operator.
• It cannot contain an ORDER-BY clause.
• A query can contain more than one sub-query.

Question 275 – What are the Types of Subquery?

• Single-row sub query, where the sub query returns only one row.
• Multiple-row sub query, where the Subquery returns multiple rows.
• Multiple column sub query, where the sub query returns multiple columns.

Question 276 – What is a Correlated Subquery?

• A query is called correlated sub query when both the inner query and the outer
query are interdependent.
• For every row processed by the inner query, the outer query is processed as well.
• The inner query depends on the outer query before it can be processed.
• Correlated SubQuery can be said to be dependent on the outer query.
• SELECT p.product_name FROM product p WHERE p.product_id = (SELECT
o.product_id FROM order_items o WHERE o.product_id = p.product_id);

Question 277 – What are the Properties of Correlated Subquery?

• Can nest many queries you want but it is recommended not to nest more than 16
 Subqueries in oracle.
• If a Subquery is not dependent on the outer query it is called a non-correlated
Subquery.

Question 278 – What are the different Authentication options and Authentication Modes
in SQL Server?
• Authentication Types - Windows and SQL Server Authentication are the two types
available.
• Authentication Mode Types - Windows Authentication mode and Mixed Mode are
two modes available

Question 279 – What is a Windows Authentication Mode?

• It allows a user to connect through a Microsoft Windows NT® 4.0 or Windows® 2000
user account.
• When using 'Windows authentication mode' you can only use Windows
authentication to connect to SQL Server.

Question 280 – What is a Mixed Authentication Mode(Windows Authentication and SQL

Server Authentication)?
• Mixed Mode allows users to connect to an instance of SQL Server using either
Windows Authentication or SQL Server Authentication.
• When using 'Mixed mode' you can use either 'Windows authentication' or 'SQL
Server authentication' to connect to SQL Server 2005
Question 281 – How to Select an Authentication Mode in SQL Server?
• Microsoft’s best practice recommendation is that you use Windows authentication
mode whenever possible.
• The main benefit is that the use of this mode allows you to centralize account
administration for your entire enterprise in a single place: Active Directory.
• This dramatically reduces the chances of error or oversight.

Question 282 – What is an Identity?

• Identity (or AutoNumber) is a column that automatically generates numeric values.
• A start and increment value can be set, but most DBA leave these at 1.
• A GUID column also generates numbers; the value of this cannot be controlled.
• Identity/GUID columns do not need to be indexed.
• SELECT @@IDENTITY - returns the last IDENTITY value produced on a connection
• SELECT IDENT_CURRENT('tablename') - returns the last IDENTITY value produced in
a table
• SELECT SCOPE_IDENTITY() - returns the last IDENTITY value produced on a
connection
Question 283 – What are INNER JOINs in SQL?
• This join returns rows when there is at least one match in both the tables.
• Select * From Table1 Inner Join Table2 ON table1.ColumnName =
Table2.ColumnName

Question 284 – What is a LEFT OUTER JOIN in SQL?

• This join returns all the rows from the left table in conjunction with the matching
rows from the right table.
• If there are no columns matching in the right table, it returns NULL values.
• Example - Select * From Table1 LEFT Join Table2 ON table1.ColumnName =
Table2.ColumnName

Question 285 – What is a RIGHT OUTER JOIN in SQL?

• This join returns all the rows from the right table in conjunction with the matching
rows from the left table.
• If there are no columns matching in the left table, it returns NULL values.
• Example - Select * From Table1 RIGHT Join Table2 ON table1.ColumnName =
Table2.ColumnName

Question 286 – What is a FULL OUTER JOIN in SQL?

• This join combines left outer join and right after join. It returns row from either table
when the conditions are met and returns null value when there is no match.
• Example - Select * From Table1 FULL Join Table2 ON table1.ColumnName =
Table2.ColumnName

Question 287 – What is an EQUI JOIN in SQL?

It is a specific type of comparator-based join, or the join that uses only equality(only =)
comparisons in the join-predicate.

Question 288 – What is a CROSS JOIN in SQL?

• It produces the Cartesian product of the tables involved in the join.
• A cross join that does not have a WHERE clause
• The size of a result set is the no of rows in the 1st table multiplied by the no of rows
in the 2nd table.
• Example: is when company wants to combine each product with a pricing table to
analyze each product at each price.

Question 289 – What is a SELF JOIN in SQL?

Same table is specified twice with two different aliases in order to match the data within
the same table.
Question 290 – What is a NATURAL JOIN in SQL?
• It offers a further specialization of equi-joins.
• The join predicate arises implicitly by comparing all columns in both tables that have
the same column-name in the joined tables.
• The resulting joined table contains only one column for each pair of equally-named
columns.
• Example - SELECT * FROM Vendor NATURAL JOIN advance

Question 291 – What is Log shipping?

• It is the process of automating the backup of database and transaction log files on a
production SQL server, and then restoring them onto a standby server.
• Enterprise Editions only supports log shipping.
• In log shipping the transactional log file from one server is automatically updated
into the backup database on the other server.
• If 1 server fails, the other 1 will have the same db and can be used as the Disaster
Recovery plan.
• The key feature of log shipping is that it will automatically backup transaction logs
throughout the day and automatically restore them on the standby server at defined
interval.
• This in effect keeps the two SQL Servers in "synch". Should the production server
fail, all you have to do is point the users to the new server, and you are all set.

Question 292 – What is an Index?

• An index is a physical structure containing pointers to the data.
• Indices are created in an existing table to locate rows more quickly and efficiently.
• It’s possible to create index on one or more columns of a table, and each index is
given a name.
• The users cannot see the indexes; they are just used to speed up queries.
• Effective indexes are one of the best ways to improve performance in a database
application.
• A table scan happens when there is no index available to help a query.
• Table scans are sometimes unavoidable, but on large tables, it has a terrific impact
on performance.
• A table can have one of the below indexes combinations
• No Indexes
• A clustered index
• A clustered index and many non-clustered indexes
• A non-clustered index
• Many non-clustered indexes

Question 293 – How to Create an Effective Index?

 • Use the following guidelines to help create efficient indexes
• Create indexes based on use.
• Keep clustered index keys as small as possible.
• Consider range data for clustered indexes.
• Create an index on all foreign keys.
• Create highly selective indexes.
• Consider a covering index for often-used, high-impact queries.
• Use multiple narrow indexes rather than a few wide indexes.
• Create composite indexes with the most restrictive column first.
• Consider indexes on columns used in WHERE, ORDER BY, GROUP BY, and DISTINCT
clauses.
• Remove unused indexes.
• Use the Index Tuning Wizard.

Question 294 – What are the Types of Indexes available?

• Clustered Index
• Non Clustered index
• Primary Key index
• Unique index
• Bitmap index
• Hash index
• Function Based index
• B-Tree index
• Virtual index
• Composite index
• Covering index

Question 295 – What is the difference between Primary Key and a Unique Key?
Primary Key Unique Key

Primary key creates clustered index Unique key creates non clustered index
Can have only 1 Primary key in a table Can have many Unique key in a table
It cannot contain NULL values Can have NULL values, even more than 1 null
values

Question 296 – What is the difference between Delete and a Truncate?

Delete Truncate

Does not reset the identity of the table Resets identity of the table
Its DML Command Its DDL Command
It can be rolled back It cannot be rolled back
Its Slower (Removes row one by one) Its Faster (Uses Fewer systems)
WHERE Condition can be used WHERE Condition can’t be used
Records entry in transaction log for each Removes the data by de-allocating the data
deleted row pages
Trigger can be activated Trigger can’t be activated

Question 297 – What is a Clustered Index?

A clustered index is a special type of index that reorders the way records in the table are
physically stored. The leaf nodes of a clustered index contain the data pages. Clustered
index is unique for any given table

Question 298 – What is a Non Clustered Index?

A nonclustered index is a special type of index in which the logical order of the index does
not match the physical stored order of the rows on disk. The leaf node of a nonclustered
index does not consist of the data pages. Instead, the leaf nodes contain index rows.

Question 299 – What is the difference between Clustered and Non Clustered Index?
Clustered Index Non Clustered Index

can have only one clustered index on a table we can have as many non-clustered
indexes(255)
The leaf level of a clustered index is non-clustered index the leaf level is actually a
theactual data pointer to the data in rows
The RowLocator in Clustered Index is the The row locator in Non Clustered Index is a
clustered Index key pointer to the row. ROW ID (RowLocator)=
file identifier + page number + row number
on the page
It doesn’t allow null values It allow one null values
Assigned for primary key Assigned for unique key
Cluster index exists on the physical level They are not created on the physical level
but at the logical level
It sorts the data at physical level It does not sort the data at physical level
A clustered index requires no separate requires separate storage than the table
storage than the table storage storage to store the index information

Question 300 – What is BCP used in SQL?

• BCP (Bulk Copy Program) is a command line utility by which you can import and
export large amounts of data in and out of SQL SERVER database.
 • To import or export a set of columns WHERE clause can be used with bcp commands
and all the conditions can be mentioned in the query to generate the set of rows
you want to copy.
Question 301 - What is the use of Having and Where Clause in SQL?
• HAVING is just an additional filter to 'Where' clause.
• First SQL server filters the rows using WHERE conditions and then performs group by
on remaining rows and then filters the rows again with HAVING.
• If a condition refers to an aggregate function, put that condition in the HAVING
clause. Otherwise, use the WHERE clause.
• You can't use HAVING unless you also use GROUP BY.
• HAVING is typically used in a GROUP BY clause. When GROUP BY is not used,
HAVING behaves like a WHERE clause.

Question 302 - What is the difference between Having and Where Clause in SQL?
Having Where

It applies to summarized rows (summarized It applies to rows

'with GROUP BY)
Having can used only with the select WHERE clause is used to impose condition
statement, typically used with group by on SELECT statement as well as single row
clause function
Used after GROUP BY clause, when it is used Used before GROUP BY clause
without group by it work like where clause

Question 303 - What is the Local Temporary Table?

• They are created using same syntax as CREATE TABLE except table name is preceded
by ‘#’ sign.
• When table is preceded by single ‘#’ sign, it is defined as local temporary table and
its scope is limited to session in which it is created.

Question 304 - What is the Global Temporary Table?

• Syntax difference between global and local temporary table is of an extra ‘#’ sign.
Global temporary tables are preceded with two ‘#’ (##) sign. Following is the
definition.
• In contrast of local temporary tables, global temporary tables are visible across
entire instance.
• Global temporary tables are dropped when the session that created it ends, and all
other sessions have stopped referencing it.

Question 305 - What is the difference between @@Error and @@Rowcount ?

To get @@error and @@rowcount at the same time do both in same statement and store
them in local variable. SELECT @RC = @@ROWCOUNT, @ER = @@ERROR

Question 306 - What is a Service Broker in SQL?

• It is a unique feature in Microsoft SQL Server 2005 which is used to by internal or
external processes to send and receive guaranteed, asynchronous messages by using
extensions to Transact-SQL Data Manipulation Language (DML).
• Service Broker not only brings asynchronous, queued messaging to database
applications but significantly expands the state of the art for reliable messaging.
• The key components of SQL Server Service broker are
• Queue stores the messages for a particular service.
• Dialog is a conversation between two services.
• Conversation group is a group of related conversations.
• Every conversation belongs to exactly one conversation group.
• Activation specifies a sp that will handle messages destined for a particular service.

Question 307 - What is Database Mirroring in SQL?

• Database mirroring involves two copies of a single database that typically reside on
different computers.
• One copy of the database is currently available to clients which are known as the
principal database.
• Updates made by clients to the principal database are applied on the other copy of
the database, known as the mirror database.
• Mirroring involves applying the transaction log from every insertion, update, or
deletion made on the principal database onto the mirror database.
• Database mirroring Increases data protection.
• Database mirroring Increases availability of a database.
• Database mirroring improves the availability of the production database during
upgrades.
• Database mirroring cannot be used on system databases.

Question 308 - What is Extended Stored Procedure in SQL?

• An extended stored procedure is a function within a DLL that can be called from T-
SQL, just the way we call normal stored procedures using the EXEC statement.
• Question 309 – How to increase the Performance of a Query in SQL?
• Know the performance and scalability characteristics of queries.
• Write correctly formed queries.
• Return only the rows and columns needed.
• Avoid expensive operators such as NOT LIKE.
• Avoid explicit or implicit functions in WHERE clauses.
• Use locking and isolation level hints to minimize locking.
• Use stored procedures or parameterized queries.
• Minimize cursor use.
• Avoid long actions in triggers.
 • Use temporary tables and table variables appropriately.
• Limit query and index hints use.
• Fully qualify database objects.

Question 310 - What is an Execution Plans in SQL?

• It helps to check how the query runs background to fetch the data’s
• Guidelines considered for execution plan
• Evaluate the query execution plan.
• Avoid table and index scans.
• Evaluate hash joins.
• Evaluate bookmarks.
• Evaluate sorts and filters.
• Compare actual versus estimated rows and executions.
Question 311 – What is Dead Lock?
• A deadlock is a situation where in two transactions wait for each other to give up
their respective locks.
• When this happens, the SQL Server ends the deadlock by automatically choosing
one and aborting the process, allowing the other process to continue.
• The aborted transaction is rolled back and an error message is sent to the user of
the aborted process.
• SQL Server detects deadlocks and terminates one user's process.
• Deadlocking can occur with locks, parallelism, threads, and application events.
• Most frequent source of deadlocking is resource locking where the resources are
table or index objects.

Question 312 – What is an example of Deadlock?

Transaction A attempts to update table 1 and subsequently read/update data from table 2,
whereas transaction B attempts to update table 2 and subsequently read/update data from
table 1. In such situations, transaction A holds locks that transaction B needs to complete
its task and vice versa; neither transaction can complete until the other transaction
releases locks.

Question 313 – How to Resolve Deadlock?

• In SQL Server 2000, the Lock Monitor thread detects the deadlock.
• It uses a periodic detection system, inspecting processes about every 5 seconds to
determine if there are any deadlock cycles.
• When it finds one, it automatically chooses one thread as the deadlock victim.
• It then rolls back the victim thread's transaction, cancels its query, and returns error
1205 to its client.
• The Lock Monitor generally chooses the least expensive transaction to roll back.
• You can override this somewhat using SET DEADLOCK_PRIORITY to LOW for a
session.
 • Whenever both threads have the same DEADLOCK_PRIORITY setting, the Lock
Monitor will have to choose one of them as the victim.

Question 314 – What is Live Lock?

• A livelock is one, where a request for an exclusive lock is repeatedly denied because
a series of overlapping shared locks keeps interfering.
• SQL Server detects the situation after four denials and refuses further shared locks.
• A livelock also occurs when read transactions monopolize a table or page, forcing a
write transaction to wait indefinitely.
• This is different than deadlock as in deadlock both the processes wait on each other.

Question 315 – What is an example of Live Lock?

A human example of live lock would be two people who meet face-to-face in a corridor and
each moves aside to let the other pass, but they end up moving from side to side without
making any progress because they always move the same way at the same time and never
cross each other. This is good example of live lock.
Question 316 – What are the options available to Move Database between servers?
There are lots of options available; you have to choose your option depending upon your
requirements. Some of the options you have are:
• BACKUP/RESTORE,
• Detaching and attaching databases,
• Replication,
• DTS,
• BCP,
• Log shipping,
• INSERT...SELECT,
• SELECT...INTO,
• Creating INSERT scripts to generate data.

Question 317 – What is Replication?

• SQL replication allows not only for copying data between databases, but also
copying any database objects as well. Essentially replication performs
synchronization between databases. By utilizing SQL replication, you can distribute
data to as many remote network locations you need, and you can do that over
different types of networks including LAN, WAN, and Internet to name a few.
• Database replication can be done in at least three different ways:
• Snapshot replication: Data on one server is simply copied to another server, or to
another database on the same server.
• Merging replication: Data from two or more databases is combined into a single
database.
• Transactional replication: Users receive full initial copies of the database and then
receive periodic updates as data changes.
Question 318 – What is Union?
• UNION only selects distinct values.
• When using the UNION command all selected columns need to be of the same data
type
• A UNION statement effectively does a SELECT DISTINCT on the results set.

Question 319 – What is Union ALL?

• UNION ALL selects all values.
• Union all will not eliminate duplicate rows, instead it just pulls all rows from all
tables fitting your query specifics and combines them into a table.
• If you know that all the records returned are unique, use UNION ALL instead, it gives
faster results.

Question 320 – List some of the DBCC (Database Console Commands for SQL Server)
Commands?
• DBCC CACHESTATS displays information about the objects currently in the buffer
cache, such as hit rates, compiled objects and plans, etc.
DBCC DROPCLEANBUFFERS: Use this command to remove all the data from SQL
Server's data cache (buffer) between performance tests to ensure fair testing. Keep
in mind that this command only removes clean buffers, not dirty buffers.
• DBCC ERRORLOG: If you rarely restart the mssqlserver service, you may find that
your server log gets very large and takes a long time to load and view.
Question 321 - What is a Full Database Backup type in SQL?
With this backup you are backing up the entire database and will be able to restore the
entire database from just this backup.

Question 322 - What is a Differential Database Backup type in SQL?

• A differential backup will record all of the data that has changed since the last
database backup.
• You must have a database backup in place to use a starting point for your differential
backup.
• Differential backups have several limitations including the following:
• They do not provide point-in-time restore capabilities
• They may only be restored after a complete database backup is
restored
• They may not be performed on the master database

Question 323 - What is a Transactional Log Database Backup type in SQL?

Transaction log backups record all transactions that have been recorded against the
database since the last transaction log backup.
Question 324 - What is a Log Database Backup type in SQL?
• File backups involve backing up individual files within a database.
• This can be the quickest way to restore, but it also has a lot of overhead associated
with it.
• You must keep track of your file backups as well as use these file backups in
conjunction with transaction log backups.

Question 325 - What are the advantages of NoLock in SQL?

Applying nolock in select statement will increase concurrency and performance in fetching.
Question 326 - What are the disadvantages of NoLock in SQL?
It doesn’t consider the transaction scenario, even if the transaction is under process not
yet committed or rollback it will fetch the current record.

Question 327 - What is GRANT command in SQL?

• It is a command used to provide access or privileges on the database objects to the
users.
• Syntax - GRANT privilege_name ON object_name TO {user_name |PUBLIC |
role_name}
• Example - GRANT SELECT ON Table1 TO User1

Question 328 - What is REVOKE command in SQL?

• It removes user access rights or privileges to the database objects.
• Syntax - REVOKE privilege_name ON object_name FROM {user_name |PUBLIC |
role_name}
• Example - REVOKE SELECT ON Table1 TO User1

Question 329 - What is Privileges command in SQL?

• It defines the access rights provided to a user on a database object. There are of two
types.
• System privileges - This allows the user to CREATE, ALTER, or DROP database objects.
• Object privileges - This allows the user to EXECUTE, SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, or
DELETE data.

Question 330 - What is Cascade command in SQL?

• While dropping a parent table , it is required to drop the corresponding child table
also.
• Parent table cannot be deleted if there is any child for it. So the cascaded drop or
delete helps in deleting the child and then the parent.
• When you give a "drop table" command, it will not drop the table that has
dependencies unless you include the "cascade" command in the statement.
Question 331 – What is the use of RESTRICT Keyword in SQL?
• It specifies that table should not be dropped if any dependencies (i.e. triggers,
stored procedure, primary key, foreign key etc) exist.
• Therefore, if there are dependencies then error is generated and the object is not
dropped.

Question 332 – What is the use of DML in SQL?

It is abbreviation of Data Manipulation Language. It is used to retrieve, store, modify,
delete, insert and update in database. Examples: SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, MERGE,
CALL, EXPLAIN PLAN, LOCK TABLE

Question 333 – What is the use of DDL in SQL?

It is abbreviation of Data Definition Language. It is used to create and modify the structure
of database objects in database. Examples: CREATE, ALTER, DROP, TRUNCATE, COMMENT,
RENAME

Question 334 – What is the use of DCL in SQL?

It is abbreviation of Data Control Language. It is used to create roles, permissions, and
referential integrity as well it is used to control access to database by securing it. Examples:
GRANT, REVOKE statements

Question 335 – What is the use of TCL in SQL?

It is abbreviation of Transactional Control Language. It is used to manage different
transactions occurring within a database. Examples: COMMIT, ROLLBACK, SAVEPOINT, SET
TRANSACTION statements.

Question 336 – What is the use of Wildcards in SQL?

• It can substitute for one or more characters when searching for data in a database.
• SQL wildcards must be used with the SQL LIKE operator.
• With SQL, the following wildcards can be used %, -, [charlist] etc.

Question 337 – What is the use of Aggregate functions?

• It perform a calculation on a set of values and return a single value.
• Except for COUNT, aggregate functions ignore null values.
• Aggregate functions are frequently used with the GROUP BY clause of the SELECT
statement.
• Aggregate functions can be used as expressions only in the following:
• The select list of a SELECT statement (either a SubQuery or an outer query).
• A COMPUTE or COMPUTE BY clause.
 • A HAVING clause.

Question 338 – What is the use of ROLLUP in SQL?

• ROLLUP clause is used to do aggregate operation on multiple levels in hierarchy.
• It work with the "Group By " clause its main functioning comes into existence when
we use Group by.
We can get sub-total of row by using the Rollup function.
• When result is return by Group By class first row display grand total or we can say
that the main total.
• Syntax:- select firstcolumn, secondcolumn, sum(thirdcolumn) from tablename group
by firstcolumn, secondcolumn with rollup order by firstcolumn.

Question 339 – What is the use of CUBE in SQL?

• The CUBE operator generates a result set that is a multidimensional cube.
• It is a result set that contains a cross tabulation of all the possible combinations of
the dimensions.
• The CUBE operator is specified in the GROUP BY clause of a SELECT statement.
• The select list contains the dimension columns and aggregate function expressions.
• The GROUP BY specifies the dimension columns and the keywords WITH CUBE.

Question 340 – What are the Differences between CUBE and ROLLUP?
• CUBE generates a result set that shows aggregates for all combinations of values in
the selected columns.
• ROLLUP generates a result set that shows aggregates for a hierarchy of values in the
selected columns.
Question 341 – What is the use of CUBE Operator in SQL?
The CUBE Operator is useful in generating reports that contain subtotals and totals. There
are extensions of the GROUP BY clause.

Question 342 – What is the Difference between ROLLUP and COMPUTE?

• ROLLUP returns a single result set while COMPUTE BY returns multiple result sets
that increase the complexity of application code.
• ROLLUP can be used in a server cursor while COMPUTE BY cannot.
• The query optimizer can sometimes generate more efficient execution plans for
ROLLUP than it can for COMPUTE BY.

Question 343 – What is the use of COMPUTE in SQL?

• The optional BY keyword. This calculates the specified row aggregate on a per
column basis.
• A row aggregate function name. This includes SUM, AVG, MIN, MAX, or COUNT.
• A column upon which to perform the row aggregate function.
Question 344 – What is the use of COMPUTE BY in SQL?
• It allows you to see both detail and summary rows with one SELECT statement.
• You can calculate summary values for subgroups, or a summary value for the whole
result set.

Question 345 – What is the use of With TIES in SQL?

• The SELECT TOP N query always return exactly N records, and arbitrarily drops any
record that have the same value as the last record in the group.
• The SELECT TOP N WITH TIES query always return N records with any record having
the same value as the last record.
• The TOP N PERCENT clause also do the same WITH TIES and Without TIES

Question 346 – What is the use of ALL & ANY operator in SQL?
• Comparison operators that introduce a SubQuery can be modified by the keywords
ALL or ANY
Using the > comparison operator as an example, >ALL means greater than every
value, In other words, it means greater than the maximum value.
• For example, >ALL (1, 2, 3) means greater than 3. >ANY means greater than at least
one value, that is, greater than the minimum. So >ANY (1, 2, 3) means greater than
1.
• Similarly, >ANY means that for a row to satisfy the condition specified in the outer
query, the value in the column that introduces the SubQuery must be greater than
at least one of the values in the list of values returned by the SubQuery

Question 347 – What is the use of Master Database in SQL?

This database holds information for all databases located on the SQL Server instance. SQL
Server cannot start without a functioning master database.

Question 348 – What is the use of MSDB Database in SQL?

This database stores information regarding database backups, SQL Agent information, DTS
packages, SQL Server jobs, and some replication information such as for log shipping.

Question 349 – What is the use of TEMPDB Database in SQL?

This holds temporary objects such as global and local temporary tables and stored
procedures.

Question 350 – What is the use of MODEL Database in SQL?

This is essentially a template database used in the creation of any new user database
created in the instance.
Only Questions:

From constructor to destructor (taking into consideration Dispose() and the concept of non-deterministic
finalization), what the are events fired as part of the ASP.NET System.Web.UI.Page lifecycle. Why are they
important? What interesting things can you do at each?

• What are ASHX files? What are HttpHandlers? Where can they be configured?
• What is needed to configure a new extension for use in ASP.NET? For example, what if I wanted my
system to serve ASPX files with a *.jsp extension?
• What events fire when binding data to a data grid? What are they good for?
• Explain how PostBacks work, on both the client-side and server-side. How do I chain my own JavaScript
into the client side without losing PostBack functionality?
• How does ViewState work and why is it either useful or evil?
• What is the OO relationship between an ASPX page and its CS/VB code behind file in ASP.NET 1.1? in
2.0?
• What happens from the point an HTTP request is received on a TCP/IP port up until the Page fires the
On_Load event?
• How does IIS communicate at runtime with ASP.NET? Where is ASP.NET at runtime in IIS5? IIS6?
• What is an assembly binding redirect? Where are the places an administrator or developer can affect how
assembly binding policy is applied?
• Compare and contrast LoadLibrary(), CoCreateInstance(), CreateObject() and Assembly.Load().

Why would you like to change the company?

1) I am looking for a more challenging career in a firm with a larger employee base such as yours.
2) Keeping in mind my career goals, the time has come for me to move onto the next rung of
the ladder and make a mark for myself. This can be achieved in a company like this.
3) It is just a career move to enhance my knowledge in my own area of interest.
After completion of this question only interview will go for further questions

Difference between stored procedure and function

1) Procedure can return zero or n values whereas function can return one value which is mandatory.
2) Procedures can have input, output parameters for it whereas functions can have only input parameters.
3) Procedure allows select as well as DML statement in it whereas function allows only select statement in it.
4) Functions can be called from procedure whereas procedures cannot be called from function.
5) Exception can be handled by try-catch block in a procedure whereas try-catch block cannot be used in a
function.
6) We can go for transaction management in procedure whereas we can't go in function.
7) Procedures cannot be utilized in a select statement whereas function can be embedded in a select statement.

Difference between Abstract and Interface

Abstract Class:

-Abstract class provides a set of rules to implement next class

-Rules will be provided through abstract methods
-Abstract method does not contain any definition
-While inheriting abstract class all abstract methods must be override
-If a class contains at least one abstract method then it must be declared as an “Abstract Class”
-Abstract classes cannot be instantiated (i.e. we cannot create objects), but a reference can be created
-Reference depends on child class object’s memory
-Abstract classes are also called as “Partial abstract classes”
-Partial abstract class may contain functions with body and functions without body
-If a class contains all functions without body then it is called as “Fully Abstract Class” (Interface)

Interface:

-If a class contains all abstract methods then that class is known as “Interface”
-Interfaces support like multiple inheritance
-In interface all methods r public abstract by default
-Interfaces r implementable
-Interfaces can be instantiated, but a reference cannot be created

Index types in SQL Server

Clustered Index

Only 1 allowed per table physically rearranges the data in the table to confirm to the index constraints for use on
columns that are frequently searched for ranges of data for use on columns with low selectivity.

Non-Clustered Index

Up to 249 allowed per table creates a separate list of key values with pointers to the location of the data in the data
pages For use on columns that are searched for single values

A clustered index is a special type of index that reorders the way records in the table are physically stored.
Therefore table can have only one clustered index. The leaf nodes of a clustered index contain the data pages. A
non-clustered index is a special type of index in which the logical order of the index does not match the physical
stored order of the rows on disk. The leaf node of a non-clustered index does not consist of the data pages.
Instead, the leaf nodes contain index rows.

Included Column Index (New in SQL Server 2005)

In SQL Server 2005, the functionality of non-clustered indexes is extended by adding non-key columns to the leaf
level of the non-clustered index. Non-key columns can help to create cover indexes. By including non-key
columns, you can create non-clustered indexes that cover more queries. The Database Engine does not consider
non-key columns when calculating the number of index key columns or index key size. Non-key columns can be
included in non-clustered index to avoid exceeding the current index size limitations of a maximum of 16 key
columns and a maximum index key size of 900 bytes. Another advantage is that using non-key column in index
we can have index data types not allowed as index key columns generally.

In following example column Filename is varchar(400), which will increase the size of the index key bigger than
it is allowed. If we still want to include in our cover index to gain performance we can do it by using the Keyword
INCLUDE.

USE AdventureWorks
GO
CREATE INDEX IX_Document_Title
ON Production.Document (Title, Revision)
INCLUDE (FileName)

Non-key columns can be included only in non-clustered indexes. Columns can’t be defined in both the key
column and they INCLUDE list. Column names can’t be repeated in the INCLUDE list. Non-key columns can be
dropped from a table only after the non-key index is dropped first. For Included Column Index to exist there must
be at least one key column defined with a maximum of 16 key columns and 1023 included columns.

Avoid adding unnecessary columns. Adding too many index columns, key or non-key as they will affect
negatively on performance. Fewer index rows will fit on a page. This could create I/O increases and reduced
cache efficiency. More disk space will be required to store the index. Index maintenance may increase the time
that it takes to perform modifications, inserts, updates, or deletes, to the underlying table or indexed view.

Another example to test:

Create following Index on Database AdventureWorks in SQL SERVER 2005

USE AdventureWorks
GO
CREATE NONCLUSTERED INDEX IX_Address_PostalCode
ON Person.Address (PostalCode)
INCLUDE (AddressLine1, AddressLine2, City, StateProvinceID)
GO

Test the performance of following query before and after creating Index. The performance improvement is
significant.
SELECT AddressLine1, AddressLine2, City, StateProvinceID, PostalCode
FROM Person.Address
WHERE PostalCode BETWEEN '98000'
AND '99999';
GO

What are differences between Array list and Hash table?

Ans: 1) Hash table store data as name, value pair. While in array only value is store.
2) To access value from hash table, you need to pass name. While in array, to access value, you need to pass index
number.
3) you can store different type of data in hash table, say int, string etc. while in array you can store only similar
type of data.

What are differences between system.stringbuilder and system.string?

The main difference is system.string is immutable and system.stringbuilder is a mutable. Append keyword is used
in string builder but not in system.string.
Immutable means once we created we cannot modified. Suppose if we want give new value to old value simply it
will discarded the old value and it will create new instance in memory to hold the new value.

What are the differences between Application object and session object?

Ans: The session object is used to maintain the session of each user. If one user enter in to the application then
they get session id if he leaves from the application then the session id is deleted. If they again enter in to the
application they get different session id.
But for application object the id is maintained for whole application.

What are the different types of indexes?

Ans: Two types of indexes are there one is clustered index and non-clustered index

How many types of memories are there in .net?

Ans: Two types of memories are there in .net stack memory and heap memory

Is it possible to set the session out time manually?

Ans: Yes we can set the session out time manually in web.config.

What are differences between function and stored procedure?

Ans:
1) Function returns only one value but procedure returns one or more than one value.
2) Function can be utilized in select statements but that is not possible in procedure.
3) Procedure can have an input and output parameters but function has only input parameters only.
4) Exceptions can be handled by try catch block in procedures but that is not possible in function.

What are the differences between Abstract and interface?

Ans: 1) Abstract cannot be instantiated but we can inherit. Interface it cannot be inherit it can be instantiate
2) Interface contain only declarations no definitions. Abstract contain declarations and definitions.
3) The class which contains only abstract methods is interface class. A class which contains abstract method is
called abstract class
4) Public is default access specifier for interface we don’t have a chance to declare other specifiers. In abstract we
have chance to declare with any access specifier

Can you Explain Page lifecycle in .net?

Can you Explain .NET architecture in .net?

What is the difference between primary key and unique key with not null?

Ans: There is no difference between primary key and unique key with not null.

What is boxing and unboxing concepts in .net?

Ans: Boxing is a process of converting value type into reference type

Unboxing is a process of converting reference type to value type.

What are the differences between value type and reference type?

Ans: Value type contain variable and reference type are not containing value directly in its memory.
Memory is allocated in managed heap in reference type and in value type memory allocated in stack. Reference
type ex-class value type-struct, enumeration

Is it possible to host the website from desktop?

Ans: Yes

Why we go for page rendering in Asp.Net Page life cycle?

Ans: Browser understands an only html control that’s why in page rendering we will convert the aspx controls
into html controls.

Write a sample query for self join?

Ans: Select e1.ename, e2.empid from emp e1, emp e2 where e1.empid=e2.mgrid;

Can we change the index of primary key on table?

Ans: No

How to change the name of the table or stored procedure in sql?

Ans: sp_rename oldtablename newtablename

For changing the column name
Sp_rename ‘tablename.[Oldcolumnname]’,’newcolumnname’,’Column’
Ex:sp_rename ‘tblemp.first’,’namechange’,’Column’

How to find out which index is defined on table?

Ans: sp_helpindex tablename

Can you write the program to find the length of string without using library function?

Ans: for (int i=0; str[i]!=”\n”; i++)

{
Count++;
}

What is the difference between scope_identity() and current_identity()?

Ans: Scope_identity and current _identity both are similar and it will return the last identity value generated in the
table.
Scope_Identity will return the identity value in table that is currently in scope

What are difference between GET and POST Methods?

Ans:
GET Method ():

1) Data is appended to the URL.

2) Data is not secret.
3) It is a single call system
4) Maximum data that can be sent is 256.
5) Data transmission is faster
6) this is the default method for many browsers

POST Method ():

1) Data is not appended to the URL.

2) Data is Secret
3) it is a two call system.
4) There is no Limit on the amount of data. That is characters any amount of data can be sent.
5) Data transmission is comparatively slow.
6) No default and should be explicitly specified.

What are difference between truncate and delete?

Ans: 1) Delete keep the lock over each row where Truncate keeps the lock on table not on all the row.
2) Counter of the Identity column is reset in Truncate where it is not reset in Delete.
3) Trigger is not fired in Truncate where as trigger is fired in Delete.
4) In TRUNCATE we cannot rollback.
5) In DELETE we can rollback

What is the difference Grid View and between Data Grid (Windows)?

Ans:
1) GridView Control Enables you to add sorting, paging and editing capabilities without writing any code.
2)GridView Control Automatically Supports paging by setting the ‘PagerSetting’ Property.The Page Setting
Property supports four Modles

a. Numeric(by default)
b. Next Previous
c. NumericFirstLast
d. Next PreviousLast

3)It is Used in asp.net

4)GridView Supports RowUpdating and RowUpdated Events.
5)GidView is Capable of Pre-Operations and Post-Operations.
6)GridView Has EditTemplates for this control
7)It has AutoFormat

DataGrid(Windows)

1)DataGid Control raises single Event for operations

2)DataGird Supports the SortCommand Events that occur when a column is Soted.
3)DataGrid Supports UpdataCommand Event that occurs when the UpdateButton is clicked for an item in the
grid.
4)DataGrid is used in Windows GUI Application.
5)It doesnot have EditTemplates for this control
6)It doesnot have AutoFormat

If I write System.exit (0); at the end of the try block, will the finally block still execute?

Ans: No in this case the finally block will not execute because when you say system.exit(0),the control
immediately goes out of the program, and thus finally never executes.

What are the different levels of State management in ASP.NET?

Ans:
State management is the process by which you maintain state and page information over multiple requests for the
same or different pages.

There are 2 types State Management:

1. Client – Side State Management

This stores information on the client's computer by embedding the information into a Web page, a uniform
resource locator (url), or a cookie. The techniques available to store the state information at the client end are
listed down below:

a. View State – Asp.Net uses View State to track the values in the Controls. You can add custom values to the view
state. It is used by the Asp.net page framework to automatically save the values of the page and of each control
just prior to rendering to the page. When the page is posted, one of the first tasks performed by page processing is
to restore view state.

b. Control State – If you create a custom control that requires view state to work properly, you should use control
state to ensure other developers don’t break your control by disabling view state.

c. Hidden fields – Like view state, hidden fields store data in an HTML form without displaying it in the user's
browser. The data is available only when the form is processed.

d. Cookies – Cookies store a value in the user's browser that the browser sends with every page request to the
same server. Cookies are the best way to store state data that must be available for multiple Web pages on a web
site.

e. Query Strings - Query strings store values in the URL that are visible to the user. Use query strings when you
want a user to be able to e-mail or instant message state data with a URL.

2. Server – Side State Management

a. Application State - Application State information is available to all pages, regardless of which user requests a
page.

b. Session State – Session State information is available to all pages opened by a user during a single visit.

Both application state and session state information is lost when the application restarts. To persist user data
between application restarts, you can store it using profile properties.

Abstract Class:
Abstract class is a class which can’t be instantiate. Class should have “Abstract” key word with the name. In any
one of the method of class having abstract method with in it, then it should be define as abstract class. The class
which derived the abstract class should have definition of the abstract method. These classes which derived the
abstract class and implement the abstract methods call concrete class.
Abstract class may have the definition of function or may not. Below is the simple example of an abstract class
public abstract alass AbstractStudent
{
String Roll
{
get;
set;
}

String FirstName
{
get;
set;
}

String LastName
{
get;
set;
}

Public String GetStudentDetails()

{

// Implementation of Method
}

public String SaveStudentDetails ()

{
// Implementation of Method
}

public abstract String CalculateWage();

}
So, the class having one abstract method so we need to mention the class as "abstract" .

Difference between Abstract Class and Interface?

Abstract class is a class which can’t be instantiated and which can have methods with definition as well as
declaration also. This can be inherited.

As for Example:

public abstract class AbstractStudent

{
String Roll
{
get;
set;
}

String FirstName
{
 get;
set;
}

String LastName
{
get;
set;
}

Public String GetStudentDetails()

{
// Implementation of Method
}

public String SaveStudentDetails ()

{
// Implementation of Method
}

public abstract String CalculateWage();

Interface can only contain the methods declaration and can be implemented in the class.

As for Example:
Public interface IStudnet
{
String Roll
{
get;
set;
}

String FirstName
{
get;
set;
}

String LastName
{
get;
set;
}

String GetStudentDetails();
String SaveStudentDetails ();
}

Below are the few main difference between Abstract Class and Interface

a. In abstract class method can have definition as well as declaration also. But Interface should have only
definition.
b. All the Methods are Public as default and don’t have any access Modifier Controls in interface, whereas for
abstract class we can have access modifier for methods.
c. Abstract class can have constructor or destructor, whereas interface not.
d. Abstract class can’t be part of multiple inheritance and we can implement multiple interface.
What do you mean by String objects are immutable?

String objects are immutable as its state cannot be modified once created. Every time when we perform any
operation like add, copy, replace, and case conversion or when we pass a string object as a parameter to a method
a new object will be created.

Example:
String str = "ABC";

str.Replace("A","X");

Here Replace() method will not change data that "str" contains, instead a new string object is created to hold data
"XBC" and the reference to this object is returned by Replace() method.

So in order to point str to this object we need to write below line.

str = str.Replace("A","X");
Now the new object is assigned to the variable str. earlier object that was assigned to str will take care by garbage
collector as this one is no longer in used.

What is dll hell problem in .NET and how it will solve?

Ans: Dll hell, is kind of conflict that occurred previously, due to the lack of version supportability of dll for
(within) an application
.NET Framework provides operating system with a global assembly cache. This cache is a repository for all the
.net components that are shared globally on a particular machine. When a .net component installed onto the
machine, the global assembly cache looks at its version, its public key and its language information and creates a
strong name for the component. The component is then registered in the repository and indexed by its strong
name, so there is no confusion between the different versions of same component, or DLL

What is a Partial class?

Ans: Instead of defining an entire class, you can split the definition into multiple classes by using partial class
keyword. When the application compiled, c# compiler will group all the partial classes together and treat them as
a single class. There are a couple of good reasons to use partial classes. Programmers can work on different parts
of classes without needing to share same physical file
Ex:
Public partial class employee
{
Public void somefunction()
{
}
}
Public partial class employee
{
Public void function ()
{
}
}

What is difference between constants, read-only and, static?

Constants: The value can’t be changed

Read-only: The value will be initialized only once from the constructor of the class.
Static: Value can be initialized once.
What is the cross page post backing?

Asp.Net 2.0 fixed this with built-in features that allowed us to easily send information from one page to another.

Button control has property PostBackUrl that can be set to URL of any page in our ASP.Net WebSite where we
want to transfer all form values to.
Along with that Asp.Net 2.0 Page class has a property PreviousPage that allows us to get reference to the Page
object that initiated the postback (in other words to get the actual reference to the Page object of the aspx page on
which user clicked the Submit button on a HTML form).

So for example lets create two sample pages in our Web Application:

 SourcePage.aspx
 DestinationPage.aspx
In SoucePage in Html form we will put two TextBox controls (one for First Name and one for Last Name) and
one Button component and set its PostBackUrl property to "~/DestinationPage.aspx".

SourcePage.aspx:
<form id="form1" runat="server">
<div>
First Name:&nbsp;<asp:TextBox ID="FirstName" runat="server"></asp:TextBox><br />
Last Name:&nbsp;<asp:TextBox ID="LastName" runat="server"></asp:TextBox><br /><br />
<asp:Button ID="Button1" runat="server" Text="Submit To Destination Page"
PostBackUrl="~/CrossPagePostbacks/DestinationPage.aspx" />
</div>
</form>

When our user clicks the Submit button, all the values from the HTML Form on SourcePage.aspx will be
transfered to the DestinationPage.aspx and we will also be able to get reference to the SourcePage.aspx in our
DestinationPage with the PreviousPage property like this:

So in our DestinationPage.aspx.cs code-behind we can easily access two TextBox controls on SourcePage.aspx
and show them in two label controls like this:
protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
// first check if we had a cross page postback
if ( (PreviousPage != null) && (PreviousPage.IsCrossPagePostBack) )
{
Page previousPage = PreviousPage;
TextBox firstName = (TextBox)previousPage.FindControl("FirstName");
TextBox lastName = (TextBox)previousPage.FindControl("LastName");
// we can now use the values from TextBoxes and display them in two Label controls..
labelFirstName.Text = firstName.Text;
labelLastName.Text = lastName.Text;
}
}

You probably noticed that we first checked if PreviousPage property of current page (DestinationPage.aspx) is
NOT NULL, this is done to avoid running our code in case that user opens our DestinationPage.aspx directly,
without running a cross page postback.

Also here we checked the another PreviousPage property called IsCrossPagePostBack to see if we really had a
CrossPagePostback.
(If Server.Transfer is used to redirect to this page, IsCrossPagePostBack property will be set to FALSE.

TIP: We can be completely sure that we have a real CrossPagePostback ONLY IF:
1. Page.PreviousPage is NOT NULL,
2. PreviousPage.IsCrossPagePostback is true
This important to check to avoid errors in code.

Now this is very useful and i'm sure you are eager to use this in your next project. But wait, we are not over yet!

Finding the controls on PreviousPage with FindControl method and type-casting them from object to their real
type is a little messy.
It feels like there must be a better solution for this!

And here it is: We can use the <%@ PreviousPageType %> directive in the header of our DestinationPage.aspx
like this
<%@ PreviousPageType VirtualPath="~/SourcePage.aspx" %>

to declare our previous page type, and then we can access Public properties of the PreviousPage without
typecasting.
Now all we need to do is to create some public properties on our SourcePage.aspx.cs to expose data/Controls we
want to the destionation page:
public partial class SourcePage : System.Web.UI.Page
{
public string FormFirstName
{
get { return FirstName.Text; }
}

public string FormLastName

{
get { return LastName.Text; }
}
}

And then we can change the Page_Load code in our DestinationPage.aspx to much cleaner code like this:
protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
// first check if we had a cross page postback
if ( (PreviousPage != null) && (PreviousPage.IsCrossPagePostBack) )
{
SourcePage prevPage = PreviousPage;

// we can now use the values from textboxes and display them in two Label controls..
labelFirstName.Text = prevPage.FormFirstName;
labelLastName.Text = prevPage.FormLastName;
}
}

SourcePage type used in the code is offcourse name of the partial class defined is SourcePage.aspx.cs that inherits
System.Web.UI.Page that is automatically created for us when we created new WebForm in VisualStudio.

This code is much cleaner and easier to follow, there is no ugly typecasting, just simple property values to use to
retrieve the data from previous page.

When should you use Abstract Class vs Interface while programming?

Ans: When we want that sub class must implement all the methods of base class. In such a situation we will
implement the interface. In the other hand when we want only some method of base class in our sub class then
use base class as abstract class.
What is the difference between application exception and system exception?

Ans: The difference between application exception and system exception is that system exceptions are thrown by
CLR and application exceptions are thrown by applications.

What is the difference between authorization and authentication?

Ans: Authorization is a process of allowing or denying resources to particular user or record

Declaration of authorization is
<authorization>
<allow users=”Suresh, Sanjay”/>
<deny users=”Ramana, Rakesh”>
</authorization>
Sometimes authorization allows the unauthorized persons at that time we will use
<deny users=”?”/>

Authentication means
Authentication is a process where we identify the credentials of user i.e. username, password and create an
identity to mention user as an authenticated.

What is the use of n-tier architecture and 3-tier architecture?

Check this article for 3-tier architecture 3 tier architecture example in asp.net

How to get the version of the assembly?

Ans: lbltxt.text=Assembly. GetExecutingAssembly().GetName().Version.ToString();

What is the location of Global Assembly Cache on the system?

Ans: c:\Windows\assembly

What is the serialization?

Ans: Serialization is a process of converting object into a stream of bites.

What is synchronization?
Ans: The mechanism needed to block one thread access to the data. If the data is being accessed by another
thread.
Synchronization can be accessed by using system.monitor class
A monitor class methods are enter, exit, pulse for this lock statement is also used
Suppose if we need to synchronize some data at that time we need to place that data in this block
Lock
{
}
Whatever the data has been placed into the lock block that data has been blocked

What are the thread priority levels?

Ans: Thread priority levels are five types
0 - Zero level
1 - Below Normal
2 - Normal
3 - Above Normal
4 - Highest
By Default priority level is 2

What is the difference between .tostring(), Convert.tostring()?

Ans: The basic difference between them is “Convert” function handles NULLS while
“.ToString()” does not it will throw a NULL reference exception error. So as a good coding
practice using “convert” is always safe.

What is Collation?
Ans: Collation refers to a set of rules that determine how the data is sorted and compared.

What is the difference between Primary key and unique key?

Ans: Primary key does not allow the null values but unique key allows one null value.
Primary key will create clustered index on column but unique key will create non-clustered index by default.

How many web.config files are there in 1 project?

Ans: There might be multiple web.config files for a single project depending on the hierarchy of folders inside the
root folder of the project, so for each folder we can use one web.config file

What is the difference between throw and throw ex?

What is the difference between view state and hidden field?
Ans: viewstate is secured hidden field is insecure
Viewstate will store large amount of data but hidden filed will store small amount of data.

What is the difference between binary serialization and xml serialization?

What is the Difference between read only and constant variables?
Ans: Read only can assign the values at runtime only.
Constant will assign the values at compile time only.
We cannot modify the both variable values.

What is static keyword in .Net?

Ans: Static is same as constant variable but we can change the value of static variable and we can access the
variables without creating any instances

What is the use of business logic layer in 3-tier architecture in .net?

Ans: Though a web site could talk to the data access layer directly, it usually goes through another layer called the
business layer. The business layer is vital in that it validates the input conditions before calling a method from the
data layer. This ensures the data input is correct before proceeding, and can often ensure that the outputs are
correct as well. This validation of input is called business rules, meaning the rules that the business layer uses to
make “judgments” about the data.
However, business rules don’t only apply to data validation; these rules apply to any calculations or any other
action that takes place in the business layer. Normally, it’s best to put as much logic as possible in the business
layer, which makes this logic reusable across applications.
One of the best reasons for reusing logic is that applications that start off small usually grow in functionality. For
instance, a company begins to develop a web site, and as they realize their business needs, they later decide to add
a smart client application and windows service to supplement the web site. The business layer helps move logic to
a central layer for “maximum reusability.”

Check this post introduction to 3-tier Architecture

What happens when I enter a URL in my browser and click enter?

You type in the URL and hit go. The browser needs to translate that URL www.somesite.com into an IP address so
it knows what computer on the internet to connect to (That URL is just there to make it easier for us humans -
kinda like speed-dial for phone numbers I guess). So your browser will see if it already has the appropriate IP
address cached away from previous visits to the site. If not, it will make a DNS query to your DNS server (might
be your router or your ISP's DNS server) - see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_name… for more on DNS.
Once your browser knows what IP to use, it will connect to the appropriate webserver and ask for the page. The
webserver then returns the requested page and your browser renders it to the screen.

The firewall will control connections to & from your computer. For the most part it will just be controlling who
can connect to your computer and on what ports. For web browsing your firewall generally won't be doing a
whole lot.

Your router (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router ) essentially guides your request through the network, helping
the packets get from computer to computer and potentially doing some NAT (see
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_add… ) to translate IP addresses along the way (so your internat LAN
request can be transitioned onto the wider internet and back).

IP Addresses (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_address ) are unique addresses for computers that basically
allow computers to find each other. Think of the IP address as a computer's well address or phone number, you've
got to know someone's phone number before you can call them and you've got to know a computer's IP address
before you can connect to it. Going back to the start - that's what those URLS and DNS make possible, you don't
know John Doe's phone number so you look in the phone book; likewise your computer doesn't know
yahoo.com's IP address so it looks in DNS.

What is .NET?

.NET is essentially a framework for software development. It is similar in nature to any other software
development framework (J2EE etc) in that it provides a set of runtime containers/capabilities, and a rich set of
pre-built functionality in the form of class libraries and APIs
The .NET Framework is an environment for building, deploying, and running Web Services and other
applications. It consists of three main parts: the Common Language Runtime, the Framework classes, and
ASP.NET.

How many languages .NET is supporting now?

When .NET was introduced it came with several languages. VB.NET, C#, COBOL and Perl, etc. .net Supports
More than 44 languages.

How is .NET able to support multiple languages?

A language should comply with the Common Language Runtime standard to become a .NET language. In .NET,
code is compiled to Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL for short). This is called as Managed Code. This
Managed code is run in .NET environment. So after compilation to this IL the language is not a barrier. A code can
call or use a function written in another language.

What is an application server?

As defined in Wikipedia, an application server is a software engine that delivers applications to client computers
or devices. The application server runs your server code. Some well known application servers are IIS
(Microsoft), WebLogic Server (BEA), JBoss (Red Hat), WebSphere (IBM).

What is inheritance?

Inheritance represents the relationship between two classes where one type derives functionality from a second
type and then extends it by adding new methods, properties, events, fields and constants. C# support two types of
inheritance:
- Implementation inheritance
- Interface inheritance
What is implementation and interface inheritance?

When a class (type) is derived from another class(type) such that it inherits all the members of the base type it is
Implementation Inheritance.
When a type (class or a struct) inherits only the signatures of the functions from another type it is Interface
Inheritance.
In general Classes can be derived from another class, hence support Implementation inheritance. At the same time
Classes can also be derived from one or more interfaces. Hence they support Interface inheritance.

What is inheritance hierarchy?

The class which derives functionality from a base class is called a derived class. A derived class can also act as a
base class for another class. Thus it is possible to create a tree-like structure that illustrates the relationship
between all related classes. This structure is known as the inheritance hierarchy.

How do you prevent a class from being inherited?

In VB.NET you use the NotInheritable modifier to prevent programmers from using the class as a base class. In
C#, use the sealed keyword.

Define Overriding?

Overriding is a concept where a method in a derived class uses the same name, return type, and arguments as a
method in its base class. In other words, if the derived class contains its own implementation of the method rather
than using the method in the base class, the process is called overriding.

Can you use multiple inheritance in .NET?

.NET supports only single inheritance. However the purpose is accomplished using multiple interfaces.

What is an Interface?

An interface is a standard or contract that contains only the signatures of methods or events. The implementation
is done in the class that inherits from this interface. Interfaces are primarily used to set a common standard or
contract.

What is business logic?

It is the functionality which handles the exchange of information between database and a user interface.

What is a component?
Component is a group of logically related classes and methods. A component is a class that implements the
IComponent interface or uses a class that implements IComponent interface.

What is a control?

A control is a component that provides user-interface (UI) capabilities.

What are design patterns?

Design patterns are common solutions to common design problems.

What is a connection pool?

A connection pool is a ‘collection of connections’ which are shared between the clients requesting one. Once the
connection is closed, it returns back to the pool. This allows the connections to be reused.

What is a flat file?

A flat file is the name given to text, which can be read or written only sequentially.

What are functional and non-functional requirements?

Functional requirements defines the behavior of a system whereas non-functional requirements specify how the
system should behave; in other words they specify the quality requirements and judge the behavior of a system.
E.g.

Functional - Display a chart which shows the maximum number of Customer in a region.
Non-functional – The data presented in the chart must be updated every 60 minutes.

What is the global assembly cache (GAC)?

GAC is a machine-wide cache of assemblies that allows .NET applications to share libraries. GAC solves some of
the problems associated with dll’s (DLL Hell).

What is Boxing/Unboxing?

Boxing is used to convert value types to object.

E.g. int x = 1;
object obj = x ;
Unboxing is used to convert the object back to the value type.
E.g. int y = (int)obj;
Boxing/unboxing is quiet an expensive operation.
What is globalization?

Globalization is the process of customizing applications that support multiple cultures and regions.

What is localization?

Localization is the process of customizing applications that support a given culture and regions.

What is MIME?

The definition of MIME or Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions as stated in MSDN is “MIME is a standard that
can be used to include content of various types in a single message. MIME extends the Simple Mail Transfer
Protocol (SMTP) format of mail messages to include multiple content, both textual and non-textual. Parts of the
message may be images, audio, or text in different character sets. The MIME standard derives from RFCs such as
2821 and 2822”.

How ASP .NET different from ASP?

Scripting is separated from the HTML, Code is compiled as a DLL, these DLLs can be executed on the server.

What is smart navigation?

The cursor position is maintained when the page gets refreshed due to the server side validation and the page gets
refreshed.

What is view state?

The web is stateless. But in ASP.NET, the state of a page is maintained in the in the page itself automatically.
How? The values are encrypted and saved in hidden controls. this is done automatically by the ASP.NET. This can
be switched off / on for a single control

How do you validate the controls in an ASP .NET page?

Using special validation controls that are meant for this. We have Range Validator, Email Validator.

Can the validation be done in the server side? Or this can be done only in the Client side?

Client side is done by default. Server side validation is also possible. We can switch off the client side and server
side can be done.
How to manage pagination in a page?

Using pagination option in DataGrid control. We have to set the number of records for a page, then it takes care of
pagination by itself.

What is ADO .NET and what is difference between ADO and ADO.NET?

ADO.NET is stateless mechanism. I can treat the ADO.Net as a separate in-memory database where in I can use
relationships between the tables and select insert and updates to the database. I can update the actual database as a
batch.

What is a Manifest?

An assembly manifest contains all the metadata needed to specify the assembly's version requirements and
security identity, and all metadata needed to define the scope of the assembly and resolve references to resources
and classes. The assembly manifest can be stored in either a PE (Portable Executable) file (an .exe or .dll) with
Microsoft intermediate language (MSIL) code or in a standalone PE (Portable Executable) file that contains only
assembly manifest information. The following table shows the information contained in the assembly manifest.
The first four items the assembly name, version number, culture, and strong name information make up the
assembly's identity.
Assembly name: A text string specifying the assembly's name.
Version number: A major and minor version number, and a revision and build number. The common language
runtime uses these numbers to enforce version policy.
Culture: Information on the culture or language the assembly supports. This information should be used only to
designate an assembly as a satellite assembly containing culture- or language-specific information. (An assembly
with culture information is automatically assumed to be a satellite assembly.) Strong name information: The
public key from the publisher if the assembly has been given a strong name. List of all files in the assembly:
A hash of each file contained in the assembly and a file name. Note that all files that make up the assembly must
be in the same directory as the file containing the assembly manifest.
Type reference information: Information used by the runtime to map a type reference to the file that contains its
declaration and implementation. This is used for types that are exported from the assembly.
Information on referenced assemblies: A list of other assemblies that are statically referenced by the assembly.
Each reference includes the dependent assembly's name, assembly metadata (version, culture, operating system,
and so on), and public key, if the assembly is strong named.

What is the difference between "using System.Data;" and directly adding the reference from "Add
References Dialog Box"?

When u compile a program using command line, u add the references using /r switch. When you compile a
program using Visual Studio, it adds those references to our assembly, which are added using "Add Reference"
dialog box. While "using" statement facilitates us to use classes without using their fully qualified names.
For example: if u have added a reference to "System.Data.SqlClient" using "Add Reference" dialog box then u
can use SqlConnection class like this:
System.Data.SqlClient.SqlConnection
But if u add a "using System.Data.SqlClient" statement at the start of ur code then u can directly use
SqlConnection class. On the other hand if u add a reference using "using System.Data.SqlClient" statement, but
don't add it using "Add Reference" dialog box, Visual Studio will give error message while we compile the
program.
What is a Metadata?

Metadata is information about a PE. In COM, metadata is communicated through non-standardized type libraries.
In .NET, this data is contained in the header portion of a COFF-compliant PE and follows certain guidelines; it
contains information such as the assembly’s name, version, language (spoken, not computer , culture), what
external types are referenced, what internal types are exposed, methods, properties, classes, and much more.
The CLR uses metadata for a number of specific purposes. Security is managed through a public key in the PE’s
header.
Information about classes, modules, and so forth allows the CLR to know in advance what structures are
necessary. The class loader component of the CLR uses metadata to locate specific classes within assemblies,
either locally or across networks.
Just-in-time (JIT) compilers use the metadata to turn IL into executable code.
Other programs take advantage of metadata as well.
A common example is placing a Microsoft Word document on a Windows 2000 desktop. If the document file has
completed comments, author, title, or other Properties metadata, the text is displayed as a tool tip when a user
hovers the mouse over the document on the desktop. You can use the Ildasm.exe utility to view the metadata in a
PE. Literally, this tool is an IL disassemble.

What is "Common Type System" (CTS)?

CTS defines all of the basic types that can be used in the .NET Framework and the operations performed on those
type. All this time we have been talking about language interoperability, and .NET Class Framework. None of this
is possible without all the language sharing the same data types. What this means is that an int should mean the
same in VB, VC++, C# and all other .NET compliant languages. This is achieved through introduction of
Common Type System (CTS).

What is "Common Language Specification" (CLS)?

CLS is the collection of the rules and constraints that every language (that seeks to achieve .NET compatibility)
must follow. It is a subsection of CTS and it specifies how it shares and extends one another libraries.

What is "Common Language Runtime" (CLR)?

CLR is .NET equivalent of Java Virtual Machine (JVM). It is the runtime that converts a MSIL code into the host
machine language code, which is then executed appropriately. The CLR is the execution engine for .NET
Framework applications. It provides a number of services, including:
- Code management (loading and execution)
- Application memory isolation
- Verification of type safety
- Conversion of IL to native code.
- Access to metadata (enhanced type information)
- Managing memory for managed objects
- Enforcement of code access security
- Exception handling, including cross-language exceptions
- Interoperation between managed code, COM objects, and pre-existing DLL's (unmanaged code and data)
- Automation of object layout
- Support for developer services (profiling, debugging, and so on).
What is the difference between a namespace and assembly name?

A namespace is a logical naming scheme for types in which a simple type name, such as MyType, is preceded
with a dot-separated hierarchical name. Such a naming scheme is completely under control of the developer. For
example, types MyOffice.FileAccess.A and MyOffice.FileAccess.B might be logically expected to have
functionally related to file access. The .NET Framework uses a hierarchical naming scheme for grouping types
into logical categories of related functionality, such as the ASP.NET application framework, or remoting
functionality. Design tools can make use of namespaces to make it easier for developers to browse and reference
types in their code. The concept of a namespace is not related to that of an assembly. A single assembly may
contain types whose hierarchical names have different namespace roots, and a logical namespace root may span
multiple assemblies. In the .NET Framework, a namespace is a logical design-time naming convenience, whereas
an assembly establishes the name scope for types at run time.

What’s a Windows process?

It’s an application that’s running and had been allocated memory.

What’s typical about a Windows process in regards to memory allocation?

Each process is allocated its own block of available RAM space, no process can access another process’ code or
data. If the process crashes, it dies alone without taking the entire OS or a bunch of other applications down.

Explain what relationship is between a Process, Application Domain, and Application?

Each process is allocated its own block of available RAM space, no process can access another process’ code or
data. If the process crashes, it dies alone without taking the entire OS or a bunch of other applications down. A
process is an instance of a running application. An application is an executable on the hard drive or network.
There can be numerous processes launched of the same application (5 copies of Word running), but 1 process can
run just 1 application.

What are possible implementations of distributed applications in .NET?

.NET Remoting and ASP.NET Web Services. If we talk about the Framework Class Library, noteworthy classes
are in System.Runtime.Remoting and System.Web.Services.

What are the consideration in deciding to use .NET Remoting or ASP.NET Web Services?

Remoting is a more efficient communication exchange when you can control both ends of the application
involved in the communication process. Web Services provide an open-protocol-based exchange of information.
Web Services are best when you need to communicate with an external organization or another (non-.NET)
technology.
Choosing between HTTP and TCP for protocols and Binary and SOAP for formatters, what are the trade-
offs?

Binary over TCP is the most effiecient, SOAP over HTTP is the most interoperable.

What’s SingleCall activation mode used for?

If the server object is instantiated for responding to just one single request, the request should be made in
SingleCall mode.

What’s Singleton activation mode?

A single object is instantiated regardless of the number of clients accessing it. Lifetime of this object is determined
by lifetime lease.

How do you trigger the Paint event in System.Drawing?

Invalidate the current form, the OS will take care of repainting. The Update method forces the repaint.

With these events, why wouldn’t Microsoft combine Invalidate and Paint, so that you wouldn’t have to tell
it to repaint, and then to force it to repaint?

Painting is the slowest thing the OS does, so usually telling it to repaint, but not forcing it allows for the process to
take place in the background.

How can you assign an RGB color to a System.Drawing.Color object?

Call the static method FromArgb of this class and pass it the RGB values.

What class does Icon derive from? Isn’t it just a Bitmap with a wrapper name around it?

No, Icon lives in System.Drawing namespace. It’s not a Bitmap by default, and is treated separately by .NET.
However, you can use ToBitmap method to get a valid Bitmap object from a valid Icon object. file